Patho Quiz 4 (CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS) Practice Questions
Which degree of "heart block" results in decreased cardiac output and fainting? First-degree Third-degree Second-degree Type I Second-degree Type II
Third-degree
Which degree of "heart block" results in decreased cardiac output and fainting? Third-degree Second-degree Type II Second-degree Type I First-degree
Third-degree
The purpose of a cardioversion device is the treatment of which cardiac disorder? Ventricular fibrillation Atrial fibrillation Sinus tachycardia Symptomatic bradycardia
Atrial fibrillation
A client with a history of acute coronary syndrome asks why she needs to take aspirin 81 mg every day. The most appropriate response by the nurse would be: "Aspirin prevents blood clotting by halting platelet production." "Aspirin will help prevent blood clotting." "It will give you a steady relief of your chest pain." "Aspirin will prevent a heart attack."
"Aspirin will help prevent blood clotting."
A 75-year-old client is being evaluated for heart failure. Which questions will the nurse ask to confirm common signs and symptoms observed in older adults experiencing heart failure? Select all that apply. "Do you easily get tired?" "Do you have swelling in your ankles?" "Are you feeling depressed?" "Do you get up often during the night to urinate?" "Are you eating more than usual?"
"Do you easily get tired?", "Do you have swelling in your ankles?", "Are you feeling depressed?", "Do you get up often during the night to urinate?" Rationale: Nocturia, depression, edema in the lower extremities, and fatigue are common symptoms and signs of heart failure in older adults. Anorexia, or decreased appetite, is also a symptom.
The physician's order states, "Calculate the pulse pressure of the client's B/P." The blood pressure reading is as follows: systolic pressure of 146 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 82 mm Hg. The pulse pressure would be: 228 mm Hg 41mm Hg 64 mm Hg 73 mm Hg
64 mm Hg 146-82=64
Which client is most likely to be experiencing vasodilation? A 30-year-old woman who takes antihistamines to treat her seasonal allergies A 9-year-old boy who has been given an injection of epinephrine to preclude an anaphylactic reaction to a bee sting A 32-year-old man who takes a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for treatment of depression A 51-year-old man with a history of hypertension who is taking a medication that blocks the effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
A 51-year-old man with a history of hypertension who is taking a medication that blocks the effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Which client is at greatest risk for orthostatic hypotension? A 20-year-old pregnant client at 36 weeks' gestation A 70-year-old female client who has taken the same antihypertensive medication for 10 years A 66-year-old postoperative client on bed rest A 42-year-old male client with history of pulmonary embolism
A 66-year-old postoperative client on bed rest
Which cardiac drug classification decreases sympathetic outflow to the heart and is the is the cornerstone of therapy for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)? Calcium channel blockers Beta-adrenergic blockers Sodium channel blockers Potassium blockers
Beta-adrenergic blockers
A client's echocardiogram identified a narrowed valve that has resulted in a decreased blood flow between the left atria and left ventricle. The nurse would interpret this as the: Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Pulmonic valve
Bicuspid valve
A pregnant female client is at risk for the development of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Select the most important data to assess. Blood pressure 140/90 and glucose in the urine during the 36th week of pregnancy Blood pressure 90/60 and proteinuria in the second trimester Blood pressure 130/88 and hyperglycemia occurring during the 22nd week of pregnancy Blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg and proteinuria during the 30th week of pregnancy
Blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg and proteinuria during the 30th week of pregnancy Rationale: Preeclampsia-eclampsia is defined as an elevation in blood pressure (systolic >140 mm Hg or diastolic >90 mm Hg) and proteinuria (300 or greater in 24 hours) developing after 20 weeks of gestation.
Which blood vessels function without the benefit of having walls comprised of three muscular layers? Arteries Capillaries Arterioles Veins
Capillaries
Select the correct sequence of blood return to the heart. Capillaries, venules, veins, left atrium Capillaries, arterioles, veins, left atrium Capillaries, arterioles, arteries, right atrium Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium
Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium
Which class of cardiac antiarrhythmic drugs extends the action potential and refractoriness of the heart's contraction? Class III Class I Class II Class IV
Class III
Which individual is at greatest risk for developing a venous thrombosis resulting from venous stasis? Client in the terminal stage of cancer Client on bed rest Dehydrated client Pregnant woman
Client on bed rest
While intubated for surgery, a client has inadvertently had his vagus nerve stimulated. What effect would the surgical team expect to observe? Decreased vascular perfusion due to parasympathetic stimulation Decreased heart rate as a result of impaired acetylcholine reuptake Decreased heart rate, contractility, and afterload Decreased heart rate as a result of parasympathetic innervation of the heart
Decreased heart rate as a result of parasympathetic innervation of the heart
What is the most important factor in myocardial oxygen demand? Degree of anxiety Respiratory rate Heart rate Hyperthermia
Heart Rate
The nurse is providing education to a client diagnosed with varicose veins. The nurse determines that teaching has been effective when the client states that which activity is most likely the cause of the varicosities? Heavy lifting Rapid weight loss Weak bone structure Prolonged sitting
Heavy lifting
A teenager is diagnosed with hypertension. The nurse knows that risk factors for hypertension in children and adolescents include which of these? Select all that apply. Poor performance in school High salt consumption Being female Obesity Inactive lifestyle
High salt consumption, Obesity, Inactive lifestyle
The health care provider is teaching a client about modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. The most appropriate information to provide would be: Family history of heart disease Hypertension 55 years of age Being male
Hypertension
he nurse is assisting a client who had a myocardial infarction 2 days ago during a bath. The client suddenly lost consciousness and the nurse was unable to feel a pulse. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was begun and the client was connected to the monitor with a gross disorganization without identifiable waveforms or intervals observed. What is a priority intervention at this time? Applying a transcutaneous pacemaker Immediate defibrillation Synchronized cardioversion Administration of atropine
Immediate defibrillation
Which statement describes the greatest diagnostic limitation of an electrocardiogram (ECG)? It can interfere with the heart's conduction system. It is an invasive procedure. It is an expensive diagnostic tool. It documents only current cardiac function.
It documents only current cardiac function.
Considering the PQRST complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG), which letter designation represents atrial depolarization? T wave P wave QRS complex ST segment
P wave
Which of the following are characteristic signs of acute arterial embolism? Purpura, muscle weakness, and shortness of breath Paralysis, warmth, and paranoia Pain, increased blood pressure, and warmth Pallor, pulselessness, and pain
Pallor, pulselessness, and pain
Exudate in the pericardial cavity is a characteristic of which cardiac condition? Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Acute pericarditis Constrictive pericarditis
Pericardial effusion
Which of the following occurs during repolarization? Positively charged K+ moves outward across the cell membrane Positively charged Na+ moves into the cell membrane Positively charged K+ moves into the cell membrane Positively charged Na+ moves outward across the cell membrane
Positively charged K+ moves outward across the cell membrane
Which factor represents the amount of blood that the heart must pump with each beat and is determined by the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers and the actions of the heart prior to cardiac contraction? Cardiac contractility Preload Afterload Heart rate
Preload
A nurse is teaching a client the correct technique for taking an arterial pulse. The nurse explains that the pulsations are: Blood flow in the veins Turbulence of the blood flow Korotkoff sounds Pressure pulses
Pressure pulses
A 62-year-old female client presents to the emergency department and is diagnosed with acute heart failure syndrome. Which assessment finding would the nurse expect? Increased urination and dry skin. Productive cough with frothy sputum. Shortness of breath and bradycardia. Slowed breathing and dehydration.
Productive cough with frothy sputum.
A client presents to the emergency department reporting bilateral cyanosis and pallor of the fingers after being out in the cold weather for 5 minutes. The toes are of normal color. What is a potential diagnosis for this client? Atherosclerotic occlusive disease Frostbite related to hypothermia Raynaud disease Deep vein thrombosis
Raynaud disease
Atrial fibrillation is the most common chronic dysrhythmia whose incidence increases with age. Atrial fibrillation may present as asymptomatic to severe symptomatology. What is the treatment of atrial fibrillation dependent on? Select all that apply. Recency of onset Size of pulse deficit Atrial rate Persistence of dysrhythmia Etiology
Recency of onset, Persistence of dysrhythmia, Etiology
The electrical activity of the heart is recorded on the ECG. What does the T wave on the ECG represent? Repolarization of the ventricles Depolarization of the ventricular conduction system Repolarization of the atrium Depolarization of the sinoatrial node
Repolarization of the ventricles
The diagnosis is hypovolemic shock. The nurse knows that causes of hypovolemic shock include which of the following? Select all that apply. Excessive vasoconstriction Myocardial infarction Severe burns Severe dehydration 15% blood volume loss
Severe burns, Severe dehydration, 15% blood volume loss
The nurse is caring for a client with chronic heart failure. Which drug category may be pescribed for acute heart failure to improve heart performance by decreasing preload? Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents like atenolol Vasodilator drugs like nitroprusside Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captapril Cardiac glycosides like digitalis
Vasodilator drugs like nitroprusside
Which dysrhythmia is considered to be the most fatal and requires immediate treatment? Premature ventricular contractions Atrial flutter Ventricular fibrillation Premature atrial contractions
Ventricular fibrillation
The health care team is developing a plan of care for a client diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary treatment goal would be: eliminating CHF through curing the disease. improving quality of life by relieving symptoms. placing a stent for fluid drainage from the heart. maintaining higher oxygen levels to decrease the work of breathing.
improving quality of life by relieving symptoms.
A preventive measure to decrease the risk of developing rheumatic heart disease includes: scheduling regular hearing examinations. prompt diagnosis of streptococcal infections with a throat culture. blood specimen assessed for rheumatoid factor. yearly electrocardiography after the age of 50.
prompt diagnosis of streptococcal infections with a throat culture.
A client who will be undergoing a Holter monitor examination would be given which instruction? "You will need to have an intravenous injection prior to the start of the test." "Keep a diary of your activities and symptoms throughout the examination." "Wear clothing that you can exercise in during the test." "Lay very still during the procedure for an accurate reading."
"Keep a diary of your activities and symptoms throughout the examination."
Which statements are true regarding the capillary system? Select all that apply. Albumin plays a significant role in maintaining the function of this system. Normal function requires that all fluid that leaves the capillary beds be reabsorbed. Flow into the system is controlled by colloidal osmotic pressure. Flow out of the system is controlled by hydrostatic pressure. Fluid leaves the capillary beds via lymphatic channels.
-Albumin plays a significant role in maintaining the function of this system -Flow into the system is controlled by colloidal osmotic pressure -Flow out of the system is controlled by hydrostatic pressure.
The nurse knows that the main objective of the management of hypertension is to achieve a sustainable level of blood pressure below: 140/60 100/60 100/90 140/90
140/90
The nurse is monitoring hourly urine output of a client diagnosed with hypovolemic shock. The nurse is most concerned if the client's output is: 40 mL/hour 60 mL/hour 20 mL/hour 80 mL/hour
20 mL/hour Rationale: Urine output decreases very quickly in hypovolemic shock. Compensatory mechanisms decrease renal blood flow as a means of diverting blood flow to the heart and brain. Oliguria of 20 mL/hour or less indicates inadequate renal perfusion.
The nurse is preparing to auscultate for a mitral valve stenosis murmur. Where is the best location to place the stethoscope? Over the sternum At the apex of the heart Over the aorta At the carotid arteries
At the apex of the heart
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system? Epinephrine Dopamine Norepinephrine Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
The nurse is discussing risk factors for hypertension with a client. Which factors are nonmodifiable risk factors for development of hypertension? Select all that apply. Excess salt consumption Advanced age Obesity Low dietary potassium Ethnicity
Advanced age, Ethnicity
What is the most common identifiable cause of secondary cardiomyopathy? Genetic abnormalities Alcohol abuse Heart transplant Heart failure
Alcohol abuse
When a client experiences the Cushing reflex, what occurs with the body? The pupils contract in response to light exposure. An increase in arterial pressure to levels above the intracranial pressure The systemic blood pressure decreases to restore equal amounts of oxygen throughout the body. The toes fan outward in response to stimulation being applied to the bottom of the foot.
An increase in arterial pressure to levels above the intracranial pressure
Two months following a myocardial infarction (MI), a client visits the health care provider with reports of severe fatigue, shortness of breath, and frequent episodes of palpitations. A 12-lead ECG reveals the client has atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 120. Which medications should the health care provider consider prescribing for this client? Select all that apply. Thrombolytics Anticoagulants Inhalers Analgesics Antiarrhythmics
Anticoagulants, Antiarrhythmics
The nurse is developing a plan of care for a postsurgical client. A major goal is to prevent the formation of prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The most important intervention for the nurse to implement would be: Ensure that the client remains on bed rest. Massage legs to maintain blood flow. Apply sequential pneumatic compression devices to lower extremities. Apply ice compresses to the site of the DVT hourly.
Apply sequential pneumatic compression devices to lower extremities.
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia arises from which form of reentry? Bundle of His nodal Orthodromic Arterioventricular (AV) nodal True
Arterioventricular (AV) nodal
A client presents with sinus bradycardia. What is the nurse's best action? Assess the client's cardiac output Admit the client to the intensive care unit Assess the client's history Increase the client's monitoring
Assess the client's history
A client presents with sinus bradycardia. What is the nurse's best action? Increase the client's monitoring Assess the client's history Admit the client to the intensive care unit Assess the client's cardiac output
Assess the client's history
A nurse is reviewing an echocardiogram for a client with a congenital defect in the papillary muscles of the heart. Based on this result, which assessment should the nurse complete? Auscultate for an extra heart sound due to incomplete semilunar valve closure. Auscultate for a murmur caused by the backward expulsion of blood through the atrioventricular valves. Monitor the blood pressure. Palpate the pericardium for a heave or thrill.
Auscultate for a murmur caused by the backward expulsion of blood through the atrioventricular valves.
Which are primary treatment options for a client with acute venous thrombosis? Select all that apply. Sitting Bed rest Elevation of the legs with flexion at the knees Elastic support Application of heat
Bed rest, Elastic support, Application of heat
The health care provider is reviewing the results of a client's magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results indicate a small spherical dilation at the circle of Willis. The provider would interpret this as: Saccular aneurysm Berry aneurysm Dissecting aneurysm Fusiform aneurysm
Berry aneurysm
The nurse is assessing a client said to be in sinus rhythm. What does the nurse expect to find when evaluating the electrocardiogram? Select all that apply. Absence of T waves. Constant R to R intervals Irregular rhythm A "P" before every QRS wave A rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute
Constant R to R intervals, A "P" before every QRS wave, A rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute
A client has developed constrictive pericarditis and myocardial hypertrophy. Select the most likely cause. Backward failure Frontward failure Diastolic dysfunction Systolic dysfunction
Diastolic dysfunction
A client is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. The nurse knows that which drugs can predispose the client to orthostasis? Select all that apply. Diuretics Bronchodilators Antihypertensives Psychotropics Antibiotics
Diuretics, Antihypertensives, Psychotropics
A client has been diagnosed with runs of intermittent ventricular tachycardia where the client loses consciousness and needs to be stimulated to recovery. Knowing this history, the nurse will educate the client about which treatment intervention/procedure that will depolarize the heart to allow the sinoatrial node to regain control of the heart? Immediate pacemaker implantation The benefits of ablation therapy bi-monthly The benefits of antiarrhythmic drugs and possible side effects Education involving automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators implantation
Education involving automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators implantation
The nurse is caring for a client with severe aortic stenosis. What affect to cardiac afterload will the nurse note? Blood pressure will be below normal due to the narrowing of the valve outlet Greatly elevated systolic pressure when measured with hemodynamic setting Pulse rate will decrease due to less blood being ejected from the heart Less pressure recorded on the cardiac output due to poor leaflet contactivity
Education involving automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators implantation
The nurse is caring for a client with severe aortic stenosis. What affect to cardiac afterload will the nurse note? Less pressure recorded on the cardiac output due to poor leaflet contactivity Blood pressure will be below normal due to the narrowing of the valve outlet Pulse rate will decrease due to less blood being ejected from the heart Greatly elevated systolic pressure when measured with hemodynamic setting
Greatly elevated systolic pressure when measured with hemodynamic setting
A client admitted to the emergency department is experiencing sinus tachycardia. What can cause this dysrhythmia that the nurse should monitor for? Select all that apply. Hyperthyroidism Insomnia Pain Fever Blood loss
Hyperthyroidism, Pain, Fever, Blood loss
An older adult client is prescribed a vasodilator for hypertension. Which adverse effect is of greatest concern for an older adult taking this class of drug? Constipation Hypotension Restlessness Dry mouth
Hypotension
When will the nurse plan to assess a client's blood pressure to confirm the possible diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension? In the morning before arising from bed Midmorning right after taking a short walk Within a half-hour after the heaviest meal of the day In the evening just before sleep
In the morning before arising from bed
Considering how hydrostatic forces affect the capillaries, which of the following would increase capillary hydrostatic pressure most? Increase in small-artery pressure Decrease in arterial pressure Decrease in gravity when standing Increase in venous pressure
Increase in venous pressure
A 65-year-old male client is diagnosed with systolic hypertension. The nurse educates the client about how the aging process and development of stiff, large arteries can result in which physiologic occurence? Select all that apply. Increased diastolic pressure Unstable blood pressure Increased systolic pressure Decreased diastolic pressure Widened pulse pressure
Increased systolic pressure, Decreased diastolic pressure, Widened pulse pressure
A child is suspected to have heart failure. The nurse knows that which statements regarding heart failure in children are most accurate? Select all that apply. Inotropic agents such as digoxin may be used in children. Congenital defects are a risk factor. Symptoms include tachypnea and tachycardia. Physical activity must be discouraged. The etiology of heart failure is similar in children and adults.
Inotropic agents such as digoxin may be used in children., Congenital defects are a risk factor., Symptoms include tachypnea and tachycardia.
Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation? It consists of the left side of the heart, the aorta, and its branches. It is the larger of the two circulatory systems. It is a low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange. The system functions with an increased arterial pressure to circulate through the distal parts of the body.
It is a low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange.
Which of the following blood flow patterns reduces friction, allowing the blood layers to slide smoothly over one another? Turbulent Axially Laminar Crosswise
Laminar
The nurse has just completed teaching a client about acyanotic congenital heart disease. The nurse determines that teaching was effective when the client states the blood is shunted to which part of the body? Right lung to the left lung Left side of the heart to the right side of the heart Right side of the heart to the left side of the heart Left lung to the right lung
Left side of the heart to the right side of the heart
Which organ has larger capillary pores to allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and/or waste products? Liver Brain Kidney Blood-brain barrier
Liver
Which related circulatory complication can result from surgical treatment for metastatic breast cancer? Irregular heart rate Tachycardia when at rest Hypotension upon standing Lymphedema in the affected arm
Lymphedema in the affected arm
When an acute event occurs and the circulatory system can no longer provide the body with adequate perfusion of its tissues and organs, cellular hypoxia occurs and the body goes into shock. What are the causes of shock in the human body? Select all that apply. Maldistribution of blood flow Excessive vasoconstriction Obstruction of blood flow Hypervolemia Hypovolemia
Maldistribution of blood flow, Obstruction of blood flow, Hypovolemia
The nurse is developing a plan of care for a client diagnosed with stable angina. Select the most important goal for this client. Ensuring adequate oxygenation with continuous oxygen administration Assisting the client to return to previous lifestyle Preventing clotting disorders Myocardial infarction prevention
Myocardial infarction prevention
In distributive shock, there are abnormalities in vascular resistance. Which types of shock display the same distributive pattern? Select all that apply. Cardiogenic Neurogenic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic
Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, Septic
A client experiencing a sinus arrest would demonstrate which symptom or finding? P-wave that occurs more frequently than expected Prolonged periods of asystole demonstrated on an electrocardiogram Spontaneous persistent sinus bradycardia Heart rate of greater than 100 beats/min
Prolonged periods of asystole demonstrated on an electrocardiogram
A nurse is caring for a client with right heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension. Which hemodynamic parameter is most appropriate for the nurse to monitor? Blood pressure Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) Central venous pressure (CVP) Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP)
A client has been diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The nurse is planning care and recognizes that the client is most at risk for: Arterial insufficiency Polyarteritis nodosa Pulmonary embolism Vasculitis
Pulmonary embolism
A client has had an acute myocardial infarction (MI). The brother of the client has a history of angina. The client asks how he will know if his brother's pain is angina or if the brother is actually having an MI. Which statement is correct? Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with an MI. Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI. Chest pain with angina only occurs at rest; MI pain occurs during a stressful time. Chest pain with angina only occurs during the day; MI pain is more likely at night.
Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI.
Which of the following is called the pacemaker of the heart? Sinoatrial (SA) node Arterioventricular (AV) node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers
Sinoatrial (SA) node
A client with a known history of intravenous drug abuse has been diagnosed with infective endocarditis. Select the most likely cause of infection. Kingella kingae Eikenella corrodens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
A client has been diagnosed with a dissecting aortic aneurysm. It is most important for the nurse to assess the client for: Tearing or ripping-type pain in the chest or back Chest pain radiating to the right arm Late hypertensive crisis Tonic-clonic seizures
Tearing or ripping-type pain in the chest or back
In which atrioventricular (AV) conduction disorder does the link between the atria and ventricles get lost, resulting in atrial and ventricular depolarization being controlled by separate pacemakers? Third-degree AV block Second-degree AV block First-degree AV block Premature ventricular contractions
Third-degree AV block
Which serum biomarker is highly specific for myocardial tissue? Creatine kinase Troponin White blood cells C-reactive protein
Troponin
