Patho 370- Midterm

Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

HIV/AIDS

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins.

HLA or MHC

Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing

acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.

false

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.

false

red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

glucose

The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient

has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics.

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

have no cytoplasmic organelles.

Blood flow is slow through capillaries because capillaries

have the largest total cross-sectional area.

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

hemolytic anemia

A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with

hemophilia

The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is

hyperkalemia

a disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

is malignant

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload.

Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by

lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

liver

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.

mean arterial pressure

emesis causes

metabolic alkalosis

The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is

mycobacterium tuberculosis

A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is

myeloma

When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies

"It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia."

The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2 100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL.

19.4

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Continue lifestyle modifications only.

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

Absent peripheral pulses

In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?

Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute

A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is

Bence Jones proteins in the urine

the cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

which alterations could lead to edema?

Decreased lymphatic flow

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding?

Inadequate water intake

Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?

Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising

Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with

Pickwickian syndrome

Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?

Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness

A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm?

Ventricular escape rhythm

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have

a productive cough

Sepsis has been recently redefined as

a systemic inflammatory response to infection.

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction

all the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?

anaphylactic

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

antibiotics

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

confusion

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum

bilirubin.

Cystic fibrosis is associated with

bronchiectasis

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

chemotherapy

The final step in clot formation is __________.

clot retraction

Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection?

cyanosis

apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

in general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

decrease left ventricular afterload

the primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

when systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow

decreases

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is

digitalis.

widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is

elevated total iron-binding capacity.

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

hyperventilation

hyperaldosteronism causes

hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by

hypoventilation

respiratory acidosis may be caused by

hypoventilation

A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is

immunosuppression.

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

impaired cardiac filling.

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of

increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to

inhibit clotting factor consumption.

a known cause of hypokalemia

insulin overdose

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations.

pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of

intrinsic factor

What is necessary for red blood cell production

iron

the cause of the most common form of anemia is

iron deficiency

which causes vasoconstriction

norepinephrine

A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience

numbness and tingling in the extremities.

A patient with flail chest will demonstrate

outward chest movement on expiration.

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the

oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of

right-sided heart failure.

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called

pleural effusion

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

positioning the arm above the heart level.

first-degree heart block is characterized by

prolonged PR interval

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is

pulmonary embolus

When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will

put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

recipient antibodies.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.

renin

The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

respiratory

The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L demonstrates

respiratory alkalosis.

Cor Pulmonate refers to

right ventricular hyperthrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.

secondary

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

secondary prevention

The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is

selective IgA.

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

stable angina

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in

systemic vascular resistance.

A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with

telangiectasia.

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of

thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.

true

Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord.

true

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing

vitamin K deficiency bleeding.

Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily because of

weak muscles of respiration.