Pathophysiology ch. 1, 2, & 7

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Insulin

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone (h2o & sodium retention) Cortisol norepinephrine epinephrine

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis(ability to adapt to stress) 3 stages: Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

permanent damage and death

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

is malignant

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

necrosis

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

T/F: The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

T

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

energy and repair

t/f: In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive

false

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

streptococcal infection

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt lymphoma, HIV Kaposi sarcoma, T-lymphocyte type1

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

calcium

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

cigarette smoking

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

Allostasis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Metaplasia is

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. reversible when the damage is stopped

t/f: When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

true