OCN EXAM 2

Match the item with its significance or explanation. A. The 'highway' that allowed Homo sapiens to migrate to Europe. B. Evolutionary cousins to Homo sapiens. C. The time of arrival of Neanderthals in Eurasia. D. The time of arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe. E. The amount of shared DNA between present-day humans of primarily European and Asian descent and the now extinct Neanderthals.

1. 1-2%= E 2. 400,000 years ago= C 3. 40,000 years ago= D 4. Danube River= A 5. Neanderthals= B

What traits may have allowed early human ancestors to first leave Africa?

A. Intelligence B. Diet with more meat C. Striding gait D. Tools

When the first humans migrated into SE Asia into Australia, why was the world in a warm period? A. A long ice age just finished. B. The world was not in a warm period, but rather still in an ice age. C. The world was receiving more sunlight. D. None of the above.

B. The world was not in a warm period, but rather still in an ice age

Homo erectus was in the same genus as Homo sapiens, but had different skull morphology. True or False

True

Lake Turkana is located in a region with most of the fossil record of early human origins and contains sediments that can be used to study past climate fluctuations. True or False

True

What evidence did archeologists use to determine where, when, and how humans migrated through the Arabian Peninsula? A. Nubian point tools made from chert along inland river beds. B. Nubian point tools along the coast and in coastal mountain caves. C. Emiran tools along the inland river beds. D. The climate at that time meant that inland areas were dry and inhospitable.

A. Nubian point tools made from chert along inland river beds.

For the last several hundred thousand years, global sea level and temperatures have increased and decreased together. This is driven by the Milankovitch cycle, which determines how much sunshine (heat) reaches the Northern Hemisphere. The heat influences: A. global temperatures B. land ice volume C. sea levels D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Recent evidence suggest that humans co-existed with large Australian animals (megafauna) such as: A. giant wombats B. giant pigs C. wallabies D. both A and C

D. both A and C

100,000 years ago when humans were migrating through Arabia, the monsoons were weaker which meant that Arabia was wetter and greener than today. True or False

False

Monsoons lead to more rainfall when there is strong solar radiation on land (strong summers) creating a low pressure system which pulls in ocean winds. True or False

True

Since carbon dating is only accurate to 50,000 years ago, scientist Sophie Verheyden measured uranium levels of broken stalagmites to date the presence of Neanderthals in the Bruniquel Cave in France (approximately 175,000 years ago!). True or False

True

What percent of the current world population lives within 10 miles of a river? A. 55% B. 17% C. 90% D. 42%

C. 90%

Why was the distance traveled by the first humans who migrated into SE Asia and into Australia shorter compared to the distance they would travel today? A. More land was exposed during the ice age due to lower sea level. B. Because of the ice age, more water was trapped as ice in glaciers. C. Both A and B. D. None of the above statements are true.

C. Both A and B.

Clovis point technology (very sharp, fluted spearheads used to hunt mammoths, giant bison, and other large prey) have only been found in Clovis, New Mexico. True or False

False

Migration from Africa to Arabia occurred 75,000 years ago when Arabia had lush interconnecting rivers and lakes. True or False

False

Migration through Arabia towards Asia occurred along the Oman coast where there were plentiful resources. True or False

False

Why do scientists study Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis)? A. Neanderthals are still alive today. B. Homo sapiens evolved from Neanderthals. C. Neanderthals are distant cousins and their behaviors and evolutionary history hold clues to our own identity as Homo sapiens. D. Neanderthals were basic and unsophisticated. E. Neanderthals never crossed paths with Homo sapiens.

C. Neanderthals are distant cousins and their behaviors and evolutionary history hold clues to our own identity as Homo sapiens.

Where could you look for evidence of the first peoples in the Americas? A. Inland, since people traveling along the coast would likely have explored rivers and inlets along the way. B. In the continental interior near streams and chert, a type of rock useful for toolmaking, where people may have settled. C. Islands, such as the Channel Islands, along the Pacific coast. D. Hundreds of feet underwater miles from the current Pacific shoreline because sea levels are 300 to 400 feet higher than at the end of the last glacial maximum.

All the above

Why are the remains found in the Tam Pa Ling cave important? A. They are the oldest evidence of humans in Southeast Asia. B. They show that humans migrated to Asia on an inland path. C. They prove that humans left Africa at least 70,000 years ago. D. They show that humans used large river systems like the Mekong River to migrate.

All the above

What made the trail of the first people in Asia difficult for archeologists to follow? A. No settlements were formed so there was not much left behind along the migration. B. Materials likely used by these first peoples for tools, like bamboo, are not well preserved. C. They only followed a coastal route so the evidence has washed away. D. Thick forests make the sites difficult to find.

B. Materials likely used by these first peoples for tools, like bamboo, are not well preserved.

Which statements are true? A. Neanderthals died out because they were primitive and inferior to Homo sapiens, lacking any social organization or ability to use tools, fire, art, and language. B. Neanderthals had complex cognitive abilities and behaviors possibly including rituals. C. Genes that some humans inherited from past interbreeding with Neanderthals can control susceptibility to certain diseases. D. All genes that are inherited from Neanderthals are harmful to modern humans.

B. Neanderthals had complex cognitive abilities and behaviors possibly including rituals. C. Genes that some humans inherited from past interbreeding with Neanderthals can control susceptibility to certain diseases.

Which statement is true? A. Human ancestors with more diverse diets were more likely to go extinct during times when environmental conditions change. B. The proposed hypothesis of variability selection states that the key events in human evolution were shaped by environmental instability and the flexibility of our ancestors in what they ate and where they lived. C. The savanna hypothesis states that Hominin speciation was driven by abrupt and fast climate fluctuations of wet-dry cycles. D. Savannas are desert-like ecosystems composed of shrubs and xerophytes common in East Africa.

B. The proposed hypothesis of variability selection states that the key events in human evolution were shaped by environmental instability and the flexibility of our ancestors in what they ate and where they lived.

Match the time period with its significance for migration to the Americas. A. Deglaciation along the Northwest Pacific coast opens a migration route into the Americas along the coast. Fewer than 5,000 individuals take this path south, but they reach the southern tip of South America in just a few hundred years. B. Humans from Eurasia and East Asia first populated western Beringia. Sea level was 120 m lower than today. C. An interior corridor opens between two Canadian ice sheets allowing further migration across the continent. Early hunters likely followed big game prey. D. A population with ⅔ East Asian and ⅓ Eurasian DNA became isolated in Beringia during the last glacial maximum. Isolation resulted in genetic differences with Asian peoples that got passed down to modern Native Americans.

1. 32,000 years ago= B 2. 25,000-15,000 years ago= D 3. 16,000-15,000 years ago= A 4. 14,000-13,000 years ago=C

Which statement is false? A. Homo erectus was much larger than Homo sapiens and was extinct when Homo sapiens emerged. B. Green Sahara periods can be identified through dust records from marine sediments. C. Migration out of Africa through the northern and southern routes occurred in waves. D. Green Sahara periods were caused by stronger Northern Hemisphere seasons (warmer summers) and stronger African monsoon. E. Green Sahara periods allowed for a North African corridor and migration out of Africa. F. Green Sahara periods can be identified through cave paintings and fossils of hippos and crocodiles in North Africa regions that are now in dry desert climate (e.g. the Sahara Desert).

A. Homo erectus was much larger than Homo sapiens and was extinct when Homo sapiens emerged.

Why is the Levant (a historic area in the Eastern Mediterranean) important?

A. It was intermittently occupied by early humans during the waves of migration out of Africa. B. It is the crossroads of Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Northeast Africa. C. It is where Homo sapiens first encounter archaic humans outside of Africa.

Why was the sea level approximately 200 ft lower (compared to present day level) when the first humans migrated into SE Asia and then into Australia at least 65k years ago? A. Most of the water was still trapped in continental glaciers. B. It was not lower, but higher compared to present day levels. C. Most of the water was held up in the clouds. D. All of the above

A. Most of the water was still trapped in continental glaciers.

Which statement is false? A. The Arabian Peninsula was a vast desert 125,000 years ago. B. The design of tools defined the transition between archaic and modern humans. C. The Arabian Peninsula dried out dramatically 75,000 years ago. D. Early humans established settlements in southern Arabia 100,000 years ago.

A. The Arabian Peninsula was a vast desert 125,000 years ago.

The discovered artifacts suggest that the first people arrived in Australia at least 65,000 years ago. What were some of the artifacts that were found at the Madjedbebe rock shelter?

A. fireplaces B. graves C. painting material D. stone axes

The evidence suggests that humans co-existed with large animals for between 20,000 to 25,000 years after first arriving in Australia, which meant that: A. humans didn't immediately wipe these animals out upon discovering Australia. B. humans immediately wiped these animals out upon discovering Australia.

A. humans didn't immediately wipe these animals out upon discovering Australia.

What evidence allowed scientists to refute (disprove!) the hypothesis that bipedalism and increased brain size were driven by a single, gradual long-term trend towards increased aridity and the expansion of the savanna? A. Paleo diet research of fossil tooth isotopic data. B. Plant wax biomarkers in sediments. C. Carbon 13/12 isotopic ratios of C4 grasses versus C3 woody plants in sediments. D. Adaptations of Bovids (African antelopes) in the fossil record. E. Layers from deep-sea sediment cores.

All of the above

Match the name and description with the route 1. Northern Route 2. Southern Route A. Crossing the Red Sea near Bab-el-Mandeb to reach the Arabian Peninsula. B. Crossing the Sinai Peninsula to reach the Levant.

B= Northern Route A= Southern Route

How did climate affect the survival of Homo sapiens versus Neanderthals? A. Homo sapiens were likely more successful in utilizing scarce glacial food resources as compared to Neanderthals, thus outcompeting and slowly absorbing them into their species. B. Homo sapiens were better adapted to a colder climate because they had large nasal chambers that helped warm and humidify the cold and dry air. C. Homo sapiens had higher reproduction rates and resulting faster migration speeds which allowed Homo sapiens to move away from areas that underwent a rapid decline in food resources due to rapid past climate changes and re-populate elsewhere. D. A and C are correct. E. All answers are correct.

D. A and C are correct.

Why is it an important discovery that some of our early ancestors migrated out of Africa and through southern Arabia? A. Arabian descendants would later develop Emiran tools. B. It was a secondary path toward the Levant in the Middle East. C. Arabia was a green oasis where humans lived for 50,000 years. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

What adaptations allowed humans to migrate from Africa and into Asia? A. Humans used Neaderthals trade routes to migrate into Asia from Africa. B. Humans built boats so they were able to travel along the coasts. C. Humans adapted to coastal environments to find food. D. Humans did what they did in Africa and followed river "highways."

D. Humans did what they did in Africa and followed river "highways."

What role did Neanderthals play in human migration through southern Arabia? A. Neanderthals interbred with humans in southern Arabia. B. Neanderthals lived in southern Arabia alongside humans. C. Humans followed Neanderthals through southern Arabia to the Levant area. D. Neanderthals developed similar tools to the Arabian descendants that created Emiran tools in the Middle East.

D. Neanderthals developed similar tools to the Arabian descendants that created Emiran tools in the Middle East.

The recent scientific dates from the Madjedbebe rock shelter: A. indicated that humans were in Australia 10,000 to 20,000 years earlier than previously thought, which suggests that modern humans left Africa earlier than previously estimated. B. made archeologists rethink when our species started to colonize Asia. C. suggested that humans were moving through Indonesia at the same time as Homo floresiensis, a now extinct human species also referred to as "the hobbits." D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Around 100,000 years ago archaic humans (the variety of Homo species before modern humans) first left Africa. True or False

False

Neanderthals were better adapted to the colder climate in Eurasia because of their tall and slim body shape which helped them conserve heat. True or False

False

The first Americans (Paleo-Americans) had distinctly different facial features and behavioral characteristics than modern Native Americans, so they were probably not the ancestors of modern Native Americans. True or False

False

The Kelp Route Hypothesis asserts that the highly productive kelp marine systems along the eastern coast of Asia, the southern coast of Alaska, and down to the western/Pacific coast of North and South America provided a variety of foods (kelp, fish, shellfish, etc.) to fuel and support the first human migration to the Americas. True Or False

True