Ole Miss Psychology 201 Final Exam

Which of the following statements is NOT a view that evolutionary psychologists would hold about human personality? A. Human personality is based on both free will and biological processes. B. Having several different personality traits present in a community ensures that many different tasks are accomplished. C. Traits provide information about desirable and undesirable qualities in potential mates. D. Some traits evolved because of the advantages associated with having those traits.

Human personality is based on both free will and biological processes.

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep? A. The person is both awake and asleep at the same time. B. The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active. C. The person has no awareness of being asleep. D. The person is not really asleep.

The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active.

Adoption studies are an important tool of behavioral genetics because they: A. allow us to look at the contributions of environment and genetics on behavior. B. allow us to examine the effects of nonrelated mothering. C. are so rare. D. show that environment overwhelms the effect of genes.

allow us to look at the contributions of environment and genetics on behavior.

Which of the following is NOT a potential clinical use for hypnosis? A. speeding surgical recovery B. analgesia C. relief from chronic pain D. altering personality over a long time frame

altering personality over a long time frame

Which brain region processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions? A. amygdala B. hypothalamus C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

amygdala

Heritability refers to: A. the degree to which genes control a characteristic. B. an estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to known genetic variation. C. the degree to which a mother's characteristics are passed on versus a father's characteristics. D. the degree to which shared environments account for a shared characteristic among siblings.

an estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to known genetic variation

Which of the following people is most likely to experience insomnia? A. an older woman B. a younger woman C. an older man D. a younger man

an older woman

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like. Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him. Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark. Hallel's approach is similar to using a(n) ________; Hamdi's approach is similar to using a(n) ________. A. representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes B. analogical representation; analogical representation C. representation based on attributes; analogical representation D. analogical representation; representation based on attributes

analogical representation; representation based on attributes

Students participating in a psychology experiment are asked to identify the emotions expressed by a number of different kinds of faces. On which type of face would they recognize the emotion most quickly? A. angry woman B. happy man C. angry man D. happy woman

angry man

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychoactive drug? A. a stimulant such as Ritalin B. antibiotics C. alcohol D. cocaine

antibiotics

When the lateral region of the hypothalamus is damaged, rats will develop ________, which leads to ________. A. aphagia; obesity B. hyperphagia; obesity C. aphagia; weight loss D. hyperphagia; weight loss

aphagia; weight loss

As Beatriz works outside in her yard, she works up a pretty good sweat. This is due in part to the functioning of her: A. autonomic nervous system. B. central nervous system. C. endocrine system. D. somatic nervous system.

autonomic nervous system.

Compared to the Rorschach, the Thematic Apperception Test has been found to: A. be a better predictor of certain behaviors. B. more accurately reflect the unconscious conflicts present in the test taker. C. be less reliable. D. be more difficult to interpret.

be a better predictor of certain behaviors.

If you hold a pencil in your teeth, forcing you to raise the edges of your lips into a sort of smile, you will ________, as predicted by the ________. A. begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis B. not feel any differently than you did before; facial feedback hypothesis C. begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard model D. not feel any differently than you did before; circumplex model

begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. A. central B. peripheral C. somatic D. sensory

central

Applied behavioral analysis therapy has been used to treat: A. adults with antisocial personality disorder. B. children with autism spectrum disorder. C. children with ADHD. D. adults with ADHD.

children with autism spectrum disorder.

A general conclusion growing out of the research on health and stress is that: A. chronic stress has adverse effects on health. B. the source of stress is more important to health outcomes than is the level of stress. C. until recently, psychologists have overemphasized the effects of stress on health. D. short-term stress is more dangerous to your health than chronic stress.

chronic stress has adverse effects on health.

After using a recreational drug at a party, Fawn became energetic, talkative, and lively. Which of the following drugs is mostly likely to produce these effects? A. cocaine B. alcohol C. marijuana D. heroin

cocaine

One of the most effective treatments for panic disorder is ________ because it helps people ________. A. cognitive therapy; correct their overestimation of the danger involved in a panic attack B. electroconvulsive therapy; compare their own mildly distressing symptoms to strong and persistent physical discomfort C. client-centered therapy; challenge their sense of low self-control D. tranquilizer therapy; pair panic experiences with relaxation

cognitive therapy; correct their overestimation of the danger involved in a panic attack

Colleen and LaVonne are playing darts. Colleen throws her dart into the center of the target, and LaVonne throws his dart into the outer ring. In an analogy to vision, Colleen would have been likely to hit a ________, and LaVonne would have been likely to hit a ________. A. rod; rod B. rod; cone C. cone; rod D. cone; cone

cone; rod

Which of the following is NOT generally part of meditation? A. consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts B. repeating a mantra C. focusing attention on one particular thing, such as one's breathing pattern D. listening to your inner voice without responding

consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts

What type of reward schedule extinguishes the fastest? A. variable ratio B. fixed interval C. partial reinforcement D. continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

Deaths that result from infectious diseases have ________ over the past century. A. increased greatly B. increased slightly C. stayed the same D. decreased

decreased

When the teacher in Milgram's obedience study received orders over the phone instead of face-to-face, the level of obedience: A. remained unchanged. B. decreased. C. increased slightly. D. increased a great deal.

decreased.

A mother is tying her own shoes in front of her toddler. She is using exaggerated, slow movements to tie her shoes. She is: A. imitating. B. demonstrating. C. reinforcing. D. mirroring.

demonstrating

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the: A. dendrites. B. nerves. C. axon terminal buttons. D. cell body.

dendrites.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to be most useful in treating: A. anxiety disorders. B. depression. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. schizophrenia.

depression.

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a: A. dualist. B. clinical psychologist. C. monist. D. qualist.

dualist.

Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks, he does not know what color her hair is. This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of: a. retrieval. b. encoding. c. sensation. d. rehearsal.

encoding.

Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called: a. transduction. b. attention. c. maintenance rehearsal. d. encoding.

encoding.

Dashawna has decided that she wants a new image. She goes to a new store and shops for the perfect outfit. Dashawna's decision to get a new image shows the ________ quality of motivation. Her trip to the store shows the ________ quality of motivation. A. energizing; persistent B. persistent; directive C. energizing; directive D. directive; energizing

energizing; directive

"Brain death" is said to occur when activity stops: A. in the cortex. B. in the brain stem. C. everywhere in the brain. D. anywhere in the brain.

everywhere in the brain.

Which therapy is a legacy of the work of Ivan Pavlov? A. dialectical behavior therapy B. exposure therapy C. cognitive therapy D. insight therapy

exposure therapy

Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction ________ the motion detectors responsive to that direction. When the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be ________ than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement, leading to motion aftereffects. A. fatigues; higher B. sensitizes; higher C. sensitizes; lower D. fatigues; lower

fatigues; higher

Harlow's research with infant monkeys demonstrated that: A. fear produces a preference for contact comfort over food. B. fear can be reduced by food. C. fear inhibits the development of attachment behaviors. D. when fearful, infant monkeys lose their appetites.

fear produces a preference for contact comfort over food.

Which of the following conditions is a preventable birth defect? A. fetal alcohol syndrome B. hemophilia C. developmental delay D. Down syndrome

fetal alcohol syndrome

Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. variable interval C. fixed ratio D. variable ratio

fixed interval

The optic nerve is composed of axons of: A. foveal cells. B. rods and cones. C. ganglion cells. D. bipolar cells.

ganglion cells.

What allows the movement of sodium and potassium ions to the inside and the outside of the neuron to cause firing? A. gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall B. changes in the charge of the ions C. refraction D. changes in the chemical structure of the ions

gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall

Human beings have evolved as social animals who live in groups, in part because: A. members of the same group do not constitute a danger to each other. B. groups provide safety from competing groups and predators. C. members of the same groups provide less competition for mates. D. mating within a group increases the probability of a healthy offspring.

groups provide safety from competing groups and predators.

Your roommate, who is very overweight, has an identical twin whom you have never met and who lived with an adoptive family while growing up. Given what you know about genetic and environmental factors in weight status, you would: A. guess that the twin is likely to be overweight. B. guess that the twin had a similar weight status to his adoptive family members. C. ask for more information on the attitudes of the adoptive parents toward being overweight. D. be unclear about the weight status of the twin.

guess that the twin is likely to be overweight.

To create hostility and prejudice between two groups of boys for his Robber's Cave Study, Sherif: A. told each group negative things about the other group. B. had the groups compete with each other. C. clearly favored one group over the other. D. started a fight between members of the two groups.

had the groups compete with each other.

You study Spanish during your freshman and sophomore years of college but then take a Portuguese class your senior year. You are likely to _________ learning Portuguese because of all the Spanish you learned due to__________. a. have no trouble; chunking b. have trouble; proactive interference c. have trouble; retroactive interference d. have no trouble; persistence

have trouble; proactive interference

You need to make a decision, but you must think quickly and don't consider all the evidence. What type of thinking are you using? A. heuristic B. algorithm C. forecasting D. insight

heuristic

The HPA axis involves initial activation of the: A. heart. B. hippocampus. C. hindbrain. D. hypothalamus.

hypothalamus.

White participants in a psychology study were asked to decide, as rapidly as possible, whether an object that they had been briefly shown was a gun or a tool. Before seeing the picture, they were briefly shown a picture of either a black face or a white face. When the subjects saw a black face, they: A. incorrectly identified guns as tools. B. identified the tool more slowly. C. incorrectly identified tools as guns. D. identified the gun more slowly.

incorrectly identified tools as guns.

Jaime has generalized anxiety disorder. Her psychiatrist gives her a psychotropic medication. The most likely action of this drug is to ________ activity. A. decrease serotonin B. increase dopamine C. decrease norepinephrine D. increase GABA

increase GABA

According to Zajonc, the presence of other people affects performance because it ________ arousal, which ________. A. decreases; weakens responding B. increases; causes selection of the adaptive response C. decreases; promotes seeking further stimulation D. increases; leads to the dominant response

increases; leads to the dominant response

Ganglion cells that are excited by L cones are: A. inhibited by only green colors. B. inhibited by both green and blue colors. C. inhibited by only blue colors. D. inhibited by other L cones.

inhibited by only green colors.

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability. She mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep. What condition might your friend have? A. dementia B. paradoxical sleep C. melatonin D. insomnia

insomnia

Your school requires you to change your email password every 3 months. Now, when you try to remember the new password, you can only remember the old one. This effect is most likely due to: a. interference. b. transience. c. anterograde amnesia. d. retrograde amnesia.

interference.

Most psychologists and physicians today believe that one's sexual orientation: A. is not a choice. B. depends on the month in which you are born. C. is a choice. D. is greatly influenced by one's peers.

is not a choice

The use of tranquilizers to control anxiety disorders: A. is only appropriate in inpatient settings. B. is problematic because many of these drugs are addictive. C. increases the presence of an excitatory neurotransmitter. D. is ideal because these drugs have only minor side effects.

is problematic because many of these drugs are addictive.

Meg is rehearsing the solo for her dance performance. In order to perform her solo well, Meg has to be aware of the position of her arms and legs in space. To do this, Meg relies on her ________ sense. A. motion B. visual C. kinesthetic D. olfactory

kinesthetic

Each of the following was discussed in this chapter as important determinants of cardiovascular disorders EXCEPT: A. lack of sleep. B. lack of exercise. C. smoking. D. bad eating habits.

lack of sleep.

The fact that more antidepressants have been prescribed to adolescents in recent decades while the adolescent suicide rate has gone down suggests that: A. other forms of therapy are not as effective as antidepressants, at least for adolescents. B. antidepressants have been the treatment of choice for adolescent depression in recent decades. C. there may be a relationship between antidepressant use and lower suicide rates. D. antidepressants directly reduce suicide risk.

there may be a relationship between antidepressant use and lower suicide rates.

What is the primary purpose of cells in the olfactory bulb? A. to receive nerve impulses and pass them through the thalamus B. to receive odorants and relay the signal to other brain areas C. to receive nerve impulses and relay the signal to other brain areas D. to receive odorants and pass them through the thalamus

to receive nerve impulses and relay the signal to other brain areas

A Freudian slip is presumed to be a(n): A. conscious thought that was verbally misleading. B. unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time. C. conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time. D. unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later.

unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.

Lucia has just declared a major in engineering. You could predict that she will now see other engineering students as ________ and see liberal arts students as ________. : A. unique individuals; unique individuals B. very similar to each other; very similar to each other C. unique individuals; very similar to each other D. very similar to each other; unique individuals

unique individuals; very similar to each other

According to your textbook, if you wanted to conduct observational research but were concerned that the people you observed would change their behaviors due to reactivity, you could: A. avoid debriefing them. B. use a blinded study. C. rule out alternative explanations. D. conduct culturally sensitive research.

use a blinded study.

Research by Shepard Siegel and colleagues has shown that tolerance to a drug's effects is most likely to be greatest in which setting? A. where the drug is most frequently used B. Tolerance is generally the same under all locations. C. where there are the most other people using the drug D. where the drug has not been used before

where the drug is most frequently used

Health psychology would examine all of the following EXCEPT: A. why people either do or do not wear sunscreen. B. why people either do or do not wear their seat belt. C. whether people either do or do not find overweight individuals attractive. D. when people either do or do not practice safe sex.

whether people either do or do not find overweight individuals attractive

One of the four main goals of science is explanation. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to explain: A. how data collection works. B. why a behavior occurs. C. why a researcher wants to study a behavior. D. the steps of the scientific method.

why a behavior occurs.

Studies examining erotic plasticity in men and women have found that: A. women have higher levels of erotic plasticity than men. B. erotic plasticity varies by culture. C. men have higher levels of erotic plasticity than women. D. men and women have equal levels of erotic plasticity.

women have higher levels of erotic plasticity than men.

After a group project, the teacher asks each group member to rate the contribution of everyone in the group. All the group members have given their highest ratings to themselves. The teacher will be less puzzled by this outcome if she understands the concept of: a. memory bias. b. alcohol blocking. c. absentmindedness. d. confabulation.

memory bias.

Which of the following items is NOT a need? A. money B. water C. sleep D. achievement

money

Exercise could be described as "Miracle Gro for our brains." This is because the fertilizer Miracle Gro is for grass what exercise is for: A. the glands. B. reproductive hormones. C. the bloodstream. D. neurons.

neurons.

Andie, Alex, Josh, and Matthew are waiting to get flu shots. Getting shots does not bother Andie and Alex, but it makes Josh and Matthew nervous. Josh is most likely to want to wait: A. only with Andie and Alex. B. by himself. C. only with Matthew. D. with all three of the other people.

only with Matthew.

The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the: A. operational definition. B. response accuracy. C. central tendency. D. stimulus judgment.

operational definition.

The basal ganglia is a system of subcortical structures critical for: A. thinking. B. regulating emotions. C. synthesizing incoming information. D. planning and producing movement.

planning and producing movement.

Students who study little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors. If a researcher collected data on both amount of studying and test scores, he or she would likely spot a(n): A. Inferential statistic. B. positive correlation. C. negative correlation. D. variable standard deviation.

positive correlation.

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the more surprising the unconditional stimulus is, the greater the need for an organism to ________ it using a conditional stimulus. A. reinforce B. predict C. condition D. fear

predict

This type of amnesia results in a loss of past memories. a. retrograde amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. source amnesia d. none of the above

retrograde amnesia

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman. A woman driver violates your ________ of a trucker. A. anchor B. schema C. script D. concept

schema

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him. He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is NOT part of our social: A. prototype. B. schema. C. attribute. D. concept.

schema.

You are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up. After a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only when she puts them in the dishwasher. This process is an example of: A. generalizing. B. shaping. C. chaining. D. punishing.

shaping.

Research has demonstrated that infants: A. cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until they start to speak. B. cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until their vocabulary includes well over 1,000 words. C. show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are a week old. D. do not develop a preference for sounds from their own language until they are about 1 year old.

show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are a week old.

When the drug Ritalin is given to children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, it: A. reduces both positive and negative behaviors. B. slightly increases positive behaviors while dramatically reducing negative ones. C. dramatically increases positive behaviors while slightly reducing negative ones. D. increases positive behaviors while leaving negative ones relatively unaffected.

slightly increases positive behaviors while dramatically reducing negative ones.

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormones are: A. slower to act and longer lasting. B. unable to bind to target receptors. C. chemically different. D. less important for the body's functioning.

slower to act and longer lasting.

Kelsey and Andreas are participating in the same two psychology experiments. The first task is to listen to a list of numbers and repeat them back in the same order. The second task is to determine how many prime numbers are on the list. Kelsey has an IQ of 123 and Andreas has an IQ of 111. There ought to be a ________ difference between Kelsey and Andreas's performance on the repetition task and a ________ difference between Kelsey and Andreas's performance on the counting prime numbers task. A. small; large B. large; small C. large; large D. small; small

small; large

An Ames room is constructed so that the two back corners seem to be equidistant from the front of the room, when the right corner is actually much farther away. Someone first sits in the left corner and then sits in the right corner. To an observer in the front of the room, that person will seem ________ when he is sitting in the right corner. A. closer B. smaller C. farther away D. bigger

smaller

Research on the role of oxytocin in ________ suggests it may be a promising treatment for ________. A. social behavior; autism spectrum disorder B. emotion regulation; depression C. social behavior; schizophrenia D. emotion regulation; borderline personality disorder

social behavior; autism spectrum disorder

A black man and a white man with equal IQ scores are told that the test they are about to take will directly measure their intelligence. If ________ becomes a factor for the black man, he is likely to do ________ on the test than the white man will. A. stereotype threat; better B. defensive performance; worse C. stereotype threat; worse D. defensive performance; better

stereotype threat; worse

Children with ADHD respond best to this type of treatment in the short term. A. structured behavioral treatment B. cognitive therapy C. applied behavioral analysis D. stimulant medication

stimulant medication

You should use anticipatory coping when: A. stress is predictable. B. stress is seen as meaningful in some way. C. you are dealing with multiple sources of stress at once. D. stress ultimately has a positive outcome.

stress is predictable.

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as: A. drifting off. B. split brain. C. subliminal perception. D. the smart unconscious.

subliminal perception

What is the influence of the environment on brain development? A. substantial; a broad range of environmental factors affects brain development B. none; brain development is controlled by genes C. none; the brain is fully developed at birth D. substantial; but the influence is primarily through diet

substantial; a broad range of environmental factors affects brain development

The recent salted caramel fad most likely owes its popularity to the activation of which two taste receptors? A. umami and salty B. sweet and sour C. sweet and salty D. salty and bitter

sweet and salty

Aggression may be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: A. the bystander effect. B. culture. C. the amygdala. D. serotonin.

the bystander effect.

The failure to offer help to someone observed to be in need is referred to as: A. altruism. B. the frustration-aggression hypothesis. C. the bystander intervention effect. D. aggressive response.

the bystander intervention effect.

In humans, the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome involves: A. the production of cortisol, which helps the body respond to stress. B. deactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. C. reduced production of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. D. the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.

the production of cortisol, which helps the body respond to stress.

What is the difference between a positive and a negative prediction error? A. A positive prediction error strengthens the association between a cue and a stimulus, whereas a negative prediction error weakens the association. B. A positive prediction error signals the presence of something unexpected, whereas a negative prediction error signals the absence of something unexpected. C. A positive prediction error signals a reward, whereas a negative prediction error signals a punishment. D. A positive prediction error follows an expected reward, whereas a negative prediction error follows an unexpected reward.

A positive prediction error strengthens the association between a cue and a stimulus, whereas a negative prediction error weakens the association.

The relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia is accurately described in which of the following statements? A. Agoraphobia rarely occurs in the absence of panic. B. More severe panic attacks are associated with reduced occurrence of agoraphobia. C. Having panic attacks is unrelated to the development of agoraphobia. D. Both panic and agoraphobia result from specific phobias in childhood.

Agoraphobia rarely occurs in the absence of panic

Regarding the factors potentially influencing behavior, which of the following statements is true? A. Behavior mainly stems from environmental causes. B. Behavior reflects an interaction between genetics and the environment. C. Behavior is generated mainly by the endocrine system. D. Behavior overwhelmingly reflects genetics

Behavior reflects an interaction between genetics and the environment.

Miryam and her boyfriend were together for 10 years, and then he broke up with her. The breakup was extremely distressing to her. Which of the following responses will Miryam almost certainly experience? A. HPA activation B. the eustress response C. anticipatory coping D. the allostatic release response

HPA activation

How does infant temperament relate to adult personality? A. Infant temperament correlates with both the general structure of adult personality and specific behavioral patterns observed in adults. B. Temperament changes so much over early development that no consistent relationships between infant temperament and adult personality have been documented. C. Infant temperament predicts negative but not positive behavior patterns in adults. D. Infant temperament correlates with the general structure of adult personality but does not predict specific behavior patterns observed in adults.

Infant temperament correlates with both the general structure of adult personality and specific behavioral patterns observed in adults.

A cognitive therapist would probably find it easiest to work with which of the following clients? A. Jamala, a woman who believes that she is worthless and unlovable B. Jordan, a woman who falsely believes that she is President of the United States C. Jan, a woman who believes that she is being followed by people from another planet D. Jouma, a self-centered woman who believes that other people are not worthwhile and that her needs are the only important ones

Jamala, a woman who believes that she is worthless and unlovable

What do we mean when we say that inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations? A. Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode are generalizations about data. B. Meta-analyses allow researchers to generalize findings from one study to many. C. Knowing how likely findings are to occur indicates whether results reflect true differences in a population. D. Inferential statistics remove error/bias, so generalizations are easier to make.

Knowing how likely findings are to occur indicates whether results reflect true differences in a population.

Vincent is a brilliant but impoverished artist. He spends all day pushing the boundaries of his art and finds complete satisfaction in his achievements, but he has little to eat and lives in squalor. His wife has left him, and most of his friends keep their distance because they do not understand his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy? A. Lower and higher needs cannot be organized in a single system. B. Lower needs must be met before higher needs. C. Satisfying the need for achievement requires success. D. Satisfaction is an emotion, not a need.

Lower needs must be met before higher needs.

________ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism. A. Exemplars B. Schemas C. Cognition D. Reasoning

Schemas