PALS

Hypoxemia can be indicated in a child when a room air SpO2 reading is less than _____. 90% 97% 94% 88%

94%

Which statement concerning asystole is NOT correct? Asystole is one of the rhythms associated with cardiac arrest. A flat line on an ECG always indicates asystole. An asystolic individual has no detectable electrical activity. Drowning, hypothermia, or infection can lead to asystole.

A flat line on an ECG always indicates asystole.

What is the initial drug of choice for SVT treatment? Atropine Adenosine Amiodarone Procainamide

Adenosine

In assessing level of responsiveness, the AVPU scale consists of all of the following ratings EXCEPT: Unresponsive Airway Voice Alert

Airway

Which statement about albumin is NOT correct? Albumin is indicated for shock, trauma, and burns. Albumin should be used by mouth only. Albumin is a plasma volume expander. Albumin is used in hypovolemia.

Albumin should be used by mouth only.

Croup medications used for treatment are the following: Dexamethasone Nebulized epinephrine Heliox (Oxygen) All of the above

All of the above

Effectiveness of fluid resuscitation and medication therapy should be frequently monitored by which of the following? Heart rate Blood pressure Mental status All of the above

All of the above

Epinephrine may be used in managing which of the following conditions: Anaphylaxis Asthma Symptomatic bradycardia All of the above

All of the above

The purpose of post-resuscitation care of a PALS individual is to: Optimize ventilation Optimize circulation Preserve organ and tissue function All of the above

All of the above

When can post-resuscitation management be necessary? After cardiac arrest After severe shock After respiratory failure All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is true regarding ventilation during suctioning? The patient is not receiving 100% oxygen during suctioning. Interrupt suctioning and administer oxygen if indicated. Suctioning is essential to maintain a patent airway. All of the above

All of the above

Antiarrhythmics that may be considered in the VF/VT algorithm include which of the following? Amiodarone Atropine Magnesium All of the above

Amiodarone

Exposure in PALS evaluations refers to an assessment for: Trauma Burns Fractures Any of the signs of a problem above

Any of the signs of a problem above

Which of the following is NOT part of the primary circulatory assessment? Arterial blood gas analysis Capillary refill time Pulse Blood pressure

Arterial blood gas analysis

All of the following are examples of upper airway obstruction EXCEPT: Laryngitis Anaphylaxis Croup Asthma

Asthma

The first management step in cardiac arrest is to: Stimulate more forceful myocardial contractility Increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and blood flow Begin high-quality CPR Suppress or treat arrhythmias

Begin high-quality CPR

Common causes of lower airway obstruction include: Bronchiolitis and asthma Pneumonia and pulmonary edema Foreign body aspiration and croup Pleural effusion and bronchospasm

Bronchiolitis and asthma

What is caused by an accumulation of blood in the pericardial space that results in impaired systemic venous return, impaired ventricular filling, and reduced cardiac output? Cardiac tamponade Ductal-dependent congenital heart lesions Tension pneumothorax Massive pulmonary embolism

Cardiac tamponade

The type of shock associated with inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from myocardial dysfunction is: Cardiogenic shock Hypovolemic shock Obstructive shock Distributive shock

Cardiogenic shock

Which statement concerning cardioversion for unstable pediatric individuals is NOT correct? Cardioversion is indicated for unstable ventricular tachycardia with a pulse. Cardioversion should not be done on pediatric indviduals under any circumstances. Sedate them before cardioversion when possible, but do not delay cardioversion for sedation. Cardioversion is indicated for wide complex tachycardia with poor perfusion.

Cardioversion should not be done on pediatric indviduals under any circumstances.

Compared to adults, how are children's (under age 10) heart rates different than adults when awake? Completely unpredictable Roughly equal Childrens are Higher Childrens are Lower

Childrens are Higher

All of the following are assessments of primary disability EXCEPT: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Pupillary response AVPU pediatric response scale Comprehensive history and physical exam

Comprehensive history and physical exam

Restoring the upper airway patency in a child does NOT include: Using airway adjuncts (e.g., nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal airways) Using the head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver to open the airway Cricothyrotomy Performing foreign body airway-obstruction-relief techniques

Cricothyrotomy

You should immediately begin chest compressions on a bradycardic individual if they: A. Have heart rate below 60 bpm B. Show signs of respiratory distress C. Show signs of poor perfusion D. Show signs of syncope, dizziness, and confusion"

D. Show signs of syncope, dizziness, and confusion"

The initial assessment consists of assessing all of the following EXCEPT: Deformity Color Breathing Consciousness

Deformity

Pharmacologic agents that may be used in the treatment of shock include all of the following EXCEPT: Dopamine Diltiazem Norepinephrine Milrinone

Diltiazem

The mainstay of therapy for anaphylactic shock is: Dobutamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine

Epinephrine

All of the following are included in the SPAM history EXCEPT: Exposure Past medical history Allergies Signs and symptoms

Exposure

Analgesics and sedatives should only be used on intubated individuals if they are extremely agitated. a. True b. False

False

What is the primary therapy for hypovolemic shock? Fluid resuscitation Correction of metabolic derangements Vasopressors Antibiotics

Fluid resuscitation

Which is a common cause of quiet tachypnea? High fever Hypoglycemia Upper respiratory obstruction None of the above

High fever

What type of shock is caused by fluid loss due to diarrhea? Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive Obstructive

Hypovolemic

All of the following are signs of cardiogenic shock EXCEPT: Improved tissue perfusion in response to fluid therapy Signs of increased respiration, often times including extended neck veins Signs of pulmonary or systemic venous congestion Declined respiratory function in response to fluid therapy

Improved tissue perfusion in response to fluid therapy

Which statement regarding compensated versus hypotensive shock is correct? A child with shock is always hypotensive. Normal blood pressure always implies that the child is stable. Individuals with compensated shock may maintain normal blood pressure. Confusion and deteriorating mental status are indications of hypotensive shock.

Individuals with compensated shock may maintain normal blood pressure.

All of the following are signs of cardiorespiratory distress EXCEPT: Tachypnea Irregular heart rhythm Jaundice Fatigue

Jaundice

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT: Accessory pathway reentry Ectopic atrial focus AV nodal reentry Long QT syndromes

Long QT syndromes

When should you use the "pediatric bradycardia with a pulse" algorithm? On individuals with symptomatic bradycardia On all bradycardic individuals without a pulse Only on bradycardic individuals with signs of respiratory distress or failure Only on bradycardic individuals with signs of shock

On individuals with symptomatic bradycardia

Pulse oximetry is monitored during post-resuscitation care to: Monitor hypovolemia Optimize ventilation and circulation Monitor hypoglycemia Stabilize blood pressure

Optimize ventilation and circulation

Any organized electrical activity observed on an ECG or cardiac monitor in a individual with no palpable pulse is referred to as: PEA (pulseless electrical activity) Ventricular fibrillation Ventricular tachycardia without pulses Asystole

PEA (pulseless electrical activity)

If at any time you determine that an individual is experiencing a life-threatening emergency, you should support breathing and cardiovascular function immediately by: Treating respiratory failure Giving medications for respiratory distress Providing high-quality CPR Evaluating for airway obstruction

Providing high-quality CPR

Poor ventilation causes which of the following: Respiratory acidosis Hypocarbia Hyperglycemia None of the above

Respiratory acidosis

Which statement is correct with concerns to PEA? PEA always converts to asystole. An individual in PEA has a detectable pulse. Reversible conditions, including hypovolemia and cardiac tamponade, can cause PEA. An individual in PEA has no electrical activity.

Reversible conditions, including hypovolemia and cardiac tamponade, can cause PEA.

Which medication is used for the treatment of metabolic acidosis? Sodium chloride Sodium bicarbonate Milrinone Magnesium sulfate

Sodium bicarbonate

Abnormal breath sounds associated with upper airway obstruction include: Stridor Absent breath sounds Crackles Decreased breath sounds

Stridor

Cardiopulmonary arrest is a common result of respiratory failure and shock. a. True b. False

True

Distended neck veins on physical examination may indicate ineffective cardiac function. a. True b. False

True

Shock may occur with a normal, increased, or decreased systemic arterial pressure. a. True b. False

True

Stridor is a sign of _______________. Pulmonary edema Bronchoconstriction Pneumonia Upper airway obstruction

Upper airway obstruction

Which of the following is a wide complex tachycardia? Atrial flutter Supraventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia Sinus tachycardia

Ventricular tachycardia

Which statement regarding distributive shock is NOT true? Distributive shock commonly results in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Distributive shock can be characterized as either warm shock or cold shock Common forms of distributive shock include septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and neurogenic shock. Warm shock is characterized by cool, pale extremities.

Warm shock is characterized by cool, pale extremities.