Pathophysiology - Check your understanding Ch. 1, 2, 4, 7

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

Calcium

Proto-oncongenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt Lymphoma

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

Cigarette smoking

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed

Hypertrophy

The cellular indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

Intracellular Accumulations.

your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of which of the following from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

Primary prevention

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is a example of

Secondary prevention

Allostasis is best defined as

The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is likely to be aggressive

True

When the cause is unknown, is said to be idiopathic

True

all the following stressed-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation

Extreme cold injures cells by all of the following except

decreased blood viscosity.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm is

energy and repair

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the __________ stage

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine

Somatic death refers to death -of a body organ -of the entire organism -of nerve cells -secondary to brain damage

of the entire organism

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

p53

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

permanent damage and death

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3 F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. he complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is?

streptococcal infection

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

true

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia is terminal cancer is though to be because of

tumor necrosis factor