Organizational Behavior SB Ch 4, 5, 6

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom.

1. self-efficacy 2. specific, difficult goals 3. increased valance, instrumentality, and expectancy 4. perceptions of equity

Ted has always been a hard-driving, competitive individual. He talks fast, walks fast, eats fast, and gets angry fast. Ted would likely be described as exhibiting the Type _____ Behavior Pattern.

A

In a(n) ______ ______, managers study the positions in their workplaces to determine if stress is negatively impacting the workplaces.

Blank 1: stress Blank 2: audit

True or false: Moods are extreme in intensity.

False

What are some organizational practices designed to reduce strains on employees?

Health and wellness programs Employee assistance programs

People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing

Instrumentality

Which of the following best defines valence?

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.

An instrument designed to measure five dimensions of job satisfaction, including supervisor satisfaction, pay satisfaction, promotion satisfaction, coworker satisfaction, and satisfaction with the work itself, is known as the

Job Descriptive Index (JDI).

According to expectancy theory, which of the following statements concerning motivational force is true?

Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes.

Which of the following would likely be characterized as an extrinsic motivation?

Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work. Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package.

Which three of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts?

The employee has feelings of psychological empowerment. The employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals. The employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality.

How do hindrance stressors affect job performance?

They create negative feelings about the job.

What might happen if employees feel that they have less equity in their workplaces?

They might take actions against their workplaces.

True or false: Employees can have different reactions to identical stressors as the result of a number of factors, such as perception, appraisal, and the degree of social support they receive.

True

True or false: Motivational force equals zero if any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is zero.

True

Dawn's boss gave her a complicated report to finish by the end of the day. As a result, Dawn became angry and dissatisfied with her job and her boss in particular. This is an example of the ______ theory.

affective events

The ______ theory states that workplace occurrences that can generate reactions can go on to influence work attitudes and behaviors.

affective events

The transactional theory of stress attempts to explain stress in terms of three components: perception, ______, and response.

appraisal

Research suggests that job satisfaction is strongly correlated with affective commitment. This means that employees who are satisfied with their job

are more likely to want to stay with the organization.

Which method of assessing employees' job satisfaction is thought to be the most accurate and effective?

attitude survey

What theory asserts that a person's motivation is based on what he or she considers to be fair when compared to others?

equity theory

Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?

equity theory

In his job as an annuity specialist at a financial services firm, Tyler regularly fields calls from clients who want to make withdrawals or reallocations. Since he perceives these duties to be routine, how would he categorize these less stressful duties?

benign job demands

Emilie has worked as an animal control officer at the county animal shelter for years and the constant stress has finally caught up with her. She is continually exhausted and has reached the point where she doesn't care about her job and is disillusioned with everything. Emilie is experiencing _____ due to this prolonged stress.

burnout

The term ______ refers to exhaustion of the body and mind due to excessive and prolonged stress.

burnout

According to research, employees who experience higher levels of ______ stressors tend to have higher levels of organizational commitment.

challenge

The type of stressors linked to the attainment of education and achievement are known as _____ stressors.

challenge

Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ______ behaviors and less likely to exhibit ______ behaviors.

citizenship; counterproductive

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

Supportive practices that help employees manage and balance their role demands include which of the following?

compressed workweeks telecommuting flextime

The saying, "Laugh and the world laughs with you" describes the concept of emotional

contagion

"We're like family here," Martika says of the people in her department. "I don't just work with these people -- they're my friends." Based on this, it can be assumed that Martika has a high level of ______ satisfaction.

coworker

Employees' feelings about their fellow employees, including whether they are smart, responsible, helpful, fun, and interesting, is known as ______ satisfaction.

coworker

Pascal fully intended to finish the quarterly sales report by the end of the day but is repeatedly interrupted by phone calls and questions from coworkers. What type of hindrance stressor is Pascal experiencing?

daily hassles

Recent studies demonstrate that job satisfaction is

declining

Which of the following are psychological strains that result from stressors?

depression irritability

A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.

difficult

Which of the following would likely be characterized as negative emotions?

disgust anger guilt (as well as: anxiety, fear, shame, sadness, & envy)

After being fired from her job, Alicia reappraised the situation and decided that, considering how stressful her job had been, she is glad to be out of that "pressure-cooker" environment. This is a form of ______-focused coping.

emotion

Tameka has just learned that a prospective customer she's been working on for months has placed a large order with her company. She thrusts her fist into the air jubilantly and yells, "Yes!" Tameka is experiencing a(n)

emotion

Galen observes a coworker start crying after a phone conversation. She goes over to her, puts an arm around her shoulders, and asks, "Would it help to talk about it?" Galen is providing ______ support to her coworker.

emotional

Irina has always been unsure of herself and doesn't consider herself to be particularly skilled at her job, so when she is given a new task by her boss, she experiences feelings of fear and anxiety. Which determinant of self-efficacy does this represent?

emotional cues

An individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in positive outcomes is known as

expectancy

According to affective events theory, affective events can trigger ______, which can influence fluctuations in satisfaction levels and also trigger spontaneous behaviors.

emotions

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

When other people recognize the success of others and reward them for their success, it typically fosters ______ motivation.

extrinsic

The degree to which carrying out the activities required by the job provides employees with clear information about how well they're performing is called

feedback

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

Which theory of motivation argues that goals determine the work actions of people?

goal setting theory

Leilana would best be described as a go-getter. She seems to have an inner drive to always excel, to continue to learn and master new skills, and to continually advance within the company. According to the job characteristics theory, this reflects Leilana's

growth need strength.

Tyrese has been in the same job for over four years and doesn't seem to have any interest in advancing within the company. According to the job characteristics theory, adding more variety and autonomy to Tyrese's job would likely not increase his job satisfaction because he lacks strong

growth need strength.

Research has shown that people who experience ______ levels of challenge stressors tend to have ______ levels of job performance.

higher; higher

People who experience higher levels of ______ stressors tend to have lower levels of organizational commitment.

hindrance

Elena is the sales manager for a floor tiling company. She sees that the sales numbers for Roger have been slipping and wants him to do a better job. Under goal-setting theory, which of the following goals for Roger would most likely result in higher levels of task performance?

increase sales by 25% during the next quarter

There are two major types of social support that people can receive when they are confronted with stressful demands: emotional support and _____ support.

instrumental

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ______ forces in motivation.

internal

Which theory identifies certain job characteristics that produce high levels of the three psychological states that make work more satisfying?

job characteristics theory

A pleasurable emotional state that results from appraising your job or job experiences is referred to as

job satisfaction

The extent to which employees are aware of the outcome of their work is called

knowledge of results.

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

lack of confidence assignment of an ambiguous goal

States of feeling that are relatively mild, last for a while, and are not explicitly directed at or caused by someone or something are referred to as

moods

Divorce or the death of a close family member are events that would be considered what type of stressors?

negative life events

Hindrance stressors most often trigger ______ emotions, whereas challenge stressors most often trigger ______ emotions.

negative; positive

According to the transactional theory of stress, which of the following would be considered a work hindrance stressor?

not receiving guidelines needed to complete tasks

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?

overreward inequity

Employees' feelings about their salary, including whether it's as much as they deserve and sufficient for both normal expenses and luxury items, is referred to as ______ satisfaction.

pay

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

pay promotions

Dwayne wants to advance in his career, so he has enrolled in an MBA program and attends classes two evenings a week. This is an example of a what kind of stressor?

personal development

After his company announced that it plans to cut 30% of the workforce within the next 90 days, Deon begins to experience chronic headaches and insomnia. These symptoms are signs of ______ strain.

physiological

Symptoms of ______ strains include high blood pressure, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, and heart disease.

physiological

Stressors, such as marriage or graduation, are known as what type of stressors?

positive life events

Iris gets stressed out when she shops at a crowded supermarket, so she changes her schedule to shop early in the morning when the store isn't as busy. Iris is using ______-focused coping to deal with the stressor.

problem

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?

psychological empowerment

Which psychological state reflects the degree to which employees feel they are key drivers of the quality of the unit's work?

responsibility for outcomes

A Christian college offers faculty a paid leave from teaching for a semester if they wish to participate in a volunteer abroad program or a missions trip. What is the term for this type of leave?

sabbatical

The quote, "Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life" best describes which facet of the value-percept theory?

satisfaction with the work itself

What facet of job satisfaction has the most influence on overall job satisfaction?

satisfaction with the work itself

Employees who experience what motivator tend to produce the best professional results?

self-efficacy

Even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. It appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief?

self-efficacy

People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the job affects or impacts the organization and/or society?

significance

What is the term for negative consequences, such as headaches, depression, or compulsive behaviors, that can occur when people do not have the ability to deal with stress?

strains

What is the term for the negative consequences associated with stress?

strains

High-level executives and managers often feel physical and mental effects due to the ______ that their demanding jobs cause.

stress

Psychologists use the term _____ to describe a state of mental or emotional tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.

stress

A(n) _____ is an event, experience, or other stimulus that causes an individual to face stress and can result in strain.

stressor

What are some factors in determining why employees experience differing levels of stress?

the nature of the stressors how much social support the individual receives the personality type of the employee

Which of the following is the best description of emotional labor?

the need to manage emotions to complete job duties successfully

According to the value-percept theory, employees establish their level of pay satisfaction partly on

the pay of similar coworkers.

According to the job characteristics theory, the best source of ongoing feedback on task performance comes from

the work itself.

Keyara does her best work when she has a tight deadline for a project because she focuses instead of being distracted. This is an example of what type of work challenge stressor?

time pressure

Mercy Hospital offers stress management programs for its employees that are designed to help them recognize sources of stress and teach them stress-reduction skills. What is the name for this type of offering?

training intervention

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

valence

______ satisfaction refers to how employees feel about their employer's policies regarding changes in job titles and responsibilities.

Promotion

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which the job provides an employee with freedom, independence, and discretion to perform the work is referred to as

autonomy

The ______ theory argues that job satisfaction depends on whether you feel that your job supplies the things that you value.

value-percept

Siddhara earns $70,000 a year, which is the amount she wishes to earn. Her title is assistant manager, but she would like to be supervising manager. Her boss offers her a raise but no change in job title, which disappoints Siddhara and leaves her feeling somewhat dissatisfied with her job. This is an example of

value-percept theory.

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job requires an employee to complete a number of different activities involving several different skills and talents is known as

variety

What Jumpa loves the most about her job is that every day seems to bring new challenges, and she can use diverse skills and talents to complete her tasks. According to the job characteristics theory, what Jumpa loves most about her job is its

variety

What is the term for the amount of obligations a worker has regarding others?

work responsibility

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation.

external

Tyler has applied for several higher-level jobs in his company, but they have always hired someone from outside of the company. He feels his chances for advancement within the company are slim, and now he has a low level of ______ satisfaction.

promotion

Angela has to deliver a major presentation at work, and she is decidedly nervous. Her husband sends flowers to her office with a card that reads, "Knock 'em dead, Tiger!," and she feels better almost immediately. This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

verbal persuasion

Positive emotions would likely include which of the following?

Compassion Pride Relief (as well as: joy, hope, & love)

Studies have suggested that there is a strong linkage between Type A Behavior Pattern and what strain?

Coronary heart disease

What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

Expectancy

According to equity theory, when we examine our own efforts and results and compare them to the efforts and results of others, we use the other people as what?

comparison others

What is the first step in managing stress?

determining the amount of stress in an organization and its causes

According to the job characteristics theory, a college professor who is required by her department chairperson to use a certain textbook, follow a detailed syllabus, and administer a mandatory number of tests within a course is likely to have low

autonomy

What is the term for employer practices that are intended to help employees with personal problems, such as alcohol and drug dependencies, financial problems, or marital difficulties?

health and wellness programs

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work from beginning to end with a visible outcome is known as

identity

Jaycee is an interior designer who designs spaces for small business clients. He loves being able to "see" his ideas and concepts come to life as a functional and well-designed workplace. This would best describe which job characteristic?

identity

Dester's company announced that it would be cutting 30% of the workforce by the end of the quarter. Since then, Dester has been depressed and anxious. Dester is suffering ______ strains as a result of his employment situation.

psychological

Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the Red Cross, phlebotomist Kenji answered, "I make a difference every day to people's lives within our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics theory?

significance

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

skills experience

Deon just learned that his company is going to announce layoffs by the end of the month. He is completely overwhelmed by this news and doesn't know how he's going to meet his financial responsibilities if he loses his job. What is Deon experiencing?

stress

Research suggests that job satisfaction has a(n) ______ effect on organizational commitment.

strong positive

When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you suddenly realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?

underreward inequity

The belief known as _____ relates to the question "Does the outcome have any value to me?"

valence

Becky is trying to finish her online assignments before the midnight deadline, and her computer network suddenly goes down. She becomes so upset that she throws her textbook across the room. What type of coping mechanism does Becky display?

behavioral

Ricardo's job has been enormously stressful over the past few months. As a result, he has started smoking again, despite the fact that he had quit years ago. This is an example of a(n) ______ strain.

behavioral

Trina is worried that she won't be able to finish her report on time, so she asks a couple of coworkers to help her. This is an example of ______ coping.

behavioral

Employees' feelings about their boss, including whether the boss is competent, polite, and a good communicator, is referred to as ______ satisfaction.

supervision

"My boss doesn't know the first thing about managing people," Barry complains. "She couldn't lead a two-car funeral." Based on this, it can be assumed that Barry has a low level of ______ satisfaction.

supervisor

Behavioral strains include which of the following?

teeth grinding alcohol abuse overeating

A high level of ______ directly contributes to the psychological state known as responsibility for outcomes, according to the job characteristics theory.

autonomy

Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "I don't get it," she said. "I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" Krystal would be described as having low ______ according to expectancy theory.

instrumentality

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. This is a form of what kind of motivation?

intrinsic

Bev and Noah are librarians at Summit Elementary School. Bev works on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and Noah works on Tuesdays and Thursdays. They share the position salary and employee benefits proportionately. What is the name for this type of arrangement?

job sharing

Match the source of self-efficacy (at left) with its description (at right). verbal persuasion emotional cues past accomplishments vicarious experiences

verbal persuasion = Sam enrolls in an MBA program because his wife and parents have convinced him that he can succeed. emotional cues = Sam is extremely nervous about being back in a classroom after an absence of almost ten years, so he's unsure that he'll succeed in an MBA program. past accomplishments = Sam earned a 3.9 GPA in his undergraduate program, and that bolsters his confidence that he'll do well in graduate school. vicarious experiences = Sam's best friend recently earned an MBA from the same university and he recommended the program enthusiastically.

Betty had promised to take her father to lunch for his 75th birthday, but her boss scheduled an emergency staff meeting and she had to cancel lunch. What kind of stressor is Betty experiencing?

work-family conflict