PATHO EXAM 2
A tonic-clonic seizure
A 26 year-old female is resting after a 1-minute episode during which she lost consciousness while her muscles contracted and extremities extended. This was followed by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of her extremities. On regaining consciousness, she found herself to have been incontinent of urine. What has the woman most likely experienced?
Nerve conduction
A 60-year-old woman has been recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a disease in which the oligodendrocytes of the client's central nervous system (CNS) are progressively destroyed. Which physiologic process within the neurologic system is most likely to be affected by this disease process?
Cerebellar damage caused by a cerebrovascular accident
A middle-aged woman is brought to the emergency room after a minor auto accident. Her gait is staggering and unsteady, her speech is slurred, and she displays slight nystagmus. The police officer who brought her in says she has not been drinking. Her blood pressure is very high. Which health problem most likely underlies her present state?
TIAs, by definition, resolve rapidly, but they constitute an increased risk for stroke.
A nurse at a long-term care facility provides care for a client who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). What significance should the nurse attach to the client's TIAs?
Knowing that the client's self-report of pain is the most reliable indicator of pain
A nurse on a postsurgical unit is providing care for a 76-year-old female client who is two days post-hemiarthroplasty (hip replacement) and who states that her pain has been out of control for the last several hours, though she is not exhibiting signs of pain. Which guideline should the nurse use for short-term and long-term treatment of the client's pain?
Altered level of consciousness
Global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. What is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury?
Brain contusions and hematomas
A teenager has been in a car accident and experienced an acceleration-deceleration head injury. Initially, the client was stable but then started to develop neurological signs/symptoms. The nurse caring for this client should be assessing for which type of possible complication?
increased levels of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands that result in an increase in epinephrine level.
As you are walking in the park, a huge black Labrador [dog] runs up to you and places his paws on your shoulders. Immediately your heart starts racing, you feel palpations, anxiety, and your hands become a little shaky. The nurse knows that this response is primarily caused by:
Vasospasms and hypertension
Autonomic dysreflexia (autonomic hyperreflexia) is characterized by which of the following?
respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.
Death caused by muscular dystrophy in early adulthood is usually due to:
Blood has accumulated between the man's dura and subarachnoid space.
Following a collision while mountain biking, the diagnostic work up of a 22-year-old male has indicated the presence of an acute subdural hematoma. Which pathophysiologic process most likely underlies his diagnosis?
acetylcholine receptors
Myasthenia gravis is characterized by muscle weakness caused by antibody-mediated loss of which physiologic function?
Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body
The cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum?
limbic system
The region of the brain involved in emotional experience and control of emotional behavior is the:
Nociceptors
What will conduct injurious stimuli to alert the body to potential damage?
Oxygen
Which chemical does blood-brain and CSF-brain barrier control with easy entrance?
A 25-year-old, temperature 40°C (104°F), sweating, shivering, states generalized pain A 2-month-old, temperature 38.3°C (100.4°F), lethargy, poor feeding, and cyanosis A 75-year-old, temperature 37.3°C (99.2°F), declining mental status, weakness and fatigue
Which clients are showing manifestations of infection? Select all that apply.
skin breakdown
Which complication of spinal cord injury is the most preventable in a paraplegic client?
dura mater
Which of the meninges provides the major protection for the brain and spinal cord?
Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system
Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?
