Patho Chapter 4 Stress Response

Which hormone directly reduces the effectiveness of the immune system in the body in response to prolonged stress? Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Cortisol Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Corticotropic releasing factor (CRF)

cortisol

WBC Elevation

cortisol Cortisol is one of the primary hormones released during the stress response. It is produced and released from the adrenal cortex. During acute stress, cortisol stimulates an increase in white blood cell number. In prolonged stress, elevated cortisol induces a suppression of the immune response. For this reason, corticosteroids are common anti-inflammatory medications.

Increased blood glucose from?

epinephrine cortisol

Which reactions are examples of a physical reaction initiated by the body in response to a stressor? Select all that apply. Increased sweating Increased digestive action Increased blood flow to the extremities Increased activity of the genitourinary system Increased respiration

increased sweating Increased respiration

Increased Blood Pressure

norepinephrine ADH aldosterone epinephrine cortisol Because blood flow is dependent on blood pressure, it is critical that blood pressure be maintained during the stress response. Thus, several hormones work to keep blood pressure elevated. ADH and aldosterone stimulate water retention and increased blood volume. Increased blood volume increases blood pressure. Cortisol causes vasoconstriction, which elevates blood pressure. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate increased heart rate and contractility, which increase blood pressure.

increased sweating

norepinephrine epinephrine As both norepinephrine and epinephrine stimulate metabolism and heart rate, they contribute to the increased sweating observed in the stress response.

increased HR

norepinephrine epinephrine Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones released from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation. Both hormones interact with adrenergic receptors on the heart to elevate heart rate.

Decreased Urine Output

ADH Aldosterone Both aldosterone and ADH work to decrease urine output and retain water in the body, increasing blood volume. As blood volume is closely related to blood pressure, these hormones are one means by which the body maintains blood pressure during the stress response. Aldosterone decreases urine output by stimulating water and sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. ADH stimulates water retention by the kidneys.

The response to a stressor such as Jennifer experienced involves a number of tissues. The elevation in cortisol that Jennifer likely experienced is the results of which signal from anterior pituitary?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone In the stress response, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone cortisol. Corticotropin-releasing factor is from the hypothalamus, whereas antidiuretic hormone is from the posterior pituitary. Norepinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla.

The wear and tear on the body from chronic stressors is known as ______________. The resistance stage of stress Allostatic load The active recovery stage of stress Allostasis Epistasis

Allostatic load

Jennifer has a catheter inserted. Urine output for Jennifer is significantly reduced. Which hormone works directly on the kidneys to reduce urine output during stress?

Antidiuretic hormone Anti-diuretic hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration, low blood volume, and low blood pressure. Given Jennifer may have internal bleeding, her blood volume and pressure are low, causing anti-diuretic hormone release. Antidiuretic hormone works directly on the kidney to stimulate water reabsorption to increase blood volume and pressure while reducing urine output.

What are the three primary players in the body's response to stress? -Kidney, brain, gastrointestinal tract -Brain, parasympathetic system, adrenal glands -Brain, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal glands -Adrenal glands, brain, kidney -Sympathetic nervous system, adrenal glands, kidney

Brain, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal glands

Who created the theory of allostasis and the body's response to chronic stressors? Hans Seyle Albert Kuppfer Carl Langerhans Bruce McEwen Frank Starling

Bruce McEwen

Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for the increase in glucose availability in the body in response to stress? Select all that apply. Antidiuretic hormone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine Aldosterone

Cortisol Epinephrine

A blood sample shows elevation of Jennifer's blood glucose. Which of the following most likely explains this elevation?

Cortisol, a hormone in the stress response, caused the elevation in glucose levels. The most likely reason for an increase in blood glucose and a traumatic event is the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol serves to raise blood glucose levels as a fuel source during the stressful event. Diabetes mellitus may result in elevated blood glucose levels, but an elevated blood glucose does not indicate that Jennifer must have diabetes mellitus. Insulin lowers blood glucose. Dehydration may result in elevated blood glucose levels, but this is not most likely cause in this case

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla? Cortisol Anti-diuretic hormone Epinephrine Adrenocorticotropic hormone Corticotropin-releasing factor

Epinephrine

Increased Respiration

Epinephrine Norepinephrine Epinephrine and norepinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla due to sympathetic nervous system activation, bind with adrenergic receptors on the bronchioles, causing bronchodilation and increasing respiration. The effect of these hormones, particularly epinephrine, is why EpiPens are used to counteract airway closure during severe allergic responses.

In addition to sympathetic nervous system activation, the adrenal glands also produce hormones to assist in the stress response. If a blood sample were taken from Jennifer, which of the following would indicate increased activity by the adrenal medulla in response to the car accident? Select all that apply.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine Epinephrine and non-epinephrine or hormones released from the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Aldosterone and cortisol are also released in response to stress however these are produced by the adrenal cortex not the adrenal medulla. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the anterior pituitary

In response to her accident, Jennifer's cortisol levels increase significantly. What effect will this initial increase in cortisol cause?

Increased WBC response Acute rises in cortisol levels, as seen in Jennifers case, results in enhancement of the immune system, WBC number and activity increase as a result of short-term cortisol elevations. Prolonged elevation and cortisol induced the opposite effect, causing immunosuppression. Cortisol does not directly effect RBC number or urine an output

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress does NOT cause which of the following? Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased gastrointestinal activity Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle Increased bronchiole dilation

Increased gastrointestinal activity

In response to the car accident Jennifers sympathetic nervous system was activated which of the following clinical signs may the clinician expect to observe in Jennifer based on activation of the system

Increased heart rate and pupil dilation

Jennifers vital signs include a heart rate of 130 BPM and a blood pressure of 96/58 mmHg which of the following explains this response?

Jennifer's sympathetic nervous system has been activated, as indicated by the increased heart rate. However, blood pressure is still lower than normal due to possible internal bleeding.

If Jennifer's adrenal cortex had been damaged by the accident, which hormonal response may appear on a blood laboratory sample?

Lower than expected cortisol levels Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex. Elevated cortisol levels are expected in response to a stressor. If Jennifers adrenal cortex was damage, then cortisol levels would likely be less than expected. Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla and would not be affected by adrenal cortex damage. Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex and the levels would this likely be low if adrenal cortex damage occurred. Anti-diuretic hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary not the adrenal medulla

According to Hans Selye, what are the three stages of the stress response in order? -Alarm, resistance, exhaustion -Alarm, allostasis, exhaustion -Allostasis, resistance, exhaustion -Resistance, alarm, exhaustion -Resistance, allostasis, exhaustion

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. Hans Selye coined the term "allostatic load." Anti-diuretic hormone is inhibited during stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. Cortisol inhibits increases in blood glucose. Stress activates the SNS (sympathetic nervous system).

[] Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. [] Stress activates the SNS (sympathetic nervous system).