okazaki fragment

Initiation

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the stage during which enzymes orient reactants precisely as they bind at specific locations within the enzyme's active site.

Euchromatin

Less condensed, actively being transcribed.

Nucleoside

Sugar attached to any purine or pyrimidine

tRNA

reads mRNA to be complementary to it. (3' -5') -90 nucleotides long. -undergoes POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION -raw tRNA contains introns which must be excised Functions: 1. Covalently Bonds to its specific A.A. at one end (CCA stem) with amino acid -acyl tRNA synthetase 2. Conects to ribosomes 3. Base pairs w/ mRNA (codon; tRNA= anti codon)

Phosphodiester bond

refers to the carbon by which the phosphate group is attached

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome. "workbench"

intron

sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein. CALLED SPACERS

Co-Dominance

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

Histone Proteins

small, positively charged proteins in the cell nucleus that bind to negatively charged DNA. help organize DNA into nucleosomes

Primer

strand of nucleic acid that serves as starting point for DNA synthesis on lagging strand

multiple alleles

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

Heterochromatin

tightly coiled DNA, not to be transcribed

Holandric traits

traits inherited via the y chromosome

exon

a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule

chromosome

a single package of DNA that contains many genes, regulator elements and other nucleotide sequences including HISTONE PROTEINS.

DNA polymerase III

adds nucleotide, only in 5' - 3' direction (can add only)

Holandric Traits

carried only on the Y chromosome

polygenic inheritance

combined effect of two or more genes on a single character

Pyrimidines

nitrogenous bases of nucleotides thymine (T), cytosine (C), and Uracil (U) single ring structures,

incomplete dominance

one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele

ligation

process where DNA fragments produced using restriction enzymes may be reassembled

Okazaki fragment

A short segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. Many Okazaki fragments make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. 100-200 nucleotides long in Eukaryotes.

pleiotropy

A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype

Purines

Adenine, Guanine A= Amino = NH2 G= Quito = O

transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA.

translation

(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

DNA Polymerase Chain reaction (Steps)

1. Separate strands 2. Add reaction mix, chemical, primers, nucleotides and DNA polymerase 3. Incubate, strands form.

Aneuploidy

A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.

Aneuploidy

Cells that have extra chromosomes or chromosomes missing. Monosomy (2n-1) =45 chromosomes Trisomy (2n+1) 47 chromosomes

mRNA

Messanger RNA. messanger from DNA to cytoplasm to make polypeptides (amino acid sequences). (mRNA= 5' to 3')

Elongation

Peptidyl Transferase- Covalently bonds the P amino acid with the A amino acid between the COOH and NH3. Energy is provided by ATP P amino acid exits the E site and A amino acid moves to the P site. New amino acid comes into the A site.

Nucleotide

Phosphate + Sugar + Organic Base

Cystine

Pyrimidine Amino= NH2

Uracil

Pyrimidine Quito= O