Patho Midterm 1

Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? A. Frameshift mutations B. Silent mutations C. Missense mutations D. Intron mutations

A. Frameshift mutations

A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? A. TAGCCTAG B. UAGCCUAG C. TUGCCTUG D. CGATACGT

A. TAGCCTAG

The phases of catabolism include which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Respiration B. Glycolysis C. Excretion D. Digestion E. Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle F. Oxidation

B. Glycolysis D. Digestion E. Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle

DNA formation occurs in which of the cell's structures? A. Membrane B. Nucleus C. Cytoplasm D. Histone

B. Nucleus

A cell secretes growth factors that have a slow diffusion rate and interact only with other cells in the immediate area. This is an example of which type of cell signaling? A. Endocrine B. Paracrine C. Autocrine D. Synaptic

B. Paracrine

When discussing DNA transcription, which enzyme is most important? A. Transfer RNA B. RNA polymerase C. Messenger RNA D. DNA polymerase E. Transfer DNA

B. RNA polymerase

The nurse is caring for a patient with pneumonia and notes the patient is sleeping a lot and gives short answers to questions. This is likely an example of: A. Clinical depression B. Sickness behavior C. Asocial behavior D. Stress response

B. Sickness behavior

In the patient described in the previous question, what are his risk factors for hypothermia? (select all that apply) A. Alcohol intoxication B. Probable malnutrition C. Inadequate shelter on a cold night. D. Age E. Head injury

A. Alcohol intoxication C. Inadequate shelter on a

The body is constantly managing blood glucose levels depending on a person's nutritional intake and glucose demands. This is an example of: A. Allostasis B. Synthesis C. Cellular respiration D. Homeostasis

A. Allostasis

Blood cells are programed to eventually die to make room for new ones that are continually produced in the bone marrow. This is an example of: A. Apoptosis B. Allostasis C. Meiosis D. Hyperplasia

A. Apoptosis

Which of the following are types of epigenetic modification? (Select all that apply) A. DNA methylation B. Genetic recombination C. MicroRNAs D. Histone modifications

A. DNA methylation C. MicroRNAs

A woman's PAP smear indicates changes in the shape and organization of cervical cells. This type of change is _____. A. Dysplasia. B. Hypertrophy. C. Hyperplasia. D. Atrophy.

A. Dysplasia.

Which of the following statements about Exons are true? A. Exons are protein-coding sequences of DNA/RNA strands. B. Exons are nucleotide sequences in DNA that are removed by DNA splicing in the final RNA product. C. Exons always end with phosphate groups. D. Exons are known as "non-coding" sequences.

A. Exons are protein-coding sequences of DNA/RNA strands.

A fever indicates a problem with temperature regulation due to an underlying illness that has resulted in the loss of: A. Homeostasis B. Synthesis C. Allostasis D. Cellular respiration

A. Homeostasis

A common phenomenon in hypothermia is the Lewis phenomenon, which is a maladaptive response to exposure to the cold. What is the characteristic feature of Lewis Phenomenon? A. Intermittent reperfusion of the extremities to preserve oxygenation. B. A decrease in heart rate and respiratory rate to preserve energy. C. The hypothalamus inducing shivering to induce heat production. D. Peripheral constriction to shunt blood to the core and decrease heat loss.

A. Intermittent reperfusion of the extremities to preserve oxygenation.

Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called? A. M B. G2 C. S D. G1

A. M

A homeless man is brought into the ER on a cold night. His temperature is 34.8 C, heart rate 53, respiratory rate 7, blood pressure is 82/45, and is positive for elevate serum alcohol. What stage of hypothermia is he in? [Note: remember these data for the next question] A. Severe B. Moderate C. None of the above D. Mild

A. Severe

Sending a signal through the cell membrane can lead to the production of second messengers inside the cell. Which of the following can serve as second messengers? A. cAMP B. Pyruvate C. Antigen D. Glucose

A. cAMP

The base components of DNA are: A. XY, XX, XXX and YX B. A, G, C, and T C. A, G, C, and U. D. X, XY, XX, and YY

B. A, G, C, and T

A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate her continued muscle performance? A. Electron-transport chain B. Anaerobic glycolysis C. Aerobic glycolysis D. Oxidative phosphorylation

B. Anaerobic glycolysis

A malfunction in DNA methylation can lead to: A. Autophagy B. Cancer C. Chemical poisoning that causes cell injury. D. Stalled cell cycle in G1 phase.

B. Cancer

Cytokines are vital to a cell's ability to do which function? A. Replicate B. Communicate C. Excrete D. Metabolize

B. Communicate

Signaling between cells usually results in the activation of protein _______. A. Lipases. B. Kinases. C. Nucleases. D. Proteases.

B. Kinases.

Cell membrane lipid rafts are thought to perform many functions, including: A. Protecting cells from viruses and toxins. B. Providing organization of signaling traffic. C. Maintaining cell structure. D. Initiating mitosis.

B. Providing organization of signaling traffic.

Direct cellular connections such as gap junctions in human cells permit: A. The rapid exchange of genetic information between adjacent cells. B. Second messengers to produced in one cell to rapidly diffuse into and stimulate events in surrounding cells. C. Adjacent cells to adhere strongly to each other. D. Protein kinases to flow between cells, coordinating cellular responses in tissues.

B. Second messengers to produced in one cell to rapidly diffuse into and stimulate events in surrounding cells.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm of a cell. B. RNA contains the same bases as DNA C. A mutation is an inherited alteration of DNA D. RNA is double stranded.

C. A mutation is an inherited alteration of DNA

Neurotransmitter receptors are present on immune system cells, resulting in a neural-immune connection. This is an example of: A. Sickness behavior. B. Bottom-up immune response. C. Bi-directionality. D. Top-down immune response.

C. Bi-directionality.

When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers? A. Emotional coping skills B. Family genetic history C. Environmental stressors D. Lifestyle choices

C. Environmental stressors

Which of the following statements regarding epigenetic inheritance is TRUE? A. Epigenetic inheritance occurs more commonly on maternally inherited alleles. B. Epigenetic inheritance cannot be reset during gametogenesis. C. Epigenetic inheritance does not involve a change in DNA sequence. D. Epigenetic inheritance ensures a homogeneous phenotype in heterozygotes.

C. Epigenetic inheritance does not involve a change in DNA sequence

What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? A. Edema from an influx of sodium causes a reduction in ATP production. B. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis. C. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production. D. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure.

C. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.

Prader-Willi syndrome causes a chromosomal defect that is: A. Transferred from mother to child B. Initiated by postnatal exposure to a virus C. Inherited from the father D. Related to maternal alcohol abuse

C. Inherited from the father

Toll-like receptors are a type of enzyme-linked receptor that: A. Are responsible for transport of ions. B. Use multi-pass transmembrane proteins. C. Signal the immune system to an abnormality. D. Activate our senses of taste, smell, and sight.

C. Signal the immune system to an abnormality.

The basic components of DNA are: A. pentose sugars and four phosphate bases. B. codons, oxygen, and cytosine. C. a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases. D. adenine, guanine, and purine.

C. a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases.

An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks the nurse why this happens. The nurse's response is based on the knowledge that the problem results from a deficiency of: A. AMP B. GTP C. GMP D. ATP

D. ATP

Which term best describes an allele with an observable effect? A. Homozygous B. Recessive C. Carrier D. Dominant

D. Dominant

A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis has a dangerously high level of serum glucose related to the failure of the insulin-glucagon feedback loop. This indicates a failure in which type of cell signaling? A. Autocrine B. Paracrine C. Synaptic D. Endocrine

D. Endocrine

A ligand binds to a cell receptor and activates a change within the cell. The cell receptor is a _____. A. Gap junction. B. G-protein-coupled receptor. C. Gated ion channel. D. Enzyme-linked receptor.

D. Enzyme-linked receptor.

What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins? A. Methylation B. Transgenerational inheritance C. Genomic imprinting D. Epigenetic modifications

D. Epigenetic modifications

The difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications is: A. DNA sequence mutations can be directly altered. B. Leukemia is a result of only DNA sequence mutation. C. No known drug therapies are available for epigenetic modifications. D. Epigenetic modifications can be reversed.

D. Epigenetic modifications can be reversed.

During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities? A. Infancy B. Puberty C. Middle Age D. In utero

D. In utero

What compounds attach to genes to direct their expression as certain types of cells? A. Secondary messenger RNA B. DNA riders C. Introns D. Methyl groups

D. Methyl groups

The adaptive advantage of meiosis includes: A. Limiting diversity in the population, making the species more resistant to threats. B. Producing chromosomes with identical kentochores at each replication. C. Preventing apoptosis from occurring early. D. Provide a means for double-stranded DNA damage to be repaired through recombination.

D. Provide a means for double stranded DNA damage to be repaired through recombination.

A ligand fails to bind to a cell receptor. This is an failure of what stage of cell signaling? A. Transduction B. Response C. Feedback D. Reception

D. Reception

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Class 1 viruses, which contain double-stranded DNA? A. These viruses may be able to push the cell into replicating itself in order to use the cells' polymerases. B. These viruses require entering the host cells' nucleus in order to replicate. C. Examples of Class I viruses include Herpes viruses, and human papilloma virus. D. These viruses supply their own polymerase to replicate, and do not require host polymerase.

D. These viruses supply their own polymerase to replicate, and do not require host polymerase.

Housekeeping genes are vital to the function and maintenance of all the body's cells. What characteristic is associated with these genes? A. Epigenetic silencing has occurred. B. They lack encoding histones. C. Ribosomal RNA genes are absent. D. They are transcriptionally active.

D. They are transcriptionally active.

Studies in the field of behavioral epigenetics are showing that: A. past traumas can make brain fluid more acidic. B. DNA is extremely vulnerable to re-coding molecules. C. childhood suffering can change the DNA code. D. past traumas can be recorded on genes and passed on.

D. past traumas can be recorded on genes and passed on.

Which term refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair? A. Altered B. Snipped C. Mutated D. Activated E. Imprinted

E. Imprinted

Which of the following is a nurse least likely to provide in his or her practice in regard to clinical genomics? A. An understanding of how molecular diagnosis can help us identify the mechanisms of particular diseases. B. The ability to take an accurate and comprehensive family health history. C. Using clinical genomics to help predict a person's response to drugs, and their likelihood of having an adverse drug reaction. D. An understanding of how gene expression is influenced by our environment and our behavior E. The ability to interpret the results of a whole genome sequencing array at a glance.

E. The ability to interpret the results of a whole genome sequencing array at a glance.