Osteoporosis

An older adult female client is diagnosed with osteoporosis. The client wants to know why this disorder has occurred. The nurse will base the response on which risk factor in the client​'s ​history? Aerobic exercise three times per week Low testosterone Lack of vitamin D Diet rich in calcium

Lack of vitamin D

Which diagnostic test is used to differentiate osteoporosis from other​ bone-related disorders? ​X-ray Ultrasound Complete blood cell count​ (CBC) Bone mineral density​ (BMD) test

Bone mineral density​ (BMD) test

Osteoporosis involves an imbalance in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. What do osteoblasts​ do? Create a malignancy Cause fractures Resorb bone Form new bone

Form new bone

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with osteoporosis. In planning the client​'s ​care, which nursing diagnosis is the most​ appropriate? Hypothermia Hyperthermia Impaired perfusion Impaired mobility

Impaired mobility

The nurse is providing care for a client diagnosed with osteoporosis who is recovering from a wrist fracture. When planning care for this​ client, which goal is the​ priority? Weight loss Relaxation Weight gain Pain relief

Pain relief

The nurse is caring for a client with osteoporosis. Which medication taken by the client may have contributed to this​ diagnosis? Prednisone Acetaminophen Vitamin D supplements Calcium supplements

Prednisone

A​ 65-year-old woman, Lina​ Chen, has recently been diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which advice will the nurse give​ her? Increase caffeine intake Start or continue​ weight-bearing exercise Eat foods low in iron Increase alcohol intake

Start or continue​ weight-bearing exercise

The client newly diagnosed with osteoporosis is prescribed calcitonin by nasal spray. Which assessment data indicate to the nurse an adverse effect of the medication? 1. The client complains of nausea and vomiting. 2. The client is drinking two (2) glasses of milk a day. 3. The client has a runny nose and nasal itching. 4. The client has had numerous episodes of nosebleeds.

4. Nosebleeds are adverse effects and should be reported to the client's HCP.

________ are found within the spongy bone and are responsible for building up the bone matrix. While ________, which are also found in the spongy bone, breakdown the bone matrix. A. Osteocytes, osteoclasts B. Osteoclasts, osteoblasts C. Osteocytes, osteoblasts D. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts

B. Osteoclasts, osteoblasts

A patient is taking Calcitonin for osteoporosis. The patient should be monitored for? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypercalcemia

C. Hypocalcemia

Bones play an important role in the body. Which of the following in NOT a function performed by the bones?* A. Provide protection and support for the organs. B. Give the body shape. C. Secrete the hormone calcitonin and store blood cells. D. Store calcium and phosphorus.

C. Secrete the hormone calcitonin and store blood cells.

During discharge teaching to a patient at risk for developing osteoporosis, you discuss the types of exercise the patient should perform. Which type of exercise is not the best to perform to prevent osteoporosis? A. Tennis B. Weight-lifting C. Walking D. Hiking

C. Walking

A client is seen in the nurse​'s clinic for the treatment of osteoporosis. Which food can the nurse recommend to provide​ calcium? (Select All that apply) Wine Organ meats Canned sardines Yogurt Broccoli

Canned sardines Yogurt Broccoli

The nurse is teaching a class to pregnant teenagers. Which information is most important when discussing ways to prevent osteoporosis? 1. Take at least 1,200 mg of calcium supplements a day. 2. Eat foods low in calcium and high in phosphorus. 3. Osteoporosis does not occur until around age 50 years. 4. Remain as active as possible until the baby is born.

1. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends a daily calcium intake of 1,200 to 1,500 mg/day for adolescents, young adults, and pregnant and lactating women.

The female client diagnosed with osteoporosis tells the nurse she is going to perform swim aerobics for 30 minutes every day. Which response is most appropriate by the nurse? 1. Praise the client for committing to do this activity. 2. Explain to the client walking 30 minutes a day is a better activity. 3. Encourage the client to swim every other day instead of daily. 4. Discuss with the client how sedentary activities help prevent osteoporosis.

2. Weight-bearing activity, such as walking, is beneficial in preventing or slowing bone loss. The mechanical force of weight-bearing exercises promotes bone growth.

A patient is prescribed Alendronate (Fosamax) at 0800 for the treatment of osteoporosis. As the nurse you know you must administer this medication: A. on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and keep the patient upright for 30 minutes. B. right after breakfast and to lay the patient flat (as tolerated) for 30 minutes. C. with food but to avoid giving this medication with dairy products. D. on an empty stomach with a full glass of juice or milk.

A. on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and keep the patient upright for 30 minutes.

A client with osteoporosis has been prescribed calcium supplements. About which subject should the nurse educate this​ client? Decrease caloric intake Increase iron supplements Adequate fluid intake Possible depression

Adequate fluid intake Calcium supplements may cause kidney stones if the client does not stay adequately​ hydrated; increased fluid intake is necessary. Calcium supplements are not associated with possible​ depression, anemia, or weight gain.

12) What is the primary cause of loss of height in individuals with osteoporosis? A) Collapse of vertebral bodies B) Decrease in length of long bones C) Flexion of the knees and hips D) Cervical lordosis

Answer: A Explanation: A) The loss of height in individuals with osteoporosis occurs primarily as a result of vertebral body collapse. Osteoporosis also contributes to cervical lordosis, and the knees and hips flex to help maintain the center of gravity; however, these do not contribute to overall loss of height. Osteoporosis does not cause a decrease in the length of long bones.

What will the nurse include in the health history of a client with​ osteoporosis? Assessing muscle strength Assessing level of activity Assessing pain Assessing height

Assessing level of activity During the health history portion of the nursing​ assessment, the nurse will assess the client​'s level of activity. Assessing muscle​ strength, pain, and height occurs in the physical examination portion of the nursing assessment.

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with osteoporosis. The client has asked the health care provider for a medication that does not require daily dosing. Which medication does the nurse anticipate will be prescribed for this​ client? Boniva Fosamax Actonel Skelid

Boniva Boniva is a medication used in the treatment of osteoporosis that is administered once per month. The other medications require daily administration for osteoporosis.

Which patient below is NOT at risk for osteoporosis? A. A 50 year old female whose last menstrual period was 7 years ago. B. A 45 year old male patient who has been taking glucocorticoids for the last 6 months. C. A 30 year old male who drinks alcohol occasionally and has a BMI of 28. D. A 35 year old female who has a history of seizures and takes Dilantin regularly.

C. A 30 year old male who drinks alcohol occasionally and has a BMI of 28.

You're caring for a patient who has a health history of severe osteoporosis. On assessment you note the patient has severe kyphosis of the upper back. Which nursing diagnosis takes priority for this patient's care? A. Risk for skin breakdown B. Knowledge deficient regarding disease process C. Limited mobility D. Risk for falls

D. Risk for falls

Which clinical manifestation occurs in​ osteoporosis? Vertebral pain with substantial movement Chronic episodes of vertebral pain Increase of weight over time Decrease in height over time

Decrease in height over time

The nurse is providing education to a client who has been prescribed alendronate sodium​ (Fosamax) for the treatment of osteoporosis. Which adverse effect will the nurse educate the client to expect while taking this​ medication? Constipation Hot flashes Dyspepsia Sinusitis

Dyspepsia

Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a client with​ osteoporosis? Encouraging smoking cessation Prescribing pain medications Placing fluid restrictions Discouraging physical activity

Encouraging smoking cessation

Which lifestyle choice can increase a client​'s risk of developing​ osteoporosis? ​(Select all that​ apply.) Moderate exercise Excessive alcohol consumption Smoking Consumption of milk products Sedentary lifestyle

Excessive alcohol consumption Smoking Sedentary lifestyle

A​ 65-year-old man has a low testosterone​ level, low lifetime calcium​ level, and has had two bone fractures in the past 2 years. Which intervention can the nurse suggest to prevent or slow the development of​ osteoporosis? Increasing calcium intake Taking estrogen supplements Taking corticosteroids Exercising less to avoid injury

Increasing calcium intake

The nurse is planning a presentation on osteoporosis to clients in an​ assisted-living center. Which group will the nurse not include in the presentation as being at risk of developing this disease​ process? Men with high testosterone levels Asian women Postmenopausal women Smokers

Men with high testosterone levels Men with high testosterone levels are not at risk of developing​ osteoporosis; therefore, this should not be included in the presentation.​ Women, especially those who are postmenopausal and of Asian​ descent, are much more likely to develop osteoporosis. Smoking increases the client​'s risk of osteoporosis.

The nurse is providing care for a female client who reports lower back pain. The client states that the symptoms are​ postmenopausal, but she has been having difficulty staying asleep because of the discomfort. Which assessment should the nurse​ perform? ​(Select all that​ apply.) Pain Hearing acuity Visual acuity Muscle strength History of fractures

Pain Muscle strength History of fractures

The nurse is providing care to a client diagnosed with osteoporosis.​ Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry​ (DEXA) has been ordered for the client. Which explanation of this diagnostic procedure is the most​ appropriate? The test is used to evaluate bone mineral density and the degree of osteoporosis. The test is administered to the heel of the foot to measure bone density The test measures bone density in the lumbar spine or hip The test detects osteopenia and identifies fractures

The test measures bone density in the lumbar spine or hip

Which items can help reduce the risk of​ osteoporosis? ​(Select all that​ apply.) Moderate alcohol consumption A​ high-protein diet ​Weight-bearing exercise Vitamin D Moderate cigarette smoking

​Moderate alcohol consumption Weight-bearing exercise Vitamin D ​High-protein diets can contribute to osteoporosis. Vitamin D can help the body absorb and use calcium. Cigarette smoking impairs the absorption of calcium and contributes to decreased bone density. Moderate alcohol consumption in postmenopausal women may increase bone mineral content by increasing levels of estrogen and​ calcitonin, although excessive consumption can encourage bone loss.​ Weight-bearing exercise decreases the risk of osteoporosis.

Which foods should the nurse recommend to a client when discussing sources of dietary calcium? 1. Yogurt and dark-green, leafy vegetables. 2. Oranges and citrus fruits. 3. Bananas and dried apricots. 4. Wheat bread and bran.

1. The best dietary sources of calcium are milk and other dairy products. Other sources include oysters; canned sardines or salmon; beans; cauliflower; and dark-green, leafy vegetables.

Which signs/symptoms indicate to the nurse the client has developed osteoporosis? 1. The client has lost one (1) inch in height. 2. The client has lost 12 pounds in the last year. 3. The client's hands are painful to the touch. 4. The client's serum uric acid level is elevated.

1. The loss of height occurs as vertebral bodies collapse.

Which intervention is an example of a secondary nursing intervention when discussing osteoporosis? 1. Obtain a bone density evaluation test. 2. Perform non-weight-bearing exercises regularly. 3. Increase the intake of dietary calcium. 4. Refer clients to a smoking cessation program.

1. This is an example of a secondary nursing intervention, which includes screening for early detection.

The nurse is working at an osteoporosis screening clinic and is interviewing and performing health assessments on women. Which clients are at greatest risk for developing osteoporosis? Select all that apply. 1.) an Asian woman 2.) A large boned dark skinned woman 3.) A client who started menopause early 4.) A client with a family history of the disease. 5.) A client who has a physically active lifestyle. 6.) A client with an in adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.

1.) an Asian woman 3.) A client who started menopause early 4.) A client with a family history of the disease. 6.) A client with an in adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.

The client is being evaluated for osteoporosis. Which diagnostic test is the most accurate when diagnosing osteoporosis? 1. X-ray of the femur. 2. Serum alkaline phosphatase. 3. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). 4. Serum bone Gla-protein test.

3. This test measures bone density in the lumbar spine or hip and is considered to be highly accurate.

The client diagnosed with osteoporosis asks the nurse, "Why does smoking cigarettes cause my bones to be brittle?" Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Smoking causes nutritional deficiencies which contribute to osteoporosis." 2. "Tobacco causes an increase in blood supply to the bones, causing osteoporosis." 3. "Smoking low-tar cigarettes will not cause your bones to become brittle." 4. "Nicotine impairs the absorption of calcium, causing decreased bone strength."

4. Nicotine slows the production of osteoblasts and impairs the absorption of calcium, contributing to decreased bone density.

The 84-year-old client is a resident in a long-term care facility. Which intervention should be implemented to help prevent complications secondary to osteoporosis? 1. Keep the bed in the high position. 2. Perform passive range-of-motion exercises. 3. Turn the client every two (2) hours. 4. Provide nighttime lights in the room.

4. Nighttime lights will help prevent the client from falling; fractures are the number-one complication of osteoporosis.

True or False: Osteoporosis is a disease process that results in the thinning of the matrix of pore-like structures within the compact bone.

FALSE: Osteoporosis is a disease process that results in the thinning of the matrix of pore-like structures within the SPONGY (not compact) bone. The compact bone is the outside part of the bone, and the spongy bone is found inside the compact bone. It contains a matrix of pore-like components such as protein and minerals...this starts to thin and becomes more porous in osteoporosis.

The client must take three (3) grams of calcium supplement a day. The medication comes in 500-mg tablets. How many tablets will the client need to take daily? _______

Six (6) tablets.

The nurse is discussing osteoporosis with a group of women. Which factor will the nurse identify as a nonmodifiable risk factor? 1. Calcium deficiency. 2. Tobacco use. 3. Female gender. 4. High alcohol intake.

3. A nonmodifiable risk factor is a factor the client cannot do anything to alter or change. Approximately 50% of all women will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime.

Your patient is scheduled for a DEXA scan this morning. The patient is having heartburn and requests a PRN medication to help with relief. Which medications can the patient NOT have at this time? A. Calcium Carbonate B. Bismuth Salicylate C. Milk of Magnesia D. Famotidine

A. Calcium Carbonate Before a DEXA scan, which is a bone density test, the patient should not take any type of calcium supplements (calcium carbonate (TUMs) or vitamins containing calcium.

11) Which change in bone structure contributes to osteoporosis? A) The diaphysis of the bone becomes longer. B) Trabeculae are increased in cancellous bone. C) The outer cortex of the bone becomes thicker. D) The diameter of the bone increases.

Answer: D Explanation: A) In osteoporosis, the diameter of the bone increases, thinning the outer supporting cortex. Trabeculae are lost from cancellous bone. Osteoporosis does not affect the length of the bone.

The client is taking calcium carbonate (Tums) to help prevent further development of osteoporosis. Which teaching should the nurse implement? 1. Encourage the client to take Tums with at least eight (8) ounces of water. 2. Teach the client to take Tums with the breakfast meal only. 3. Instruct the client to take Tums 30 to 60 minutes before a meal. 4. Discuss the need to get a monthly serum calcium level.

3. Free hydrochloric acid is needed for calcium absorption; therefore, Tums should be taken on an empty stomach.

During an outpatient visit you are assessing the patient's understanding about the signs and symptoms associated with osteoporosis. Select all of the signs and symptoms stated by the patient that are correct: A. Dowager's Hump B. Loss of 0.5 inches in height compared to young adult height C. Swelling and warmth at the bone site D. Some patients are asymptomatic E. Fractures most commonly in the hips, wrist, and spine

A. Dowager's Hump D. Some patients are asymptomatic E. Fractures most commonly in the hips, wrist, and spine

Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in bone health. When the parathyroid gland secretes PTH (parathyroid hormone) it causes:* A. the body to increase the calcium levels by stimulating the osteoclast activity. B. the body to decrease the calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity. C. the body to increase the calcium levels by stimulating osteoblast activity. D. the body to decrease the calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblast activity.

A. the body to increase the calcium levels by stimulating the osteoclast activity.

9) The nurse is caring for an older adult client who is taking calcium for the treatment of osteoporosis. Which statements will the nurse include when educating the client about this medication? Select all that apply. A) "The most common adverse effect is hypercalcemia caused by taking too much of the supplement." B) "Oral calcium supplements are best taken on an empty stomach." C) "Adults 50 years of age and over should obtain at least 500 to 750 mg per day of elemental calcium." D) "If you have a condition called ventricular fibrillation, this medication might help." E) "Report symptoms of weakness, increased urination, and thirst."

Answer: A, E Explanation: A) Calcium gluconate and other calcium compounds are used to treat and prevent osteoporosis. Oral calcium supplements are best taken with meals or within 1 hour following meals. It is recommended that adults 50 years of age and over obtain at least 1000 to 1200 mg per day of elemental calcium. The most common adverse effect is hypercalcemia caused by taking too much of the supplement. Symptoms include lethargy, drowsiness, weakness, headache, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, increased urination, and thirst. Calcium supplementation is contraindicated in clients with ventricular fibrillation.

1) The nurse is assessing a postmenopausal client. Which question should the nurse ask to assess for signs of osteoporosis? A) "Have you experienced any palpitations?" B) "Are you having any low back pain?" C) "Are you having problems with swelling in your feet?" D) "Is constipation a problem for you?"

Answer: B Explanation: A client with osteoporosis will often present with low back pain as well as a decrease in height. Palpitations, constipation, and swelling are not early signs of osteoporosis.

6) An adult client who resides in a long-term care facility is diagnosed with osteoporosis. The client has a history of falls and dementia. Which nursing intervention will best aid in meeting an outcome goal of injury prevention for this client? A) Using furniture as obstacles to keep the client in the bed B) Keeping the bed in the lowest position C) Keeping a nightlight on in the hallway D) The use of wrist restraints

Answer: B Explanation: A) Keeping the bed in the lowest position will reduce the incidence of injury should the client attempt to get up. The use of restraints could increase the incidence of injury. Using the furniture as an obstacle could cause injury if the client is able to get up. In a long-term care facility, a nightlight should be provided in the room so the client can see to use the restroom.

2) A nurse is conducting a health history on an older adult client. Which assessment finding indicates the client is at risk for osteoporosis? A) Having a body mass index (BMI) that indicates obesity B) Using glucocorticoids for 10 years because of a chronic lung disorder C) Eating three to five servings of shrimp and liver per week D) Drinking three glasses of skim milk daily

Answer: B Explanation: A) Long-time use of corticosteroids is a risk factor for developing osteoporosis. Obesity is not a risk factor for osteoporosis. Skim milk is a good source of calcium and vitamin D, which prevents or slows osteoporosis. A diet rich in shellfish and organ meats is high in purine, which may predispose the client to gout.

13) The nurse is caring for an 8-year-old client with cerebral palsy and limited walking ability. The parents are very protective and perform most activities for the child. Which intervention is essential in promoting bone growth and reducing the risk of osteoporosis? A) Provide client teaching related to using restraints to prevent falls. B) Provide client teaching related to assistive devices to encourage walking. C) Refer the client to a dietitian to increase calcium and vitamin D intake. D) Refer the client to an occupational therapist to increase limb movement

Answer: B Explanation: A) The most effective way to prevent osteoporosis is to perform weight-bearing activities and exercise. The client has limited walking ability rather than complete paralysis, so with practice, help from parents, and the appropriate use of assistive devices, the child could learn to walk independently. This would help stimulate bone growth. The nurse can inform the client and parents about the importance of calcium and vitamin D in the diet without referral to a dietitian. The nurse may need to refer the client to a physical therapist, not an occupational therapist, to help teach the client to walk independently. Appropriate restraints may be required to prevent falls for clients with cerebral palsy who do not have adequate body control. However, use of restraints will not increase bone growth in these clients.

14) The nurse is caring for a woman who is at 14 weeks' gestation with her first child. The woman asks the nurse, "Am I at risk for osteoporosis since my baby takes calcium from my body?" What response by the nurse is correct? A) "You may lose small amounts of bone mass with each pregnancy, but if you only have one child, the bone loss should not be significant enough to cause osteoporosis." B) "When bone mass is lost during pregnancy, it is very difficult to restore, and you may be at increased risk for osteoporosis later in life. You should take a calcium supplement to prevent this." C) "If you eat a diet that is rich in calcium, any bone mass that is lost during pregnancy and breastfeeding will be restored within several months of weaning the child." D) "The baby won't require enough calcium during development to affect your bone mass or cause osteoporosis."

Answer: C C) During pregnancy, the growing fetus requires calcium to develop the skeleton. Calcium is also required for milk production. If the mother does not eat a diet rich in calcium, the baby draws what it needs from the mother's bones, causing a decrease in bone mass. Any bone mass that is lost during pregnancy or breastfeeding is typically easily restored several months after the infant is weaned from the breast. Studies indicate that the more times women are pregnant, the greater the mother's bone density.

5) A client who is at risk for developing osteoporosis asks what can be done to decrease the risk of actually developing the disease. Which intervention would be the most beneficial for this client? A) Decreasing the amount of calcium in the client's diet B) Providing the client with assisted range of motion exercising twice daily C) Increasing regular weight-bearing activities D) Protecting the client's bones with strict bedrest

Answer: C Explanation: A) A standard intervention for those attempting to prevent osteoporosis is beginning an exercise plan that includes weight-bearing activities. Strict bedrest, decreasing calcium intake, and assisted range of motion exercises may make the osteoporosis worse.

7) The nurse is providing teaching to a young adult who is at risk for early-onset osteoporosis. Which intervention should the nurse suggest? A) The client should stop all physical activity. B) The client should reduce the intake of dairy in the diet. C) The client should increase intake of calcium and vitamin D. D) The client should start estrogen replacement therapy.

Answer: C Explanation: A) An appropriate goal for this client is a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. Walking and weight-bearing exercise help prevent osteoporosis, so the client should not stop all physical activity. Dairy is rich in calcium, so reducing intake of dairy is not recommended. Due to the client's age, it is not likely that the client needs estrogen replacement therapy at this time.

8) A postmenopausal adult client is concerned about the development of osteoporosis and wants to begin preventative activities. Which statement by the nurse is appropriate? A) "You should first determine if you are at risk for the development of osteoporosis." B) "After menopause, the decline is too rapid to begin preventative interventions." C) "Weight-bearing exercise and calcium supplements are helpful in the prevention of osteoporosis." D) "Hormone replacement therapy should be initiated as soon as possible."

Answer: C Explanation: A) Osteoporosis risk factors increase after menopause. Preventative activities include implementing weight-bearing exercise and beginning calcium supplements. It is not too late to begin prevention activities. Without additional information, it is not possible to determine if the client is a candidate for hormone replacement therapy. The client in the scenario has two risk factors presented. Although a full analysis would be beneficial, it does not answer the client's request for information.

3) The nurse is planning care for a female adult client who is high-risk for developing osteoporosis. Which interventions will decrease the client's risk of developing this health problem? Select all that apply. A) Increasing the intake of alcoholic beverages B) Isometric exercise for at least 30 minutes three times per week C) Weight-bearing exercises such as walking D) Having a yearly dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) test E) A diet with adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D

Answer: C, E Explanation: A) Interventions that may decrease this client's risk of developing osteoporosis include regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, as this activity slows bone loss. Other intervention include encouraging clients to consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in their diets to prevent osteoporotic fracture. A DEXA test measures bone density, but it does not decrease the client's risk for developing osteoporosis. Measures to prevent or treat osteoporosis include limiting the intake of beverages containing alcohol, caffeine, and phosphorus. Isometric exercises are not effective against osteoporosis.

10) A nurse is educating a group of adults about the risks for osteoporosis. Which statements will the nurse include when discussing the use of alcohol and cigarettes? Select all that apply. A) "Smoking decreases nerve supply to the bones." B) "Nicotine increases calcium absorption, leading to decreased bone density." C) "Moderate alcohol consumption in postmenopausal women actually may increase bone mineral content." D) "Alcohol has a direct toxic effect on osteoclast activity, suppressing bone formation." E) "Heavy alcohol use may be associated with nutritional deficiencies that contribute to osteoporosis."

Answer: C, E Explanation:A) Both cigarette smoking and excess alcohol intake are risk factors for osteoporosis. Smoking decreases the blood supply to bones, and nicotine slows the production of osteoblasts and impairs the absorption of calcium, contributing to decreased bone density. Alcohol has a direct toxic effect on osteoblast activity, suppressing bone formation during periods of alcohol intoxication. In addition, heavy alcohol use may be associated with nutritional deficiencies that contribute to osteoporosis. Interestingly, moderate alcohol consumption in postmenopausal women actually may increase bone mineral content, possibly by increasing levels of estrogen and calcitonin

4) The nurse identifies the nursing diagnosis Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements as appropriate for a client with osteoporosis. Which client statement indicated to the nurse that this nursing diagnosis was appropriate? A) "I like to remove all of the fat from the meat I eat." B) "I am trying to eat a low-carb diet." C) "I plan to start eating out less." D) "I am allergic to dairy products."

Answer: D Explanation: A) The client who is allergic to dairy products may not take in much calcium, which increases the risk of osteoporosis, so focusing on diet would be a priority for this client. The statements about removing fat, eating a low-carb diet, and eating out less are healthy changes for many individuals that help reduce calorie intake, but they would not address one of the root causes of osteoporosis, deficient calcium intake.

A​ 62-year-old woman, Karen​ Johnson, has come into the emergency room with a possible wrist fracture. This is the third such injury she has had in the past​ year, and the nurse suspects osteoporosis. She reports no other health symptoms. Which piece of data in Ms.​ Johnson's history supports the diagnosis of​ osteoporosis? Daily vitamin D intake History of alcoholism Active lifestyle Overweight

History of alcoholism A history of alcoholism places this client at risk of osteoporosis. An inactive​ lifestyle, not an active​ lifestyle, would place this client at risk. Being​ underweight, not​ overweight, is a risk factor. A lack of vitamin D​ intake, not daily​ intake, would also be a risk factor for osteoporosis.