Pakistan

AQ Khan

a Pakistani columnist, nuclear physicist and a metallurgical engineer, who founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's atomic bomb project. Accused of sharing Nuclear information with other countries that the United States deems dangerous ie. North Korea. After years of official house arrest during and following his debriefing, the Islamabad High Court (IHC) on 6 February 2009 declared Abdul Qadeer Khan to be a free citizen of Pakistan, allowing him free movement inside the country. The verdict was rendered by Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam. In September 2009, concerned because the decision also ended all security restrictions on Khan, the United States warned that Khan still remained a "serious proliferation risk"

Imran Khan

A centrist leader of Pakistan who was also a former cricket player that won the 1992 Cricket world cup. has an image of peace and is anti war against India and the Taliban. Also wants to disengage from the war on terror conducted by the United States. His party also led a coalition government in the north-western province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In the 2018 general elections, his party won the largest number of seats and defeated the ruling PML-N, bringing Khan to premiership and the PTI into federal government for the first time.

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

North Western Frontier Province

A region in Northern Pakistan that was established by the British colonial government and is a majority Pashtun state. has a history of militancy and terrorism that started after the attacks of September 11, 2001, and intensified when the Pakistani Taliban began an attempt to seize power in Pakistan starting in 2004

Balochistan

A southwestern province of Pakistan, home to the city of Quetta

Sindh

A state in Pakistan that is located South eastern Pakistan and is the home to the city of Karachi

ZA Bhutto

Charismatic, poulist leader from Pakistan's people party in 1967 Comes to power in 1971 with support from across all regions including Punjab Eliminated the civil services and begins to exclude the military out of government Created a Federal Security Force to handle internal security matter in order to curb army influence Adopted new economic modelfounder of the Pakistan People's Party, However, his nationalisation of much of Pakistan's fledgling industries, healthcare, and educational institutions led to economic stagnation. eventually was deposed in a military coup by his appointed army chief Zia-ul-Haq, before being controversially tried and executed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1979 for authorising the murder of a political opponent.

Zia ul Haq

Comes to power after the coup was supported by the army Utilized Islam to build his base support, passes Islamic lawas and legeislations. Islamizes the military, going from a secular army to a religious one. Does not introduce Sharia into the constitution Supports for the first time publicly Islamic institutions and the active promotion of islam at home and abroad Resources diverted from social to military programs Strengthening of the Taliban in Afghanistan using American resourcesPresident of Pakistan from 1978 until 1988. Imposed martial law on Pakistan, and hanged his predecessor, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Accepted CIA intervention in Afghanistan, as long as it was run through the ISI. was credited for pushing the Soviet influence out of Pakistan and the region. Press censorship and repression of opposition are extreme during this period Does NOT introduce the Sharia into the Constitution Does NOT formally condition promotion in the armed forces or the bureaucracy on devotion Resources diverted from social to military programs Supports for the first time publicly Islamic institutions and the active promotion of Islam at home and abroad

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from the new nation of India to Pakistan after independence, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Innumerable streets, roads and localities in the world are named after him. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear his name. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, he remains Pakistan's greatest leader. In that year, the Muslim League, led by him, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation.

Maulana Mawdudi

He was the founder of the Jamaat-e-Islami, the then largest Islamic organisation in Asia. him and his followers are thought to have been the pioneers in politicizing Islam and generating support for an Islamic state in Pakistan. They are thought to have helped inspire General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to introduce "Sharization" to Pakistan, and to have been greatly strengthened by him after tens of thousands of members and sympathizers were given jobs in the judiciary and civil service during his administration.

Yaya Khan

Holding the nation's first nationwide elections in 1970, 23 years after independence, he delayed the power transition to victorious Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from East Pakistan, which further inflamed the civil violent unrest in the East, and authorized the East Pakistani authorities to violently suppress the rebellion in which somewhere from several hundred thousand to about 3,000,000 were killed in what is today widely considered the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. Dissolves National and Provincial assemblies Imposes martial rule Abolishes One-Unit Organization 1970: Does not recognize outcome of democratic elections giving Awami Party the government Pakistan suffered a decisive defeat in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, resulting in the dissolution of the Eastern Command of the Pakistan Army and the secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh - thus Yahya Khan's rule is widely regarded as a leading cause of the break-up of the unity of Pakistan

Punjab

Located in Northeastern pakistan is the region that border India

Jama'at-i Islami

Muslim Brotherhood counterpart of Pakistan/South Asia have fundamental ideas of installing sharia into an Islamic state and eventually to the entire world. Founded in 1941 by Maulana Mawdudi Disciplined, grassroots based, ideologically coherent Believes in Islamizing society by first Islamizing the elites i.e. top-down change Base is broad includes middle and upper middle class, bureaucracy, army, urban professionals, strong student wing. Mostly in Punjab and Sindh Internationally connected and respected Has not done well electorally alone even in its own backyard, eclipsed by JUI in 2002 elections, key alliance member of MMA Recent militant activity with the Taliban, Hezbul Mujahideen in Kashmir and al Qaeda founds the Jaish-e-Mohammad

Ayub khan

No serious incorporation of Islamic principles into constitution introduces assembly elections Combines 4 West Pakistani provinces into 1-unit to balance East Pakistan Strengthens presidential powers The second president of Pakistan, from 1958 to 1974. he seized control of the government in 1958 and then staged elections. He was the first of Pakistan's many military leaders. Takes over amid domestic disorder, corruption, and political violence New constitution establishes a framework for governance which centralizes control but also establishes local assembly elections Islam is not made a cornerstone of the new constitution problems: Rising inequality between the business community and the rest of the population Credit and associations used to favour regime supporters Alliance forms between business and military Regional imbalance between East and West Pakistan

ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence)

Pakistans intelligence agency accused of funding militant operations in Afghanistan with the United States and anti-India groups in Kashmir they were formed in the aftermaths of the first India-Pakistan war which exposed the weaknesses in Pakistans ability to gather and share intelligence.

Pervez Musharraf

Prime Minister Sharif is overthrown in a military coup in 1999 he becomes the president but stays head of the army in 2001 he 'wins' another five years in office-2002 President strikes deal with opposition to give up military position and get new powers, including the right to dismiss an elected parliament Hudood Ordinance: Passed in 1979 as part of islamization program, including the Zina ordinance punishing women that are caught in the act of adultery or rape. He came to power through an army staged coup d'état in 1999 which allowed him to take-over Pakistan and subsequently placed Prime Minister Sharif under a strict house-arrest before moving towards a trial against Sharif. his era saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but his disregard for civilian institutions weakened the state of Pakistan. jailed in 2017

Deobandi

Towards the time of the Indian independence movement, they advocated a notion of composite nationalism by which Hindus and Muslims were seen as one nation who were asked to be united in the struggle against the British Is an ulema party - i.e. led by religious scholars and imams Fundamentalist in ideology, sunni Controls 65% of madarsas Based out of the NWFP, strongly identifies with ethnic Pashtuns Maulana Azhar, chief ideological mind, founded Hezbul Mujahideen, a terrorist organization to act against Kashmir and India Populist, rural, Pashtun dominated Gains strength from the Taliban movement and from Musharaff's support of Nato against Taliban after 2001 Scores major victories in 2002 elections, esp. in Balochistan and NWFP as part of Islamist coalition MMA which included JI Becomes the senior partner and gains more influence than JI in Pakistani politics and society

Nawaz Sharif

being ousted in 1993, when president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the National Assembly, he served as the leader of the opposition to the government of Benazir Bhutto from 1993 to 1996. He returned to premiership after the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) was elected in 1997, and served until his removal in 1999 by military takeover. After prison and exile for more than a decade, he returned to politics in 2011 and led his party to victory for a third time in 2013. In 2017, he was removed from office by the Supreme Court of Pakistan regarding revelations from the Panama Papers case. In 2018, the Pakistani Supreme Court disqualified him from holding public office, and he was sentenced to ten years in prison.

Pakistan People's Party (PPP)

center-left party founded Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1967, later led by his daughter Benazir, then co-chaired by her husband, Asif Zardari and their son, Bilawal Rise of the Taliban in Pakistan Economic Crisis Challenge to government leaders by a resurgent sort Army stays in the background but issues statements at important times Army is challenged by the Taliban and by the rise of radical Islamists within its ranks. Key constitutional reforms strengthening prime minister office, passed in April 2010

Awami Party

established as the Bengali alternative to the domination of the Muslim League in Pakistan and over centralisation of the government. The party quickly gained massive popular support in East Bengal, later named East Pakistan, and eventually led the forces of Bengali nationalism in the struggle against West Pakistan's military and political establishment.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

he was a Bangladeshi politician and statesman. He is often called the father of Bengali nation. He served as the first President of Bangladesh and later as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 17 April 1971 until his assassination on 15 August 1975. An advocate of democracy and socialism, he rose to the ranks of the Awami League and East Pakistani politics as a charismatic and forceful orator. He became popular for his opposition to the ethnic and institutional discrimination of Bengalis in Pakistan, who comprised the majority of the state's population. At the heightening of sectional tensions, he outlined a 6-point autonomy plan and was jailed by the regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan for treason. he led the Awami League to win the first democratic election of Pakistan in 1970. Despite gaining a majority, the League was not invited by the ruling military junta to form a government. As civil disobedience erupted across East Pakistan, he indirectly announced independence of Bangladesh during a landmark speech on 7 March 1971. He is considered to be the driving force behind the independence of Bangladesh.

MMA (Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal)

is a political alliance consisting of conservative, Islamist, religious, and far-right parties of Pakistan. Despite its conservatism, the alliance survived for a short period of time, when the JUI(F) left the alliance over the political disagreement on the issues of boycotting the general elections held in 2008.

Pakistan Muslim League

is the name of several Pakistani political parties that have dominated the Right-wing platform since the 1960s. The first league was founded by President Ayub Khan in 1962 as a successor to the original Muslim League.

Barelwi

movement emphasizes personal devotion to Allah and the Muslim prophet Muhammad and a synthesis of Sharia with Sufi practices such as veneration of saints

Muhajir

term used to describe the immigrants who settled in Pakistan during and after Partition

Benazir Bhutto

the first woman to head a democratic government in a Muslim majority nation. Ideologically a liberal and a secularist, she chaired or co-chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until her assassination by the Pakistani Taliban in 2007. After the IJI government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was also dismissed on corruption charges, she led the PPP to victory in the 1993 elections. Her second term oversaw economic privatisation and attempts to advance women's rights. Bhutto was a controversial figure. She was often criticised as being politically inexperienced and corrupt, and faced much opposition from Pakistan's Islamist lobby for her secularist and modernising agenda. In the early years of her career she was nevertheless domestically popular and also attracted support from Western nations, for whom she was a champion of democracy. Posthumously, she came to be regarded as an icon for women's rights due to her political success in a male-dominated society.