O'Rourke COMM Exam A

"I" vs. "you" language

"I" language is considered more responsible and more likable

USD Research tools

- Copley Website databases - Library circuit

Types of noise

- External - physiological - psychological distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission/reception of a message

Steps of a Perception Check

1) descriptions of sense data 2) two possible interpretations 3) request for confirmation on interpretations

Language convergence

Accommodating one's speaking style to another person, usually a person who is desirable or has a higher status

Collectivism vs. Individualism

Collectivism - a culture in which members focus on the welfare of the group as a whole, rather than being concerned mostly about personal success Individualism - A culture in which members focus on the value and welfare of individual members as opposed to a concern for the group as a whole

Communication

Creating meaning through symbolic interaction

Denotation vs. Connotation

Denotation - A word's defined meaning Connotation - what the word means in context

Empathy vs. Sympathy

Empathy - ability to project oneself into another's point of view, sharing their thoughts and feelings Sympathy - general compassion for another's situation

Stereotyping

Generalization based on limited data

Slang

Language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group.

Equivocal words

Language with more than one likely interpretation

Mindless Listening

Passive, low-level information processing - passive listening in which the receiver absorbs a speaker's ideas and passively, rather as a sponge absorbs water

Syntactic rules

Rules that govern the way in which symbols can be arranged as as opposed to the meanings of those symbols

Task vs. relational listening

Task-oriented - has a goal in mind when communicating - masculine Relational - seeks to further emotional connection with communicator - feminine

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to elevate one's own culture - prejudice is a tool of ethnocentrism

Self Concept

The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds for himself or herself

low-context culture

a culture in which people use language primarily to express thoughts, feeling, and ideas as directly as possible

high-context culture

a culture that relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony

Language Divergence

a linguistic strategy in which speakers emphasize difference between their communicative style and that of others in order to create distance

Relational listening

a listening style that is driven primarily by the goal of building emotional closeness with the speaker

Perception Check

a three part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations

Mindful listening

active, high-level information processing - more careful, attentive attention

Symbols

an arbitrary sign used to represent a thing, person, idea, event, or relationship in a way that makes communication possible

prejudice

an unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group

Sex

biological category (male, female, intersex)

Interpersonal communication

communication in which parties consider one another as unique individuals rather than objects

Intrapersonal communications

communications that occurs within a single person (little voice inside your head)

Task-oriented listening

designed to secure information necessary to get a job done

Phonological goals

linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words

Critical listening

listening in which the goal is tho evaluate the quality or accuracy of the speaker's remarks

Analytical listening

listening in which the primary goal is to fully understand the message, prior to any evaluation

What is non-verbal communication

messages expressed non-linguistically

Manipulators

movements in which one part of the body grooms/massages/rubs/holds/fidgets/manipulates other parts of the body

self-esteem

part of self-concept that evaluates self-worth

Communication Apprehension

personal feelings that inhibit willingness to communicate such as - Discomfort - Avoidance - Anxiety/fear

Remembering

recalling previously introduced information, short-term and long-term

stage hogs

receivers who are more concerned with making their point than with understanding the speaker

insensitive listeners

receivers who fail to recognize the thoughts or feeling that are not directly expressed by a speaker, instead accepting the speaker's words at face value

Insulated listeners

receivers who ignore undesirable information

Pseudolistening

receivers who imitate true listening but whose minds are elsewhere

Ambushers

receivers who listen carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker

defensive listeners

receivers who perceive a speaker's comments as a personal attack

Selective Listeners

receivers who respond only to messages that interest them

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

relative words gain their meaning by comparison

Paraphrasing

restating in your own words the message you thought the speaker sent, without adding anything new. Used to verify understanding

pragmatic

rules that govern how people use language in everyday interaction

Semantic Rules

rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed to its structure

Gender

socially constructed set of expectations about what it means to be "masculine" or "feminine"

identity management

strategies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

Kinesics

study of body movements, gestures, posture

Power Distance

the degree to which members of a group are willing to accept a difference in power and status

Culture

the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share as a team

Co-cultures

the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture

Decoding

the process by which a receiver attaches meaning to a message

Encoding

the process of putting thoughts into symbols, most commonly words

Supportive Listening

the reception approach to use when others seek help for personal dilemmas

Jargon

the specialized vocabulary that is used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds

chronemics

the study of how humans use and structure time

proxemics

the study of how people and animals use space

haptics

the study of touch

Listening Fidelity

to describe the degree to which the what a listener understands corresponds with the message the sender attempts to communicate

Facework

verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain communicators face and the face of others