Patho Ch. 10 Questions

The health care provider is assessing the muscle tone of a client who has been diagnosed with a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion. Which assessment finding is congruent with the client's diagnosis?

Hypotonia

Which chemical does blood-brain and CSF-brain barrier control with easy entrance?

Oxygen

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by what type of neuron damage?

Polyneuropathy

A client with laryngeal dystonia has gotten to the point that people on the telephone cannot understand her. She has heard about getting Botox injections into her vocal cords. The nurse will teach about the actions of Botox. What is the MOST accurate description? This drug:

produces paralysis of the larynx muscles by blocking acetylcholine release.

What disease results from the degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system of the basal ganglia?

Parkinson disease

The cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum?

Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the action taken by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Norepinephrine

Disorders of the pyramidal tracts, such as a stroke, are characterized by which physical finding?

Paralysis

During embryonic development, which structure develops into the central nervous system (CNS)?

Neural tube

A client has developed shock and the physician has instructed the nurse to begin the administration of intravenous dopamine. The nurse anticipates that the medication will:

cause vasodilatation of the coronary blood vessels.

Overstimulation of glutamate receptors is the cause of which type of brain injury?

excitotoxic

Which intracranial pressure (ICP) would the nurse consider a normal reading?

0 to 15 mm Hg

A nurse is teaching a client newly diagnose with a seizure disorder. Which statement is most important for the nurse to provide regarding antiepileptic medications?

Antiepileptic medications should never be discontinued abruptly.

A client with a spinal cord injury at T8 would likely retain normal motor and somatosensory function of her:

Arms

Following a stroke, injury to nerve cells within the central nervous system needs to be repaired. The health care provider knows that which process explains how this occurs?

Astrocytes fill up the space to form a glial scar, repairing the area and replacing the CNS cells that cannot regenerate.

A teenager has been in a car accident and experienced an acceleration-deceleration head injury. Initially, the client was stable but then started to develop neurological signs/symptoms. The nurse caring for this client should be assessing for which type of possible complication?

Brain contusions and hematomas

Manifestations of brain tumors are focal disturbances in brain function and increased ICP. What causes the focal disturbances manifested by brain tumors?

Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow

Which statement BEST conveys an aspect of the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients.

A 14-year-old girl has been thrown from the back of a pick-up truck. MRI shows complete cord injury at the level of C2. What is the main significance of an injury at this level of the spinal column?

Cannot breather on own, needs ventilator assistance

Select the conditions that would place a client at risk for the development of hypoxia. Select all that apply.

Carbon monoxide poisoning Severe anemia

Peripheral nerve disorders are not uncommon. What is an example of a fairly common mononeuropathy?

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Severe head trauma from a coup-contrecoup injury may result in which type of brain injury?

Cerebral hematoma

Which intracranial volume is most capable of compensating for increasing intracranial pressure?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Select the function of the occipital lobe.

Color, motion, and depth perception

Which statement BEST describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?

Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system

Unlike disorders of the motor cortex and corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, lesions of the basal ganglia have which effect on motor ability?

Disrupt movement without causing paralysis

A client with Parkinson disease presents with bradykinesia and an altered gait. These symptoms arise in response to the progressive deterioration of which structure in the brain?

Dopamine nigrostriatal system

The underlying causative problem in Parkinsonism is:

Failure of dopamine release

A client has sustained damage to cranial nerve VIII. The nurse recognizes that the client may experience difficulty with:

Hearing

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons are known as which of the following?

Interneurons

A client's emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been examined by the physician and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been administered to the client. What was this client's MOST likely diagnosis?

Ischemic stroke

The region of the brain involved in emotional experience and control of emotional behavior is the:

Limbic system

The nurse is providing care for a medical client who has a complex regimen of care. Normal function of the client's blood-brain barrier will have what implication for the client's health status?

Most of the drugs that are administered to the client will not reach the nervous tissue of the client's brain.

Restoration of the integrity of myelin sheaths would likely result in a slowing or stopping of the progression of:

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Which is a manifestation(s) of peripheral neuropathy? Select all that apply.

Muscle weakness Muscle wasting Sensory changes

A 60-year-old woman has been recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a disease in which the oligodendrocytes of the client's central nervous system (CNS) are progressively destroyed. Which physiologic process within the neurologic system is most likely to be affected by this disease process?

Nerve conduction

The nurse is planning care for a client with advanced Parkinson disease. Which intervention(s) will the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Request a swallowing assessment to prevent aspiration Establish a toileting routine to reduce incontinence Assess for postural blood pressure changes Offer fresh changes of clothing during the day

A client is devastated to receive a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on upper and lower motor neurons. The health care provider caring for this client will focus on which PRIORITY intervention for this client?

Respiratory ventilation assessment and prevention of aspiration pneumonia

Which type of cells are supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells

Through what specific component do neurotransmitters exert their action?

Specific proteins

Which structures are protected by the vertebral column?

Spinal cord, spinal nerves, and their supporting structures

Neurons communicate with each other through which structure?

Synapses

Which lobe of the brain performs functions of perception, long-term memory, and recognition of auditory stimuli?

Temporal lobe

The nurse is explaining to a client's family how vasogenic brain edema occurs. The MOST appropriate information for the nurse to provide would be:

The blood-brain barrier is disrupted, allowing fluid to escape into the extracellular fluid.

A client is devastated to receive a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on which region of the brain?

Upper and lower motor neurons

Neurons are characterized by the ability to communicate with other neurons and body cells through pulsed electrical impulses, or:

action potentials.

The nurse is creating a plan of care for a client who has progressed to stage five of Parkinson disease. What is the nurse's PRIORITY focus for the plan of care?

assessing the client's supports and possible need for long-term care

A high school student sustained a concussion during a football game. The school nurse will educate the family about postconcussion syndrome and ask them to watch for and report which manifestations of its presence?

headaches and poor concentration

A soccer player has been diagnosed with a brain contusion after being injured in a game. The best explanation of the injury by the nurse would be that:

bruising on the surface of the brain occurred.

A client is unable to stick out his tongue as a result of injury to cranial nerve XII. The nurse recognizes that the client has sustained as damage to which nerve?

Hypoglossal

Reflexes are basically "hard-wried" into the CNS. Anatomically, the basis of a reflex is an afferent neuron that synapses directly with an effector neuron to cause muscle movement. Sometimes the afferent neuron synapses with what intermediary between the afferent and effector neurons?

Interneuron

The nurse is caring for a school-aged client with suspected hydrocephalus. For which diagnostic test(s) should the nurse prepare the client? Select all that apply.

Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head X-ray of the head

A client arrives in the clinic after having a tongue piercing performed and is unable to control the movement of the tongue. The nurse is aware that which nerve may have been damaged from the piercing?

Hypoglossal

Following a head injury on the football field, the medical team is concerned because the athlete is showing this earliest sign of decreased level of consciousness?

Inattention

The transmission of impulses at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by which action?

Release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine from autonomic nerve endings

A client asks the nurse if the brain is always receiving oxygen. The BEST response would be:

The brain receives 15% of the body's cardiac output and consumes 20% of its oxygen.

A client has suffered a stroke that has affected his speech. The physician has identified the client as having expressive aphasia. Later in the day, the family asks the nurse to explain what this means. The MOST accurate response would be aphasia that is:

characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing.