Pathophysiology week 1

Which of the following molecules is likely to accumulate in dead or dying tissues? a.Calcium b.Protein c.Uric acid d.Melanin

a.Calcium

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of which of the following? a.Decreased ATP production b.Karyorrhexis c.Ribosome detachment d.Dehydration

a.Decreased ATP production

What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? a.Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development b.Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle c.Restrain cell growth and development d.Provide nutrients for cell growth and development

a.Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development

Which of the following problems results in increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and the formation of edema? a.Renal failure b.Hemorrhaging c.Liver failure d.All of the above

a.Renal failure

A nurse is reviewing a patient's pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? a.The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease b.The individual who has a disease gene but is phenotypically normal c.The phenotype of genetic material d.Codominance

a.The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease

The Eukaryotic cell consists of which of the following three components? a.The plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles b.The plasma membrane, the extracellular membrane, and ligands c.Cell junctions, the extracellular membranes, and proteins d.Water, proteins, and receptors

a.The plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles

Symptoms of dehydration include a.decreased urine output. b.increased skin turgor. c.increased blood pressure. d.edema.

a.decreased urine output.

A CT scan is being completed on a patient who is incoherent and semiconscious. The CT scan reveals that the patient is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as a.localized edema. b.generalized edema. c.pittting edema. d.lymphedema.

a.localized edema.

Steven has Duchenne muscular dystrophy. He inherited this condition from his a.mother only. b.father only. c.mother and father. e.mother or father.

a.mother only.

Down Syndrome occurs with a trisomy of which chromosome? a.14 b.21

b.21

A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes, and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father? a.BBbb b.Bb c.BB d.Bbb

b.Bb

Hypernatremia can result from which of the following? a.Decreased aldosterone secretion b.Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion c.Compulsive water drinking d.Excessive dietary potassium

b.Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion

An increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion will result in which of the following changes? a.Increased serum sodium concentrations b.Decreased serum sodium concentrations c.Increased serum potassium concentrations d.Decreased serum potassium concentrations

b.Decreased serum sodium concentrations

When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, which of the following occurs? a.Neurofibromatosis b.Nondisjunction c.Polyploidy d.Conjoined twins

b.Nondisjunction

Increased aldosterone, as in the case of hyperaldosteronism, results in which of the following? a.Decreased serum osmolarity b.Renal retention of sodium and water c.Increased sodium excretion coupled with retention of potassium d.Increased water reabsorption without affecting sodium balance

b.Renal retention of sodium and water

Cellular atrophy involves a.an increase in cell size. b.a decrease in cell size. c.an increase in the number of cells. d.a decrease in the number of cells.

b.a decrease in cell size.

Trisomy is a form of a.polyploidy. b.aneuploidy. c.monosomy. d.autosomal dominant inheritance.

b.aneuploidy.

The process by which cells program themselves to die is called a.karyolysis. b.apoptosis. c.pyknosis. d.necrosis.

b.apoptosis.

For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by a.excreting H+ through the kidneys. b.hyperventilating. c.retaining CO2 in the lungs. d.secreting aldosterone.

b.hyperventilating.

The four basic types of tissues are a.visceral, cytoskeleton, nerve, and connective. b.nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle. c.junctions, proteins, myocardium, and tendons. d.molecules, nerve, muscle, and proteins.

b.nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle.

To express a polygenic trait, a.genes must interact with the environment. b.several genes must act together. c.multiple mutations must occur in the same family. d.penetrance must occur.

b.several genes must act together.

A report indicates that muscular atrophy has occurred. Muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell a.number. b.size. c.vacuoles. d.lipofuscin.

b.size.

A patient has severe mental retardation caused by a deletion of part of Chromosome 5. This would be associated with what genetic disorder? a.Prader-Willi syndrome b.Down syndrome c.Cri du chat syndrome d.Trisomy X

c.Cri du chat syndrome

A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? a.Increased capillary oncotic pressure b.Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure c.Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure d.Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure

c.Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following can cause swollen feet to develop? a.Increased ATP b.Chloride movement out of the cell c.Na+ movement into the cell d.Decreased oncotic pressure

c.Na+ movement into the cell

Which of the following is not an accepted theory of aging? a.Cellular aging results from wear and tear over the course of a lifetime. b.The degeneration of extracellular materials such as collagen contributes to aging. c.The process of transcription during protein synthesis becomes more error-prone as a cell ages. d.The genetic mechanisms of aging are programmed into a cell's DNA.

c.The process of transcription during protein synthesis becomes more error-prone as a cell ages.

A condition in which a single chromosome is missing in each cell is called a.a haploid condition. b.an autosomy. c.a monosomy. d.Down Syndrome.

c.a monosomy.

A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a _____ cell. a.diploid b.euploid c.aneuploid d.haploid

c.aneuploid

A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to Hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining cells would undergo a.pathologic hyperplasia. b.pathologic metaplasia. c.compensatory hyperplasia. d.compensatory aplasia.

c.compensatory hyperplasia.

A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called a.anaplasia. b.hyperplasia. c.metaplasia. d.dysplasia.

c.metaplasia.

The outward manifestation of a disease, which is often influenced by both genes and environment, is called the disease a.genotype. b.allele. c.phenotype. d.dominance.

c.phenotype.

Restoration of oxygen to oxygen-deprived tissues results in a.hypoxic injury. b.chemical injury. c.reperfusion injury. d.establishment of normal cell metabolism.

c.reperfusion injury.

Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence and thus have no consequence are termed _____ mutations. a.frameshift b.spontaneous c.silent d.missense

c.silent

Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? a.Digestion b.Glycolysis c.Oxidation d.Citric acid cycle

d.Citric acid cycle

Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentrations in the intracellular fluid (ICF)? a.Sodium b.Calcium c.Magnesium d.Potassium

d.Potassium

Identify the risk factor for Down Syndrome. a.Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus b.Increased paternal age c.Family history of Down syndrome d.Pregnancy in women over age 35

d.Pregnancy in women over age 35

A 9-year-old patient is admitted to a pediatric unit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Which of the following traits was this condition inherited from a.Sex-linked dominant b.Sex-influenced c.Sex-limited d.Sex-linked recessive

d.Sex-linked recessive

RNA directs the synthesis of protein through which process? a.Termination b.Transcription c.Translocation d.Translation

d.Translation

A common cause of metabolic acidosis is a.diuresis. b.dehydration. c.vomiting. d.renal failure.

d.renal failure.

Mutations can result in abnormal a.DNA. b.RNA. c.proteins. e.DNA, RNA, and proteins.

e.DNA, RNA, and proteins.