Part 2 Questions

What brought a young Abraham Lincoln to speak before audiences on the subject of "The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions"?

A lyceum tour - The lyceum movement emerged in the 1830s in New England. Lyceums, local organizations that sponsored speakers, promoted adult education in the form of public lectures and debates that by the middle of the century reached four hundred thousand people weekly. Each local lyceum collected subscriptions to pay for speakers, who traveled along regular circuits. Arriving in town by stagecoach or rail car, lyceum speakers gave talks on reform, women's rights, science, art, medicine, and politics.

Which of the following best describes Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin?

A novel based on the real-life experiences of slaves in the United States - Harriet Beecher Stowe's best-selling novel Uncle Tom's Cabin dramatized the evils of slavery and plight of fugitive slaves. A white abolitionist, Stowe had never seen a slave plantation, but her family had harbored runaways at their home in Cincinnati. Her book absorbed their stories into a fictional saga that brought the cruel realities of the slave quarters and the whipping post into tranquil northern parlors and spurred many readers to condemn the peculiar institution more forcefully.

Which of the following did the Confederates hoped to gain as an ally while he was emperor of the Second Mexican Empire?

Archduke Maximilian of Austria - After the Mexicans defeated French forces in the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, Napoleon III sent reinforcements, seized Mexico City, and overthrew President Benito Juárez in June 1863. Allying with Mexican royalists, Napoleon installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico. Confederates hoped the Lincoln administration would condemn this takeover and declare war on France or that Napoleon III would recognize the Confederacy if Confederates recognized Maximilian's Second Mexican Empire. Neither happened.

Which of the following activities did rural white men engage in as a means of asserting their social power?

Brawling - Told they were political equals, poor white men held little economic or social power compared to the slave owners who dominated southern public life. Instead, these men often fought over small insults to assert their own honor in a brawling style of fighting that involved kicking, pulling hair, biting ears, and gouging out an opponent's eyes.

The South implemented a strategy known as "King Cotton Diplomacy" to entice which of the following countries to lend material support to the Confederacy?

Britain - The Confederacy imposed a voluntary embargo, gambling that withholding cotton would increase pressure in Britain on their behalf—a strategy that became known as "King Cotton Diplomacy." The South hoped Britain would recognize their bid for independence and provide armed support. Rather than choose sides, England (and France) ultimately developed new supplies of cotton from India, China, Egypt, Syria, Brazil, and the West Indies.

How did the Union victory influence the political landscape in Britain?

Britain extended voting rights to workers and small landholders - The Union's victory reinvigorated the idea of democratic self-government and encouraged European liberals to promote reforms. Inspired by Lincoln's desire to reunify the states through the promotion of political equality, Britain extended voting rights to workers and small landholders.

Which of the following events directly led to the negotiation of Jay's Treaty?

Britain refused to accept George Washington's proclamation of neutrality. - Though the recently reelected George Washington proclaimed neutrality in European wars in April 1793, neither Britain nor France accepted U.S. sovereignty. When Britain directed its navy to seize American merchant ships trading with the French in the Caribbean, Washington sent Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate a treaty that would avoid war and gain concessions to American sovereignty.

The new Congress that met in 1811 contained a large number of members who believed which of the following?

Britain should be vigorously confronted and the Indian threat to the West eliminated. - The Twelfth Congress met in 1811 and contained a large number of Republican members who believed that Britain should be confronted and the Indian threat to the West eliminated. Dubbed "war hawks" by their Federalist opponents, these congressmen resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

After Sam Houston and his troops achieved Texas independence by defeating General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's Mexican forces in 1836, how did the United States initially recognize Texas?

By acknowledging it as a sovereign nation - Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836. After a brief military battle resulting in Santa Anna's capture, the general conceded to this demand by signing the Treaty of Velasco. Though the Mexican Congress did not recognize this treaty and exiled Santa Anna, the United States recognized Texas as a sovereign nation—the Lone Star Republic—until it was admitted as a state in the Union in 1845.

How did President Andrew Jackson reveal his deep hostility to eastern elites and moneyed interests?

By vetoing the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States - The Second Bank of the United States became a prime target for Andrew Jackson's attacks that the privileges of the few should not prevail over the rights of the many. Arguing that the Bank was an example of "the rich and powerful" bending "the acts of government to their selfish purposes," he vetoed the recharter of the bank.

How did the Second Great Awakening primarily spread to the masses?

Camp meetings - The Second Great Awakening was spread to the masses on the frontier by huge "camp meetings" where as many as 25,000 people would gather for several days. Through the meetings, thousands were converted by various denominations who vied for new members for their churches.

What two countries share a border at the 49th Parallel?

Canada and the United States - The 49th Parallel is the circle of latitude used by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 to mark the international boundary between Canada and the United States. President James K. Polk initially sought to secure more territory to the north from the British (up to the 54th parallel) but accepted the terms of the treaty to avoid another war with Great Britain in the northwest while at war with Mexico in the southwest.

Which senator suffered a brutal attack at the hands of a fellow congressman after speaking out against slavery on the Senate floor?

Charles Sumner of Massachusetts - South Carolina representative Preston Brooks beat Massachusetts senator and ardent abolitionist Charles Sumner unconscious with his cane on the Senate floor after Sumner spoke out against slavery. Brooks, upset that Sumner invoked his relative and fellow congressman Andrew Butler, a South Carolina senator, in his anti-slavery diatribe, was censured by Congress but reelected by South Carolina voters. In recognition of his bloody deed, Brooks received dozens of congratulatory canes as replacements for the one he broke in the attack on Sumner.

What was a key outcome of the case Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward?

Chartered corporations had the same protected rights as U.S. citizens. - Chief Justice Marshall declared that a private corporation had the same protected rights as a U.S. citizen. In this case, the state of New Hampshire was prevented from turning Dartmouth College into a public college. Imposing such an alteration in the school's charter, Marshall contended, would amount to an illegal seizure of private property, and protecting private property was a cornerstone of U.S. law and politics.

Global demand for which of the following contributed to secessionists' belief that the Confederacy could thrive as an independent nation apart from the United States?

Cotton - A booming global demand for cotton bolstered Southern elites' belief that they wielded enough economic clout on the world market to position the Confederacy as a successful independent nation. The Confederacy looked to the vast frontier as an opportunity to entrench the plantation system in the West and function as a viable slave-based economy.

Which Latin American country did the authors of the Ostend Manifesto advocate for President Pierce to acquire somehow?

Cuba - The Ostend Manifesto, a letter written by the U.S. ministers to Spain, France, and England to President Pierce in 1854, recommended that the United States should offer to purchase Cuba from Spain and seize it should Spain refuse. The manifesto was leaked to the public, however, and an outcry among Northerners forced the Pierce administration to disavow it.

What was stressed by the transcendentalist movement?

Each individual's need to pursue his own truth based on a personal intuition that transcends the senses - Transcendentalism was a literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance. The philosophy was predicated on a belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that could point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

True or False: With the United States becoming a continental nation by the mid-19th century, social, cultural, and racial tensions cooled as more peoples of varying backgrounds came into contact with one another.

False - As tensions over the place of slavery in the western territories further heated up, questions about race, citizenship, and rights became more fraught and these tensions often resulted in violence. By 1861, the United States would find itself engaged in a bloody civil war over the future of the Union.

True or false: Blacks were barred from attending the camp meeting at Cane Ridge.

False - Evangelical churches initially encouraged black participation and nurtured free black preachers, encouraging them to speak to mixed-race groups. Blacks and whites both attended the Cane Ridge camp meeting, and because revivals encouraged new authorities, the number of black ministers and lay speakers increased.

True or false: The Embargo of 1808 damaged the economic prospects of domestic manufacturers.

False - In shutting consumers off from English imports, the Embargo of 1808 and the trade disruptions of the War of 1812 opened the door for domestic manufacturers such as Samuel Slater to sell their goods to a larger market.

True or False: Though women served as nurses during the war, none saw combat.

False - On both the Union and Confederate sides, a few hundred women disguised themselves as men to fight in the armies. Some had identified as men before the war; others joined from a sense of patriotism, adventure, or loyalty to the brothers and husbands they accompanied. Both sides benefited from well-placed female spies. Rose Greenhow picked up gossip in Washington for the Confederacy, and actress Pauline Cushman toured Confederate camps for the Union.

True or false: Utopian philosophies were never applied to abolitionist pursuits.

False - Scottish transplant Frances Wright purchased former Chickasaw land in Tennessee to found the society of Nashoba, where she believed that she could help end slavery and thus bolster American liberty. She planned to fill the model farm at Nashoba with enslaved African Americans who, working under a cooperative labor system, would earn enough to buy their own freedom within five years and pay for their own relocation to Haiti or Liberia. Her project failed, however, and she joined Robert Dale Owen's New Harmony utopian society in Indiana.

How did the movement for abolition inspire the woman movement?

Female abolitionists were treated unequally and disrespectfully, which forced them to confront questions of gender equality. - The contradictions that women faced in reform movements forced them to confront the larger question of equality and human capability. When Angelina Grimké was called "unnatural" and unfeminine for speaking publicly against slavery, she asked: "What then can woman do for the slave when she is herself under the feet of men and shamed into silence?"

Which of the following was not a component of Henry Clay's American System?

Free homesteads for western settlers on federal land - Henry Clay's American System included three main parts. The first was a strong banking system to provide easy and abundant credit. The second component—a high protective tariff—would provide funds for the third component, a network of roads and canals.

The resolutions enacted by the delegates at the Hartford Convention did which of the following?

Helped to cause the death of the Federalist party - From December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815, twenty-six Federalist delegates from all of the New England states met in secrecy in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss their grievances against Congress and the White House. Their proposals called for limiting the representation of slaveholders, new immigrants, and backcountry farmers, all of whom tended to support Democratic-Republicans. As they delivered their demands to the capital of Washington, the country received news of the American victory in New Orleans, overshadowing the Federalists' complaints, which were now seen as treasonous and petty.

Which of the following wrote the seminal tract "On Civil Disobedience" after being jailed for refusing to pay taxes to support the war with Mexico?

Henry David Thoreau - Often associated with nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience is a tactic involving the professed refusal to obey laws one believes to be immoral or unjust. Henry David Thoreau, a poet, author, and philosopher hailing from Massachusetts, penned "On Civil Disobedience" after being jailed for refusing to pay taxes to support the war with Mexico. In his influential essay, the author stated that if government "is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law."

The idea of free basic education for all children as an essential component of American democracy grew in the early nineteenth century with the influence of which people?

Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe - The spread of democratic ideals and manhood suffrage for whites helped win legislative support for institutions that would develop Americans' capacities. Massachusetts education reformer Horace Mann campaigned for a system of common schools that offered free basic education to all children. With physician Samuel Gridley Howe, Mann promoted a new kind of teacher training that emphasized patient guidance, rather than threats of physical punishment, to instruct students.

The sharecropping system that arose after the war:

Kept most freedmen in chronic debt and unable to become landowners - Sharecropping evolved as the most widespread alternative to wage labor for freed people. Landlords divided plantations into parcels of 25 to 50 acres, allowing families to settle on the land. In return, the owner received a share of the annual crop, usually half. Caught in a perfect storm of low cotton prices, spiraling debt, and reduced access to food crops, the South's freed people saw their dreams of postwar economic independence fade. By the end of Reconstruction few black sharecroppers graduated to owning their own farms.

Between 1866 and 1882, the United States made several attempts to coerce which Asian polity into a trade agreement?

Kingdom of Korea - Americans resorted to violence to pry open the Kingdom of Korea, which strongly resisted foreign trade. In 1866 a heavily armed U.S. merchant vessel, the General Sherman, landed at Pyongyang to impose a trade agreement. Angry Koreans set fire to the ship and killed its fleeing crew. In retaliation, the Grant administration sent a squadron of warships in 1871. Fired upon as they approached Seoul, the Americans landed a squad of marines who killed some 300 Koreans before departing. Eventually the U.S. navy secured China's help to reach a pact with Korea in 1882 that granted concessions to American merchants and missionaries.

What is the name of the ideology held by many 19th-century Americans predicated on the belief that the United States had a divine right to rule over the North American continent?

Manifest Destiny - Manifest Destiny (the widespread belief that Providence destined the United States to expand across the North American continent and spread democracy) proved one of the few unifying ideologies of the 19th century. Northerners and southerners both agreed that the future of the nation depended on westward expansion, particularly in regard to the distribution of slave and free states as the United States grew.

The Revolutions of 1848 were primarily fueled by which of the following ideologies?

Nationalism and republicanism - The Revolutions of 1848 were a wave of nationalist and republican uprisings that swept Europe in 1848, most of which failed or were suppressed. In Germany and Italy, revolutionary leaders aimed to unify a patchwork of small states under a national republic. In the Austrian empire, the Hungarians and other ethnic groups sought independence. Whether they promoted breakaway or consolidating nationalism, most European revolutionaries fought to create republican governments.

The American Party, also known as the Know-Nothings, espoused which of the following to gain adherents?

Nativism - The American Party, or Know-Nothings, espoused nativism—a policy employed by native-born or established inhabitants of a country to limit the rights of immigrants deemed disagreeable—focusing their attack on the Irish Catholics arriving in great numbers during the mid-nineteenth century. Know-Nothings pledged to extend the time to citizenship for immigrants (naturalization) from five to twenty-one years, to restrict voting rights to native-born Americans, and to bar Catholics from holding office. Though popular for a brief period, the party splintered and dissolved over the question of slavery in 1856.

Who established the Free State of Jones in Mississippi?

Nonslaveholding whites - As the Union army occupied more and more Confederate territory, Davis's government lost control over local conditions. Dissenters took possession of several mountain districts. Under the leadership of Newton Knight, a group of nonslaveholding whites in isolated Jones County, Mississippi, declared the Free State of Jones and defied Confederate authorities.

What was at issue with the doctrine of nullification?

Nullification allowed states to overrule federal laws if they believed the laws were unconstitutional. - Vice President John C. Calhoun responded to the Tariff of 1828 with an anonymous essay laying out his doctrine of nullification, which stated that the federal Constitution was a compact between individual states that retained their own sovereignty. When there was a disagreement about that compact, states kept the right to interpret it as they saw fit—and ultimately the final say on whether a federal law was constitutional.

Women were the driving force behind the professionalization of which occupation as a result of their efforts during the war?

Nursing - Union and Confederate women seized the chance to aid the war effort by assisting sick and wounded soldiers. This collective effort turned nursing into a female occupation and helped professionalize it after the war.

In which state were Black Laws, which reduced free black men and women to a permanent underclass, first enacted?

Ohio - Even in places where slavery was prohibited, Black Laws reduced free black men and women to a permanent underclass. First enacted in Ohio in 1804, Black Laws in states created from the Northwest Territory forbade any "black or mulatto person" from testifying in court against a white person, joining the militia, or attending public schools. The laws required free black immigrants to carry identity certificates and to sign guardianship bonds with property holders who would be responsible for them.

Which of the following actions by Secretary of State William Seward did critics refer to as "Seward's Folly?"

Purchase of Alaska from Russia - To keep Alaska out of Britain's hands, Russia offered to sell it to the United States. Secretary of State William Seward readily agreed, and in 1867 the U.S. Senate ratified Seward's treaty purchasing Alaska for $7.2 million. Skeptics mocked the Alaska Purchase as "Seward's Folly" because they regarded it as a largely frozen wasteland difficult to administer, let alone settle. Ultimately, the acquisition of Alaska proved another stepping stone in American expansion, which yielded not only additional territory but gold in 1896 and strategic advantages during World War II.

The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended which of the following?

Reconstruction - The Compromise of 1877 was a series of back-room deals between congressional Republicans and Democrats to determine the results of the highly contentious presidential election of 1876. In exchange for the withdrawal of the remaining federal troops stationed in the South (and other concessions), Democrats handed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency. Removal of the troops ensured that Democrats could take back control of those state governments still controlled by Republicans, which effectively ended the era of Reconstruction. Sectional peace returned, but at the price of relinquishing Reconstruction's transformational agenda. The North and South were reunited by abandoning the pledge of civil and political equality recently inscribed in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.

At the beginning of the war, Lincoln made it clear that his primary concern rested upon:

Restoring the Union - At the war's outset, Lincoln and Congress emphasized that their goal was to restore the Union. They viewed the Confederacy not as a sovereign nation but as a conspiracy of states in rebellion against the national government.

Who aided the Corps of Discovery on their expedition through the Louisiana Territory?

Sacagawea - Led by Meriweather Lewis and William Clark, the Corps of Discovery departed from St. Louis in 1804 to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. Throughout the two-and-a-half year expedition, the corps was aided by Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman who guided the men through the land.

Which of the following ideologies popularized jewelry made from the hair of deceased family members among the middle classes?

Sentimentalism - Sentimentalism, the idea that human beings could connect emotionally by understanding each other's feelings, pervaded nineteenth-century middle-class life. Mourning culture was one way to experience and demonstrate sentimentalism. Middle-class women wove connections between the living and the dead by making jewelry out of the hair of deceased loved ones.

Which of the following factors most contributed to Lincoln's reelection?

Several decisive Union victories in the months before the election - A string of victories lifted Unionist morale and ensured Lincoln's reelection. Despite their grief and fatigue, the northern public voted to see the war through. Lincoln's reelection—the first of a sitting American president during wartime—was the war's most important political turning point.

Which of the following best describes the group known as the Redeemers?

Southern white conservative Democrats bent on rolling back African American and Republican gains made during Reconstruction - The self-described Redeemers were Southern white conservative Democrats who rebelled against Reconstruction and worked to restore Democratic rule and white dominance in the 1870s. Redeemers used violence and intimidation to prohibit Republicans from voting during elections. By 1876, the Democrats had toppled Republican regimes in all but three Deep South states.

Which two territories were admitted to the United States in the 1790s in an effort to shore up the nation's western borders?

Tennessee and Kentucky - In the 1790s, Spain, claiming jurisdiction over the continent west of the Mississippi River, hoped to lure disaffected U.S. farmers into its empire with the promise of large land grants. Worried about the shifting loyalties on its western borders, the U.S. Congress swiftly admitted Kentucky and Tennessee as new states in 1792 and 1796. Turning disputed Indian land into national territories and national territories into states became a key strategy for the United States as it expanded its power west, adding Ohio in 1803.

Alexander Hamilton believed that the Bank of the United States was constitutional because of which of the following?

The "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution - Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the Bank of the United States drew opposition from Thomas Jefferson, who claimed the bank was unconstitutional; he argued for a strict construction of the Constitution, which gave the government only the powers specifically mentioned in the document. Hamilton, citing the clause in the Constitution that gave Congress power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" to carry out its duties, argued that the national government should be proactive.

Which of the following factors contributed to the financial crisis known as the Panic of 1819?

The Bank of the United States required state banks to redeem paper notes in specie. - In late 1818, faced with worrisome evidence of a speculative bubble, the directors of the Second Bank of the United States called in loans and contracted credit. To make their redemptions, state banks had to call in their loans and send their gold and silver (also known as specie) to the Second Bank. Indebted farmers could not pay, nor could land speculators, who in turn owed far more to state banks than the land was then worth. Banks failed, the western land bubble popped, and people around the country suffered.

Which event precipitated the divide that gave rise to the first U.S. political parties?

The French Revolution - The divide between supporters and opponents of the French Revolution helped give rise to the first U.S. political parties. In the early 1790s, those who supported the Revolution began to express their disagreement in "democratic-republican societies," while those who opposed the Revolution—which included many political elites, including Alexander Hamilton and John Jay—became known as Federalists.

Which of the following laws, passed at the urging of Andrew Jackson, was intended to increase land ownership in the Southeast?

The Indian Removal Act - Passed in 1830, the Indian Removal Act provided for the removal of the Native American groups located east of the Mississippi River. Jackson argued that Indian-owned lands would be more productive and more prosperous in the hands of white Americans.

The first major sectional party in U.S. politics, the Republican Party primarily appealed to Americans in:

The North - A political coalition created from the ashes of the Whig Party in 1854 to oppose extension of slavery to western territories, the Republican Party's motto "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men" neatly summed up their position and gained them many members in the North: "Free Soil" meant an opposition to the extension of slavery in the West; "Free Labor" meant that men should be entitled to fair wages and dignified work under capitalism; and "Free Men" largely meant free white men unaffected by the southern "Slave Power."

Which of the following statements regarding postwar wealth is most accurate?

The North was poised for posterity, while the South was in economic shambles. - Economically, the war had brought prosperity to the North and set the foundation for future growth. The South's share of the nation's wealth fell by more than 60 percent, but the aggregate wealth of the North increased significantly.

The Mormon community under the leadership of Brigham Young ultimately established a permanent home in the Salt Lake Valley in accord with which of the following?

The Northwest Ordinance - After wending its way across the United States, the Mormon community, first under the leadership of Joseph Smith and later Brigham Young, finally settled in the Salt Lake valley in what is now Utah. In accord with the Northwest Ordinance passed by the U.S. government in 1787, Young and his followers created a territorial government and the state of Deseret.

Which of the following is a key difference between the Northwest Ordinance and the Southwest Ordinance?

The Northwest Ordinance banned slavery in the newly settled territories. - In 1790, Congress passed the Southwest Ordinance in an attempt to organize the Southwestern Territory as it had done with the land north of the Ohio River. Anticipating the spread of plantation agriculture, the Southwest Ordinance permitted slavery, while the Northwest Ordinance had banned slavery.

Which of the following did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo specify as the border between the U.S. and Mexico?

The Rio Grande - The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo established the border between the U.S. and Mexico along the Rio Grande and then due west along a surveyed and marked border through the desert to the Pacific Ocean. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land it acquired, which included a vast amount of Northern Mexico stretching up to the 42nd Parallel.

What is the Thirteenth Amendment?

The part of the Constitution that abolished slavery nationwide - The Thirteenth Amendment of Constitution outlawed slavery in the United States. Section 1 of the Amendment reads: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

Which of the following changes in American manufacturing fueled anxieties that industrialization destroyed families?

The putting-out system - Samuel Slater originated the putting-out system of hiring local farm families to finish textile work, a labor division system that enabled manufacturers to tap into local labor markets and pay only for work completed. That unmarried women and children usually performed this work—thereby earning their own money and working under the direction of someone other than the household patriarch—raised the anxiety that industrialization destroyed families by dismantling household economic unity.

What did feminists at the Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York, demand?

The right to vote - In 1848, women's rights activists gathered in Seneca Falls, New York, where feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," declaring that "all men and women are created equal." One resolution formally demanded at the convention was the right to vote. Amid scorn from the press and churches, the Seneca Falls meeting launched the modern women's rights movement.

Which geographic area in the present-day United States was procured via the Gadsden Purchase to lay railroad tracks from the southern part of the country to the West Coast?

The southern portions of Arizona and New Mexico - In 1853, the Pierce administration purchased from Mexico thirty thousand square miles of desert land south of the Gila River in present-day Arizona and New Mexico. Costing $10 million, the Gadsden Purchase skirted the southern end of the Rocky Mountains to create a level railroad route from the South to the West Coast.

True or False: The South offered freedom to any slave willing to enlist in the Confederate army.

True - Confederate authorities became so desperate for soldiers that they took the previously unthinkable step of offering freedom to slaves who would enlist. The irony was not lost on southern whites and blacks. "The South went to war to defeat the designs of the abolitionists," a Virginia newspaper thundered, "and behold! in the midst of the war, we turn abolitionists ourselves!" Few slaves took the offer.

True or false: Planters sometimes profited by renting out enslaved people to manufacturers and industrialists.

True - Planters saw slaves as flexible laborers who could produce income for them during plantation slack times. Industries in the South took advantage of the practice of slave rentals to fill out their labor force. Through such contracts, slave owners held on to their human property but handed the management and maintenance of these workers to company supervisors.

When it formed in 1865, the Ku Klux Klan pledged to:

Use intimidation and violence to prevent freedmen from achieving equality under the law - On Christmas Eve 1865 a group of Confederate veterans gathered in Pulaski, Tennessee, to organize the Ku Klux Klan. This secret vigilante group pledged to suppress all freedmen's assertions of equality and restore white supremacy by intimidation and violence. Its membership grew rapidly in the following year as it allied with opposition to black voting.

The Virginia and the Monitor are examples of ironclads, a type of:

Warships - As early ironclads—wooden warships fortified by iron skins—the C.S.S. Virginia and the U.S.S. Monitor represented a key technological innovation of the Civil War. Developed by both sides in 1862 to contest the Union's river and coastal blockade, these ironclad gunships revolutionized naval warfare.

Which of the following best explains the sectional opposition to the Tariff of 1828?

White southerners believed it favored northern industry at the expense of southern agriculture. - When Congress passed the Tariff of 1828, white South Carolinians believed that it blatantly favored northern industry at the expense of southern commercial agriculture.

How did some women's rights advocates respond to the passage of the Reconstruction amendments?

With anger at being left out of major legislation that promoted equality for male citizens, but not women - American feminists were angered by the Reconstruction amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed voting rights only to male citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment permitted denial of the vote on grounds of sex. Women's rights advocates, who had actively supported emancipation and the Union, felt betrayed. Mainstream Republican leaders believed that endorsing female suffrage would jeopardize the immediate task of enfranchising African-American men.

When residents of western Virginia formed their own state, they opted to enter the Union as which of the following?

A free state - In the backcountry of western Virginia (and elsewhere), nonslaveholding whites sabotaged Confederate operations and fought Rebel guerrillas. In the summer of 1861, the Union army cleared Confederate forces from western Virginia. Protected by a strong federal presence, local officials seceded from Virginia and entered the Union as the free state of West Virginia in 1863.

Though ultimately unsuccessful, John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry stoked proslavery Southerners' fear of:

A slave rebellion - John Brown's attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was intended to spark a slave insurrection. Though Brown and his militant abolitionist supporters were captured and executed, proslavery Southerners grew ever more concerned of a slave rebellion. Once it became known that Brown had received financial support from a circle of New England abolitionists, the events at Harpers Ferry convinced many rank-and-file white Southerners that they were no longer secure in confederation with free states.

Who won the presidential election of 1860?

Abraham Lincoln - Republican Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 with just under 40 percent of the popular vote, but because he carried every northern state except New Jersey, his margin in the Electoral College proved decisive. Lincoln's victory demonstrated that a national election could be won without carrying the South—a point well taken by proslavery Southerners itching to secede from the Union.

Which group comprised the largest number of members of the Republican alliance in the postwar South?

African Americans - African Americans were by far the largest component of the South's Republican alliance. Their votes were essential for the party to control state governments. After the ordeal of slavery and years of political mobilization, they were eager to participate.

What did the Sedition Act of 1798 declare?

Anyone criticizing the president or other federal officials could be fined or imprisoned. - Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the Sedition Act of 1798 made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine.

On the heels of which bloody battle did Lincoln issue a Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?

Battle of Antietam - With twenty-three thousand men killed or wounded, the Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862) proved to be the bloodiest one-day battle of the war. Technically a Union victory, it gave Lincoln the opportunity he sought to issue a Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. On September 22, the president announced that all slaves in rebellious states would be freed on January 1, 1863, unless those states declared loyalty to the Union before the deadline. No Rebel states accepted the offer.

Which of the following locations was a community anchored by mixed-culture families?

Bent's Fort - New cross-cultural families formed when Euro-American men sought Indian wives who possessed the skills and connections to help them succeed in the contested West. Bent's Fort, located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains in 1833, was operated by William Bent, who gained diplomatic and economic power from his Cheyenne wife, Owl Woman, daughter of a chief who acted as an intermediary between U.S. traders and warring Indian groups.

Whom did the Cherokee Nation support during the Civil War?

Both the Union and the Confederacy - The Cherokee Nation was bitterly split over their support for the warring factions during the Civil War. Full-blooded Cherokee who had opposed Indian removal generally favored neutrality, while mixed bloods who had married southern whites and sometimes owned slaves favored the Confederacy. Meanwhile, pro-Union Cherokees rallied around John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation, who enrolled three of his sons in the Union army. Cherokee factions staged raids against each other, vandalizing homes and burning crops.

How did Nat Turner explain his justification for rebellion?

By arguing that Christianity revealed the truth that slavery was a sin committed by whites against blacks - While he was in prison, awaiting conviction and then execution, Nat Turner was interviewed by a slave-owning lawyer who published The Confessions of Nat Turner. In this account, Turner did not claim that he was mistreated by specific owners. Rather, he saw in the Bible and in heavenly visions the truth that slavery was a sin committed by whites against blacks.

As the war progressed, many Southerners who championed individual liberties and states' rights took issue with which of the following?

Emergence of a strong centralized Confederate government - The Confederate Congress and President Jefferson Davis curtailed individual liberties and subordinated states' rights in order to marshal the South's resources more efficiently and win the war. Davis asserted government control over arms, supplies, and troops, while the congress established a draft in April 1862, passed a 10 percent tax to be paid in farm products, and gave the executive control over railroads. Many Southerners, including Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens, believed the Rebel government to be behaving in a despotic manner similar to the Union government they were at war with.

Who led the March to the Sea, which cut a devastating swath through Georgia and into South Carolina?

General Sherman - General William Tecumseh Sherman aimed to "make war so terrible" to Southerners "that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it." From Atlanta, he led sixty-two thousand on a March to the Sea toward Savannah. Abandoning their supply lines, the Union army foraged (plundered) for food and destroyed everything else that could support the South's war effort: railroads, foundries, barns, crops, courthouses, and livestock. Advancing ten miles a day, they left a sixty-mile-wide wake of devastation.

After negotiating the Treaty of _____, the United States government temporarily abandoned its policy of military conquest in favor of a civilizing-mission strategy.

Greenville - After the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, the United States temporarily abandoned its policy of military conquest in favor of a civilizing mission. The federal government signed dozens of land treaties with tribal groups that ceded land to the United States. In exchange, the United States pledged to bring what leaders called "civilization" to Indians, permitting them to coexist with Americans and eventually melt into American society through intermarriage and the casting-off of Indian ways.

How did Andrew Jackson try to curb speculation and avert a financial crash?

He implemented the Specie Circular. - The Specie Circular mandated that speculators wishing to purchase government land had to pay for it with gold or silver coin (specie). The goal behind the circular was to prevent speculators from paying for lands with devalued (essentially worthless) bills. Jackson's plan backfired and created a banking crisis as people rushed to exchange their legitimate bills for specie, which created a shortage of specie and forced more than half the nation's banks into failure.

Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions essentially declared which of the following?

Individual states had the right to nullify or refuse to obey unconstitutional federal laws. - Fearing prosecution for sedition, Thomas Jefferson secretly penned a series of resolutions arguing that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. The resolutions were approved in the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures in 1798 and 1799.

Which of the following statements about the Compromise of 1850 is true?

It confirmed the status of slavery in territories acquired after the U.S.-Mexican War. - The Compromise of 1850 confirmed the status of slavery in territories acquired after the U.S.-Mexican War. Consisting of five separate bills, it admitted California as a free state, placed the New Mexico and Utah Territories under popular sovereignty, adjusted the Texas state boundary, strengthened federal sanctions against fugitive slaves, and banned slave trading in the nation's capital.

Which of the following best describes the result of the congressional ban on the international slave trade?

It did not bring an end to the Atlantic slave trade. - Although the United States had outlawed the importation of Africans in 1808, demand for slave labor boosted a thriving illegal Atlantic trade into the mid-nineteenth century, bringing Africans into Texas, Louisiana, and Florida from Spanish Cuba. Traders in the illegal business depended on smugglers or bribable U.S. customs agents in New Orleans and elsewhere to classify their cargo as products of the legal interstate trade, not the illegal international trade.

Which of the following is true about the Treaty of Kanagawa?

It opened Japanese trade to American merchants. - The 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa between Japan and the United States opened two Japanese ports to American ships, offered protection for shipwrecked crews, and allowed American vessels to buy provisions. It was modeled on the unequal treaties that China signed with European countries during the nineteenth century, wherein China—under duress—ceded trading privileges, missionary access, and territorial concessions to the British, French, and Russian empires.

Which American writer argued that men and women were born equal and were prevented by societal attitudes from reaching their true potential?

Judith Sargeant Murray - In the wake of global revolutions, women intellectuals argued that women, too, were equal citizens with access to universal rights. In 1790, Massachusetts author Judith Sargeant Murray published an essay entitled "On the Equality of the Sexes," challenging prevailing ideas that women were unequal in society because of their fundamental inferiority. Murray, like French writer Olympe de Gouges and English author Mary Wollstonecraft, argued that men and women were born equal but that a limited education debased women.

Which of the following best describes the terms of the Treaty of Cahuenga?

Mexico ceded California to the United States, but stipulated that Californios must be accorded the same rights as U.S. citizens. - In January of 1847, Mexican general Andres Pico signed the Treaty of Cahuenga, which turned California over to the U.S. but guaranteed Californios the same rights as U.S. citizens.

The law that afforded Congress the power to prohibit slavery in some territories was called the _____

Missouri Compromise - When Missouri applied for admission to the Union, this threatened to create an imbalance in the number of free states and slave states. The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the United States as a slave state because it was balanced by Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as a free state. Seeking to preempt future debates, the bill also prohibited the extension of slavery in the territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36-degree parallel but permitted it south of that line.

Which of the following statements best describes the overall outcome of the California Gold Rush?

Nearly every miner worked hard and earned very little money, while those who provided services to the miners became wealthy. - Whether panning or placer mining, nearly every miner worked hard and earned very little money. However, those who provided services to the miners—such as bankers and retailers of mining tools and provisions—became wealthy.

Which of the following concepts rested on the premise that the status of slavery in a given territory should be determined by local settlers rather than the federal government?

Popular sovereignty - Many Democrats—both proslavery and free-soil—in the debate over slavery in the territories warmed to the concept of popular sovereignty, which held that local, not congressional, control be exerted over the decision. Though the language proved ambiguous, popular sovereignty gained traction with territorial settlers eager to decide for themselves the status of slavery by invoking U.S. traditions of self-government and local control.

Which of the following proved to be the driving force behind the implementation of the Indian Removal Act?

President Andrew Jackson - The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the president to negotiate with tribes for their removal to western federal territories. Though white displacement of Native American groups had taken place for many years before, President Andrew Jackson, ignoring recent Supreme Court decisions granting Cherokee sovereignty, worked vigorously to forcibly remove the Cherokees from Georgia into Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

What act resulted in the arrest of Susan B. Anthony during the 1872 presidential election?

She voted - When Susan B. Anthony voted in the 1872 presidential election she was arrested by a federal marshal. Anthony, co-leader of the radical National Woman Suffrage Association along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, attacked discrimination more broadly and pushed for a federal woman suffrage amendment. Women received the right to vote in 1920 with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Which of the following regions experienced a marked increase in the African American population after the war?

Southern cities - Thousands of African Americans fled the plantations where they had lived as slaves and moved to cities, believing that life would be freer there and Union troops would provide protection. The black population of major southern cities doubled in the five years after the war.

Who were the Confederados?

Southern expatriates living in Brazil after the war - Collectively known as Confederados, these 20,000 whites from the Deep South migrated to Brazil, whose emperor offered subsidized transport and cheap land and where slavery was still legal. Defeated in the South, these Confederate expatriates established cotton plantations and introduced Baptist Christianity to the region north of Sao Paolo.

What principle was established in the case of Marbury v. Madison?

The Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation. - In the 1803 case Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall established the practice of judicial review, by which the Supreme Court had the power to judge whether executive actions and laws passed by Congress or the states were constitutional. Laws in conflict with the Constitution were void.

Which of the following accords helped the Sioux consolidate power among other Plains Indians?

The Fort Laramie Treaty - The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 contributed a great deal to strengthening the standing of the Sioux in the Great Plains region. The agreement between the U.S. government and Plains Tribes—dominated by the Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes—established boundaries (which shaped later reservations) and contained language providing for the safe passage of white immigrants through Indian country.

The success of which of the following prompted passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, which strengthened federal government control over the capture and prosecution of runaway slaves?

The Underground Railroad - A secret network of abolitionist safe houses (stations) and agents (conductors) that helped southern slaves escape to northern free states or Canada, the Underground Railroad prompted passage of the Fugitive Slave Act—one of five bills that constituted the Compromise of 1850.

Who were the Radical Republicans?

The faction of the Republican Party that sought to place stringent demands on the South during Reconstruction - While Lincoln and more moderate Republicans favored substantive political and social changes in the postwar South, Radical Republicans wished to place much more strenuous demands on Southern states seeking readmission to the Union. By doing so, they aimed to "revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners" during Reconstruction.

"Juneteenth" is a day commemorating which of the following events?

The official announcement of emancipation in Texas - In regions far from the invading Union armies, most black Southerners did not learn about emancipation until the spring of 1865. "Juneteenth," the official announcement of emancipation in the holdout state of Texas on June 19, 1865, became a special day of celebration for African Americans.

The terms of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, provided what?

The two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war. - Signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was essentially an armistice between the United States and Britain. Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. No mention was made of the grievances for which America had ostensibly fought.

Proslavery whites defended the institution of slavery in all of the following ways except:

They claimed that slaves were set free once they reached old age. - Proslavery whites responded to the abolitionist movement by portraying slavery in a positive light. Slavery, they claimed, was supported by the authority of the Bible and was good for the Africans, who were unable to care for themselves. Apologists claimed that master-slave relationships were like those of a family.

Which of the following strategies did American laborers use in pursuit of improved working conditions?

They pressed for a ten-hour workday. - In the 1840s, mill women in Massachusetts formed the Lowell Female Reform Association and, with blacksmiths and carpenters in Philadelphia, joined forces with the international Ten-Hour Movement. The enjoyed some success: New Hampshire and Pennsylvania adopted the ten-hour workday, as did the federal government, which mandated shorter hours for federal employees. But in many states, including Massachusetts, the Ten-Hour Movement was decried as "un-American."

Which of the following best describes the people who arrived in California in between 1849 and 1954?

They traveled from around the world in search of wealth from gold mining. - By the end of the Gold Rush in 1854, more than 300,000 people, mostly men, from around the world had gone to California to try and make a quick fortune in the gold fields. About one third of these migrants came from abroad, including Mexico, Chile, Peru, China, Germany, and France.

Which slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation upon its issuance on January 1, 1863?

Those in the Rebel states - Issued on New Year's Day 1863, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation fell short of complete abolition. It freed slaves in states still in rebellion, but specifically excluded slaves in the loyal border states and in areas under federal occupation. Despite the mixed response across the country to Lincoln's proclamation, the Civil War became a war against slavery on top of being a war to preserve the Union.

Why did Congress pass the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871?

To protect black voters and Southern Republicans from harassment by the Klan - To protect black voters, the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 and related Enforcement Acts authorized the federal government to prosecute members of groups that denied citizens' civil rights. Although these laws did not end racial violence, they resulted in hundreds of convictions of Klan members.

What was the purpose of the Tariff of 1816?

To protect fledgling American manufacturing industries - The Tariff of 1816, a tax levied on imported goods from Europe, was the first protective tariff enacted by the U.S. government. The tariff protected the emerging textile, ironwork, and tannery industries by ensuring lower prices for domestically produced goods.

What was the intended function of the Lieber Code?

To provide a code of conduct for Union soldiers - At Lincoln's request, German-American legal philosopher Francis Lieber drew up a code of conduct for Union soldiers in response to Confederate brutality toward captured black soldiers. The Lieber Code prescribed treatment of prisoners of war, civilians, and spies. It became the basis for later international agreements, including the Hague Regulations of 1907, which absorbed it into international treaty law. As modified by subsequent Geneva Conventions, it remains in effect today.

True or false: Most white southerners did not own slaves.

True - Slave ownership itself was concentrated in a minority of the population; in 1830, only 36 percent of southern whites owned slaves.

Zachary Taylor's supporters nominated him as the standard bearer for which party during the presidential election of 1848?

Whig Party - General Zachary Taylor ran for president under the banner of the Whig Party in 1848. With no political experience, Taylor won a narrow victory and presided over a particularly contentious period in U.S. history that saw the dominant political parties—the Whig and Democratic—crumbling under the slavery question. Taylor was the last Whig president, and the party ceased to exist by 1856, giving rise to the Republican Party.

The Monroe Doctrine was a set of foreign policy initiatives centered on limiting European influence in _____

the Western Hemisphere - In an 1823 address to Congress, President James Monroe outlined a set of foreign policy initiatives that became known as the "Monroe Doctrine." The policies asserted that the Americas were "not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power" and promised "not to interfere in the internal concerns" of Europe.