Patho 370- Midterm
Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?
HIV/AIDS
Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins.
HLA or MHC
Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing
acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.
false
The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.
false
red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of
glucose
The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient
has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics.
Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they
have no cytoplasmic organelles.
Blood flow is slow through capillaries because capillaries
have the largest total cross-sectional area.
Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?
hemolytic anemia
A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with
hemophilia
The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is
hyperkalemia
a disease that is native to a particular region is called
endemic
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
is malignant
An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?
left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload.
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave
Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?
liver
The effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial pressure
emesis causes
metabolic alkalosis
The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is
mycobacterium tuberculosis
A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is
myeloma
When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies
"It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia."
The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2 100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL.
19.4
After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Continue lifestyle modifications only.
Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?
Absent peripheral pulses
In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?
Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute
A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is
Bence Jones proteins in the urine
the cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
DNA
which alterations could lead to edema?
Decreased lymphatic flow
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding?
Inadequate water intake
Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?
Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising
Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with
Pickwickian syndrome
Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?
Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?
Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness
A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm?
Ventricular escape rhythm
Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have
a productive cough
Sepsis has been recently redefined as
a systemic inflammatory response to infection.
Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with
acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction
all the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
anaphylactic
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics
Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include
confusion
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum
bilirubin.
Cystic fibrosis is associated with
bronchiectasis
A cause of thrombocytopenia includes
chemotherapy
The final step in clot formation is __________.
clot retraction
Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection?
cyanosis
apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death
in general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload
the primary effect of aging on all body systems is
decreased functional reserve
when systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow
decreases
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is
digitalis.
widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is
elevated total iron-binding capacity.
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
hyperventilation
hyperaldosteronism causes
hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by
hypoventilation
respiratory acidosis may be caused by
hypoventilation
A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is
immunosuppression.
Constrictive pericarditis is associated with
impaired cardiac filling.
Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of
increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to
inhibit clotting factor consumption.
a known cause of hypokalemia
insulin overdose
The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is
intracellular accumulations.
pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of
intrinsic factor
What is necessary for red blood cell production
iron
the cause of the most common form of anemia is
iron deficiency
which causes vasoconstriction
norepinephrine
A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience
numbness and tingling in the extremities.
A patient with flail chest will demonstrate
outward chest movement on expiration.
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the
oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.
After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of
right-sided heart failure.
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called
pleural effusion
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
first-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval
A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is
pulmonary embolus
When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will
put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.
Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by
recipient antibodies.
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
respiratory
The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L demonstrates
respiratory alkalosis.
Cor Pulmonate refers to
right ventricular hyperthrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.
secondary
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention
The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is
selective IgA.
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is
stable angina
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical
improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with
telangiectasia.
Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of
thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.
true
Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord.
true
A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing
vitamin K deficiency bleeding.
Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily because of
weak muscles of respiration.