Patho Final
How much urine can the urinary bladder usually hold?
300-400mL
What percentage of clients suffering from goodpastures syndrome has clinically apparent manifestations of pulmonary and renal disease?
60-80%
A nurse is reviewing a client's cardiac rythm in an ECG and notes that the reading shows that the P wave nad PR interval are absent. Which condition does the nurse interpret from this result?
A Fib
Which client is expected to have status elipticus?
A client who is experiencing a series of three tonic-clonic seizures
A nurse notices that the glomerular filtration rate of a client has decreased. What are the possible reasons for this? SATA
A disease process has decreased the client's blood pressure The disease process has decreased the client's renal perfusion The normal aging process
The student nurse is performing a Babinski reflex test in a client to assess his or her neurologic system. Which is the correct interpretation by the student nurse?
A positive Babinski reflex, where the client has flaring of the toes in response to stimulation fo the sole of the foot, indicates upper motor neuron disorder
The nurse finds pulmonary infiltrates in the chest x-ray reports of a client. The arterial blood gas reports show hypoxemia, and a WBC with differential count shows leukocytosis. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client, based on these findings?
ARDS
A registered nurse is teaching a student nurse about the treatments given for sickle cell anemia. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective teaching?
Acetaminophen is used to manage pain during vaso-occlusive episodes
A physical examination of a client exhibits Cullen sign and Grey-Turner sign. Which condition should the nurse suspect in the client?
Acute pancreatitis
A client suffering from myasthenia gravis is admitted to the ICU after being diagnosed with respiratory failure. Which factor could have precipitated this condition in the client?
All of the above (tapered dose of immunosuppressants, microbial infection, surgery)
A RN is teaching a student nurse about infective endocarditis. Which statements made by the student nurse about the complication of the condition indicates effective learning?
All of the above (the client may develop heart valve defects, heart failure & abscess of the heart)
A nurse is caring for a client with gout. Which medication in the client's prescription does the nurse suspect to decrease uric acid synthesis?
Allopurinol
Which medications might the nurse find in the prescriptions of a client diagnosed with anaphylactic shock? SATA
Antihistamines Glucocorticoids
Which statement about the pathophysiology of lower UTIs is true?
Any obstruction of urinary outflow decreases the bladder's resistance to bacterial infection
A nurse is caring for a client with Lyme disease. Which symptoms in the client lead the nurse to suspect early localized disease? SATA
Arthralgia Bulls-eye rash Lymphadenopathy
A nurse is assessing a client who has had pain in the right upper quadrant for 4 hours. The client reports that the pain is radiating to the upper thoracic region. A lab report suggests elevated liver enzymes and serum bilirubin. What condition should the nurse suspect from the findings?
Biliary colic
Which laboratory test is used to identify Lyme disease?
Both A & B (Western blot test, Immunofluorescent assay IFA)
A client is diagnosed with degenerative disc disorder (DDD). Which for of physical therapy does the nurse anticipate the primary care provider will prescribe to reduce the movement of the spine and enhance the healing process?
Braces
In a child with hydrocephalus, the PCP performs surgical intervention and places an internal shunt. How will this intervention help to resolve the child's condition?
By decreasing ICP
A registered nurse is teaching nursing students about cardiac output. Which statement indicates effective learning by the student nurse?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood that the heart pumps out of hte left ventricle.
What are the clinical presentations of panic disorder? SATA
Choking Paresthesia Increased Heart Rate
How is chronic heart failure different from acute heart failure?
Chronic heart failure develops gradually over a long period of time
A nurse is assessing a client who has episodic abdominal pain, constipation and flatulence. Upon physical assessment and review of the laboratory findings, the nurse concludes that the client has jaundice and elevated serum amylase. Which condition should the nurse suspect in the client?
Chronic pancreatitis
Which medication is commonly prescribed for a client with schizophrenia?
Clozapine
While teaching a group of student nurses about various musculoskeletal disorders, the nurse states "This syndrome occurs when tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in a closed anatomic space." Which syndrome is the nurse describing?
Compartment syndrome
While teaching a group of student nurses about different types of fractures, the nursing instructor says "This fracture is characterized by the crushing of cancellous bone." Which type of fracture is the nursing instructor describing?
Compression
Which diagnostic test does the nurse expect the primary care provider to prescribe to confirm a diagnosis of osteoporosis?
DEXA scan
A client reports SOB and severe pain in the back, chest and muscles. Which condition could the client possibly be diagnosed with?
DIC
Which diagnostic finding is most likely to be observed in a client with aplastic anemia?
Decreased RBC, WBC and platelets
A client with cluster headaches is prescribed dihydroergotamine. Which signs in the client indicate the effectiveness of the therapy? SATA
Decreased nasal discharge Reduced tearing from the eye
While reviewing the medical file of a client with cirrhosis, the nurse finds the client has steatorrhea. What reason might the nurse suspect for this condition in the client?
Diminished synthesis of bile
Which neurotransmitter dysfunction has been implicated in Tourette's syndrome?
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is depleted in clients with Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
Which condition is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes, causing inflammation and fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac?
Dressler's syndrome
A client with delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which treatment is found to be most beneficial to the client?
Drug therapy
Which gastrointestinal disorder occurs due to removal of part of the stomach?
Dumping syndrome
A client is admitted into the ER with vomting blood, dark urine and black, tarry feces. On examination, the nurse finds that the client has weight loss and a distended abdomen. Which condition does the nurse expect in the client?
Esophageal varices
A 10 year old client is brought to the hosopital with complaints of bloody diarrhea. The client was learning to swim. The vital signs show a temp of 101 and BP of 125/85. With which condition might the client be diagnosed?
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
A client reports abdominal pain, fever, and fatigue. On assessment, the client is diagnosed with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Which abnormal diagnostic test could further confirm the diagnosis?
High BUN
The nurse observes that an infant's ocular globes are deviated downard and the upper eyelids are retracted. Which condition would the nurse suspect in the infant?
Hydrocephalus
Which pathological condition exists in a newborn with myelomeningocele?
Hydrocephalus
Which condition is commonly seen in the case of protein loss in clients with liver cirrhosis?
Hypersplenism
Which condition would a nurse expect in a client with polycythemia vera?
Hyperuricemia
Which statement made by the student nurse indicates the need for further teaching about treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders?
Immunosuppressive agents are first-line agents for psoriatic arthritis
How is systolic dysfunction different from diastolic dysfunction?
In systolic dysfunction, the ventricle has difficulty ejecting blood out of the chamber
Which condition is related to ankylosing spondylitis?
Inflammation at the point where tendons and ligaments join the bone around a joint
A newborn with a birth weight of 1000 grams is diagnosed with trachesoesophageal fistula. Which intervention will the nurse anticipate from the health car eprovider after the diagnosis?
Insert a gastrostomy tube
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is a class of anticoagulant medications. Which is a characteristic of LMWH?
It can be administered subcutaneously
Which statement relates to multiple sclerosis
It is a demyelinating disorder
The nurse is discussion the interictal period with a group of student nurses. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?
It is the phase between seizures when multiple seizures occur in a short time frame
A nurse is caring for a 50 year old client with symptoms of trouble speaking, sudden numbnes, weakness of the face. The client is diagnosed with a stroke. A physician orders thrombolyic therapy. How is thrombolytic therapy effective to treat the condition? SATA
It is used to dissolve the clot It is used to reestablish blood flow It is used to convert plasminogen to plasma
The nurse is evaluating the performance of a student nurse while caring for a client with an ankle sprain. Which intervention of the stuent nurse does the nursing instructor correct while providing care to the client?
Keeping the ankle below the heart
Which characterisic signs does the nurse refer to while teaching about Beck's triad? SATA
Low BP Distant heart sounds High jugular venous pressure
Which diagnostic technique is used to diagnose rickets?
MRI scan
A child with sickle cell anemia experiences vaso-occlusive episodes. Which is the primary nursing objective while caring for the child?
Managing Pain
A client presents with dyspnea, cough, fatigue, and orthopnea. On auscultation, there is an opening snap, and a diastolic murmur heart at the fifth intercostal space in the left sternal border. The client undergoes an echocardiogram to validate a pathologic condition. Which pathologic condition would the client most likely have?
Mitral valve stenosis
A nurse is assessing a client with pericarditis. Which assessment findings indicate pericarditis? SATA
Muffled or distant heart sounds pericaridal friction rub dyspnea
The registered nurse is teaching about the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to student nurses. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?
NAFLD is linked to metabolic syndrome
A client visits a health care clinic with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Which is a unique feature of actue immune thrombotyopenic purpura?
Occurs in children
The nursing instructor is teaching a group of student nurses about DDD. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?
Onset of lumbar degenerative disc disease occurs most often between the ages of 30 and 50
A nurse is auscultating a client's heart sounds and notices a murmur. What would differentiate a heart murmur that is caused by mitral valve stenosis than one that is cuased by other mitral valve disorders?
Opening snaps following a diastolic murmur
The nurse observes that na older client has a hunched back. Which disorder does the nurse suspect?
Osteoporosis
While assessing a client with nausea and dizziness, the nurse observes SOB and overwhelming fear. Which disorder does the nurse anticipate from the findings?
Panic disorder
Which type of epileptic seizure is characterized by a sudden lapse of consciousness for 5 to 30 seconds?
Petit mal seizure
A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about physiologic heart murmurs. Which statements made by the student nurse indicate effective learning? SATA
Physiologic murmurs are faint Physiologic murmurs do not cause symptoms Physiologic murmurs are intermittent
The registered nurse is teaching about portal hypertension to a group of student nurses. Which statement by the student nurse indicates the need for further teaching?
Porta hypertension causes coagulation abnormalities
Which supportive care should be provided to a client diagnosed with guillain-barre syndrome? SATA
Provide mechanical ventilation Monitor hemodynamics continuously Provide PT & OT
A client complains of pitting, riding and separation of nails from the nail bed. Which musculoskeletal disorder does the nurse suspect in the client?
Psoriatic arthritis
While revewing an x-ray of the fingers of a client, the nurse observes that the end of the bone was whittled down to a sharp point. Which musculoskeletal disorder does the nurse suspect in the client?
Psoriatic arthritis
The nurse is assessing a client with complaints of nausea, vomting, abdominal pain and discomfort. The nurse finds that the abdomen is firm and peristalsis is present. The lab reports show electrolyte imbalances. Which condition does the nurse anticipate in the client?
Pyloric stenosis
A RN is teaching nursing students about the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Which statement made by the nursing student indicates effective learning?
RAAS is a mechanism that regulates arterial blood pressure
A child's mother tells the nurse "Recently, my child is lethargic, delirious, confused and always complains of sleeplessness." The nurse palpates the child's abdomen and finds that the liver is enlarged. which disorder will the nurse suspect in the child?
Reye syndrome
Which disorders result from Vitamin D deficiency? SATA
Rickets Osteomalacia
Which statements made by a student nurse demonstrate an understanding of the clinical presentation for lower urinary tract infections? SATA
Severe pain is the glans penis is common in case of lower UTIs Frequency is a common symptom of UTIs
The nurse finds a note stating "Reduction in 15%-20% from the original stomach size" while reviewing the medical record of an obese client. Which surgical procedure can the nurse expect for this client?
Sleeve gastrectomy
The student nurse is documenting different stages of MODS and its associated clinical manifestations. Which documentation made by the nurse is accurate?
Stage 4: ischemic colitis and lactic acidosis
Which type of calculi in the ureter is found most often in clients with spinal cord injuries?
Struvite
Which type of stone in the case of urolithiasis is associated with indwelling catheters?
Struvite
Which type of joint is the shoulder joint classified as? SATA
Synovial Diarthrosis
What are the clinical manifestations of aortic valve stenosis? SATA
Systolic ejection murmur Split S2
Which cardiac defect in children is characterized by clubbing of the fingers?
Tetralogy of fallot
The nurse is assessing a client with suspected nephrolithiasis. Which factors would the nurse identify as possible causes for the disease? SATA
The client excretes excess uric acid in the urine The client has a family history of renal calculi The client suffers from hyperparathyroidism
While reviewing the MRI reports of the brain of an elderly client, the nurse finds accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and cerebrocortical atrophy of the brain. Upon communicating with the client, the nurse finds that the client has problems related to memory. What does the nurse infer from these findings?
The client has Alzheimer's disease
The registered nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the behavior of cleints with OCD. Which response of the student nurse indicates effective learning? SATA
The client may wash his or her hands frequently The client may not touch objects that are used by others The client may check his or her phone repeatedly to make sure it is locked
A nurse finds increased glucose levels in a client who has chronic pancreatitis. What should the nurse interpret from the finding?
The client's beta cells are damaged.
The nurse is caring for a client with DDD. Which outcome indicates effective chiropractic therapy?
The client's discs are realigned
Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning about the coagulation factors and intrinsic pathway?
The clotting time is measured by aPTT
How does the heart function when a client is diagosed with heart failure?
The contractility and stroke volume decreases.
A nursing instructor is teaching a group of student nurses about the most important intervention for client with maysthenic crisis. Which statement made by a student nurse indicates effective learning?
The forced vital capcity and negative inspiratory force of the client should be monitored every 2-4 hours
A nurse instructor is teaching a group of nursing students about the pathophysiology of cholecystitis. The nursing instructor asks "what happens during chronic cholecystitis?" Which statement of a student nurse indicates effective learning?
The gallbladder becomes thickened and functions poorly
A registered nurse is educating a nursing student about the causes of pathologic heart murmurs. Which statements made by the student nurse indicates effective learning? SATA
They are sounds caused by heart wall defects they are sounds caused by valvular dysfunction They are caused by valvular deformities
Which statement is true regarding megakaryocytes?
They mature into platelets
A 35 year old male client with severe bleeding from an accident is brought to a hospital. The result of the CBC shows RBCs at 4.9M, WBC at 5K, platelets at 80K and hemoglobin at 12G. Which condition has the client developed?
Thrombocytopenia
The nurse is caring for a client with angina pectoris. Which precautionary measures should the nurse advise the client to follow?
To consume a low fat diet
Why is it important to hospitalize a child with Reye syndrome in the ICU, even if the child is conscious?
To monitor the child's LOC
What is a supportive treatment for a client with DIC?
Transfuse fresh frozen plasma
A nurse is caring for a child with sickle cell anemia. The parent is asking the nurse about a treatment that would cure the child. Which is the best answer the nurse can provide the parent?
Treatments are aimed at reducing complications but do not cure the condition.
A nurse is teaching student nurses about the epidemiology of lower UTIs. Which statement made by a student nurse indicates a need for further teaching?
Up to 40% of men in the US, aged 20 to 40 years, have suffered a lower UTI.
Which is a risk factor for both bacterial and funal UTIs?
Urinary catheters
Which test is most important in diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis?
X-ray
Which instruction should the nurse provide to a client who is prescribed an anticholinergic drug for symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease?
You should watch out for side effects such as dry mouth and double vision after taking the medication
The primary health-care provider instructs the client with symptoms of peptic ulcer to make a fasting serum gastrin level test and have an MRI scan done. On reviewing the laboratory reports, the nurse finds hypergastrinemia and a tumor. The PHP instructs the nurse to administer proton pump inhibitors. Which condition can the nurse expect?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Which is a likely caused of elevated BUN in a client?
dehydration
