PD BIO: Lesson 10--The Skeletal System

Joint

Also called articulations, are the points of contact between bones—they form connections between bones

Endochondral ossification

Process during fetal development where bone tissue is created

Bone repair includes: o Formation of a hematoma (blood clot) o Formation of fibrocartilage callus that binds broken ends together o Eventual replacement of the callus with new bone

What is the process of bone remodeling/repair?

Ossification

When cartilage begins to dissolve and is replaced by bone

Lengthwise growth of long bones occurs at epiphyseal plates.Closure of these plates after adolescence eliminates the ability of these bones to increase in length. During maintenance the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are the regulators.

Where does the lengthwise growth of long bones occur in mature adults?

Osteoblasts produce bone. Osteoclasts resorb bone.

Which cells produce bone, and which cells resorb bone?

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostasis cannot be maintained in __________ and __________.

Intramembrous ossification

Process of bone formation whereby rudimentary bone tissue is created. It is an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the formation of bones of the head. Cartilage is not present during this type of ossification

Periosteum

Tough layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone and contains special bone-forming cells.

Spongy bone

Type of bone tissue characterized by thin, hard interconnecting bony elements enclosing hollow spaces. Red blood cells are produced in the spaces between the bony elements. Filled with red bone marrow.

Compact bone

Type of dense bone tissue found on the outer surfaces and shafts of bones. Filled with yellow bone marrow.

Support Protection Production of blood cells Storage of minerals Facilitation of movement

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

bone, ligaments, and cartilage

What are the three types of connective tissue in skeletal system?

Living bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts Supplied by nerves and blood and lymph vessels Most mass consists of extracellular matrix Bone is made up of collagen, water, and minerals

What components does bone tissue contain?

The growth hormone, which stimulates the lengthening activity of the growth plate. During puberty the sex hormones also stimulate the growth plate.

What is bone growth stimulated by?

1. Chondroblasts build a model of the future bone 2. Process of ossification 3. Osteoblasts form bone's structural framework 5. Osteoblasts become osteocytes

What is the process of bone growth?

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell

Cartilage

A specialized connective tissue that consists of collagen fibers and elastic in a gel-like fluid called ground substance. It is found where support under pressure is necessary and where some movement is necessary

Articular cartilage

A thin layer of cartilage that covers the rounded end of a long bone (the epiphysis) where bones form a joint. It reduces friction and absorbs shocks.

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Arrange the events that occur in the formation of a long bone in the proper sequence: 1.Chondroblasts die and the surrounding matrix breaks down. 2.Osteoblasts secrete osteoid. 3.Blood vessels transport osteoblasts into the area to be ossified. 4.Chondroblasts create a model of the long bone from cartilage. 5.Osteoblasts become osteocytes.

Cartilage

As what kind of tissue do most bones start out their development?

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells. The osteoblasts secrete a mixture of proteins (including collagen) that becomes the bone's structural framework. They also secrete an enzyme that facilitates mineral deposition within the protein matrix.

Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving cells that remodel and repair bones. They are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue

produce and release hormones

Bones perform many useful functions in the human body. Which of the following is not one of them? protect internal organs provide scaffolding that muscles attach to produce and release hormones store minerals produce blood cells

Chondroblasts

Cartilage-forming cells that form the rudimentary models of bone.

Ligament

Dense fibrous connective tissue that binds the bones together, attaching bone to bone. They provide strength to certain joints and movement of the bones in relation to each other.

Axial skeleton

Forms the midline of the body consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Red bone marrow

Hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. Located within the spongy bone.

Appendicular skeleton

Includes the arms, legs, and their attachments to the trunk, which are the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

high compressive stress; low compressive stress

New bone is laid down in regions under____________ and bone is resorbed under areas of________________

Chondrocyte

Only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilage matrix.

Vertebral column

The body's main axis (the backbone or spine) that supports the head, protects the spinal cord, and serves as the site of attachment for the four limbs and various muscles.

Medullary cavity

The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow is stored.

Bone

The hard elements of the skeleton that contribute to support, movement, and protection. They also produce the blood cells and store minerals.

Growth plate

The reason why bones continue to grow. It is a narrow strip of cartilage that lengthens the bone as the two growth plates grow further and further apart. Chondroblast activity is concentrated outside of the plate, and osteoblast activity is concentrated on the inside of the plate.

Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in bone marrow.

Which of these statements is true regarding bone? Bone is not considered to be a living tissue because it does not contain cells or blood vessels. The outer surface of bone is covered with loose connective tissue. Dense, compact bone is located in the middle of long bones. Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in bone marrow. The epiphysis of a long bone is filled with yellow bone marrow.