okazaki fragment
Initiation
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the stage during which enzymes orient reactants precisely as they bind at specific locations within the enzyme's active site.
Euchromatin
Less condensed, actively being transcribed.
Nucleoside
Sugar attached to any purine or pyrimidine
tRNA
reads mRNA to be complementary to it. (3' -5') -90 nucleotides long. -undergoes POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION -raw tRNA contains introns which must be excised Functions: 1. Covalently Bonds to its specific A.A. at one end (CCA stem) with amino acid -acyl tRNA synthetase 2. Conects to ribosomes 3. Base pairs w/ mRNA (codon; tRNA= anti codon)
Phosphodiester bond
refers to the carbon by which the phosphate group is attached
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome. "workbench"
intron
sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein. CALLED SPACERS
Co-Dominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Histone Proteins
small, positively charged proteins in the cell nucleus that bind to negatively charged DNA. help organize DNA into nucleosomes
Primer
strand of nucleic acid that serves as starting point for DNA synthesis on lagging strand
multiple alleles
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
Heterochromatin
tightly coiled DNA, not to be transcribed
Holandric traits
traits inherited via the y chromosome
exon
a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule
chromosome
a single package of DNA that contains many genes, regulator elements and other nucleotide sequences including HISTONE PROTEINS.
DNA polymerase III
adds nucleotide, only in 5' - 3' direction (can add only)
Holandric Traits
carried only on the Y chromosome
polygenic inheritance
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
Pyrimidines
nitrogenous bases of nucleotides thymine (T), cytosine (C), and Uracil (U) single ring structures,
incomplete dominance
one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele
ligation
process where DNA fragments produced using restriction enzymes may be reassembled
Okazaki fragment
A short segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. Many Okazaki fragments make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. 100-200 nucleotides long in Eukaryotes.
pleiotropy
A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype
Purines
Adenine, Guanine A= Amino = NH2 G= Quito = O
transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA.
translation
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
DNA Polymerase Chain reaction (Steps)
1. Separate strands 2. Add reaction mix, chemical, primers, nucleotides and DNA polymerase 3. Incubate, strands form.
Aneuploidy
A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
Aneuploidy
Cells that have extra chromosomes or chromosomes missing. Monosomy (2n-1) =45 chromosomes Trisomy (2n+1) 47 chromosomes
mRNA
Messanger RNA. messanger from DNA to cytoplasm to make polypeptides (amino acid sequences). (mRNA= 5' to 3')
Elongation
Peptidyl Transferase- Covalently bonds the P amino acid with the A amino acid between the COOH and NH3. Energy is provided by ATP P amino acid exits the E site and A amino acid moves to the P site. New amino acid comes into the A site.
Nucleotide
Phosphate + Sugar + Organic Base
Cystine
Pyrimidine Amino= NH2
Uracil
Pyrimidine Quito= O