PD BIO MID II - (Lesson 18: ALL Endocrine & Assign 6) finalized

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Function -Location of primary target cells -Changes in cell function

1. A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates water balance, reducing the amount of water lost in urine. 2. The kidneys 3. Stimulates the reuptake of water.

What characteristics set the endocrine system apart from the nervous system as a communications system?

1. Hormones of the endocrine system reach nearly every cell. 2. Each hormone acts only on certain cells. 3. Endocrine control tends to be slower than nervous system control. 4. The endocrine and nervous systems can (and often do) interact with each other.

Pheromone

A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.

Diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

Addison's disease

A disease resulting from low ACTH, cortisol, and/or aldosterone, causing muscle tissue breakdown. Symptoms include abnormal bronzing of the skin.

Cushing syndrome

A disease resulting from too much cortisol and/or aldosterone causing muscle tissue break down, fat disposition in the midsection, excess reabsorption of water and sodium by the kidneys, and elevated blood pH.

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that regulates fat storage in the body.

Androgen

A male sex hormone, such as testosterone.

Growth factor

A naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation--"the fight or flight response."

Circadian rhythm

A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.

Diabetes Insipidus

A rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin, which regulates kidney function.

Hypothalamus

A small region at the base of the brain that serves as a homeostatic control center, serving as an important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Anabolic steroid

A synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle. Such hormones are used medicinally to treat some forms of weight loss and (illegally) by some athletes and others to enhance physical performance.

Acromegaly

Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

Parathyroid glands

Four small glands embedded in the back of the thyroid. They produce the parathyroid hormone.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland that causes skin color change in fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Little known about it's role in humans.

Growth Hormone (GH; Somatotropin)

Hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland that makes your bones and muscle grow through action of IGF's (insulin-like growth factors). The target cell is hard to define, but the effects of GH are most obvious in bone and muscle. Specific actions include stimulating protein synthesis and cell division and using body fat as a source of energy.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

Gonadotropic hormones (LH & FSH)

Hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the gonads (reproductive organs) to produce their hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) and for egg development and release, sperm production.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid glands to produce thyroid hormones

Epinephrine

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, also called adrenaline.

Parathyroid hormone

Hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that removes calcium and phosphate from bone, increases the absorption of calcium by the digestive tract, and causes the kidneys to retain calcium and excrete phosphate.

Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormone

Hormone released by the hypothalamus to inhibit the anterior pituitary.

Hypothalamic-releasing hormone

Hormone released by the hypothalamus to release anterior pituitary hormones

Cortisol

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that assists in maintaining blood glucose levels and suppressing inflammatory responses that occur after an infection or injury.

Aldosterone

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that is responsible for regulating the amounts of sodium and potassium in the body.

Glucagon

Hormone secreted by the pancreas that targets alpha cells and RAISES blood sugar.

Insulin

Hormone secreted by the pancreas that targets beta cells and LOWERS blood sugar.

Melatonin

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland called the "hormone of darkness." It helps produce sleepiness.

Thymosin

Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes

Thyroxine

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that speeds up cellular metabolism

Calcitonin

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise. It lowers blood calcium levels and stimulates calcium deposition in bones by inhibiting osteoclast activity and division.

Myxedema

Hypothyroidism that occurs from too little iodine. It results in swelling of the skin and underlying tissues, weight gain, mental dullness, and sensitivity to cold.

Cyclic AMP

Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).

Mineralcorticoids

Regulates salt and water balance

Adrenal cortex

The division of the adrenal gland that is stimulated by ACTH. It secretes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.

Diabetes Mellitus

The most common form of diabetes, caused by a deficiency of the pancreatic hormone insulin, which results in a failure to metabolize sugars and starch. Sugars accumulate in the blood and urine, and the byproducts of alternative fat metabolism disturb the acid-base balance of the blood, causing a risk of convulsions and coma.

Steroid hormones

This classification of hormones are structurally related to cholesterol, and are all lipid-soluble. They enter the cell, bind to an intercellular receptor, and activate genes that produce new proteins.

Non-steroid hormones

This classification of hormones are structurally related to proteins, and are lipid insoluble. They bind to receptors on a cell's surface and initiate a series of events that alters cellular activity in some way, even though the hormone never enters the cell at all.

Anterior pituitary gland

This gland of the pituitary gland that secretes six key hormones: -Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) -Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -Gonadotropic hormones (LH & FSH) -Prolactin (PRL) -Growth hormone (GH) -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) The release of each hormone, in part, is controlled by a releasing or inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus.

Thymus gland

This gland secretes the hormones Thymosin and Thymopoietin. Its target cells are lymphocytes. Its function is to help lymphocytes mature, especially in children.

How do hormones reach their target cells?

Through the circulatory (cardiovascular) system.

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

To aid in the establishment and maintenance of homeostasis.

How do hormones cause change in cell function?

When hormones bind with specific receptors on target cells within tissues and organs they cause a change in the biological activity within the target cell. Steroid hormones enter the target cell and nonsteroid hormones bind to a cell membrane receptor.

an individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. a few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. this is primarily due to the secretion of a. epinephrine from the adrenal medulla b. thyroxine from the thyroid c. insulin from the pancreas d. cortisol from the adrenal cortex e. norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

a. epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as a. hormones b. stimuli c. effectors d. target cells e. neurons

a. hormones

luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because a. it promotes growth of reproductive organs in both males and females b. it triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones c. it stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males d. its functions to complement the activity of TSH e. it stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females

a. it promotes growth of reproductive organs in both males and females

the hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is a. luteinizing hormone b. progesterone c. prolactin d. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone e. follicle-stimulating hormone

a. luteinizing hormone

the pineal gland produces a. melatonin b. thymosin c. estrogen d. insulin e. cortisol

a. melatonin

insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by a. promoting the entry of glucose into cells b. stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormone c. stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose d. activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland e. promoting the breakdown of fat

a. promoting the entry of glucose into cells

hormones are specific to particular tissues because ______________ . a. target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone b. they will only interact with target cells at a synapse c. they can only be released following depolarization of the target cell d. they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells e. all of the above are correct

a. target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

when oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the a. uterus b. breasts c. hypothalamus d. kidney e. both the breasts and uterus

a. uterus

thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of a. ACTH b. TSH c. LH d. FSH e. GH

b. TSH

which one of the following is not an anterior pituitary hormone a. adrenocorticotropic hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. follicle-stimulating hormone e. prolactin

b. antidiuretic hormone

alcohol inhibits the secretion of a. oxytocin b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. prolactin (PRL) d. glucagon e. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

the "fight-or-flight" response triggers the release of a. prolactin b. epinephrine c. melatonin d. ADH e. growth hormone

b. epinephrine

insulin works as an antagonist to a. thymosin b. glucagon c. thryoid hormone d. testosterone e. oxytocin

b. glucagon

the hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-awake cycles is a. thyroxine b. melatonin c. thymosin d. progesterone e. glucagon

b. melatonin

rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to a. reabsorb calcium b. reabsorb sodium c. reabsorb hydrogen d. reabsorb potassium e. reabsorb iodine

b. reabsorb calcium

insulin causes a. an increase in the production of glucagon b. a decrease in blood pressure c. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose d. an increase in blood pressure e. an increase in he concentration of blood glucose

c. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called a. gamma cells b. delta cells c. beta cells d. alpha cells e. theta cells

c. beta cells

insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in a. gigantism b. acromegaly c. dwarfism d. diabetes insipidus e. a drop in blood glucose levels

c. dwarfism

uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by a. prolactin b. ADH c. insulin d. parathyroid hormone e. glucagon

c. insulin

diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of a. glucagon b. prolactin (PRL) c. growth hormone d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) e. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

which of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced? a. phosphorus b. iron c. calcium d. iodine e. zinc

d. iodine

non-steroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that a. they cause a change to occur in the target cell b. they bind to an intracellular receptor c. they activate enzymes in the cell membrane d. they bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane e. they are water insoluble

d. they bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane

which of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males? a. growth hormone b. aldosterone c. prolactin d. FSH e. LH

e. LH

the anterior pituitary gland produces a. ACTH b. LH c. TSH d. PRL e. all of the above are correct

e. all of the above are correct

a goiter results from low dietary iodine levels a. as glucagon levels elevate b. due to ADH levels rising controllably c. due to the activity of teh anterior pituitary gland d. because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine e. because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

e. because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

the thyroid gland is located a. within the pancreas b. within the mediastinum c. above the kidneys d. within the parathyroid gland e. below the adams apple

e. below the adams apple

hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called a. acromegaly b. cushings disease c. myxedema d. pituitary dwarfism e. gigantism

e. gigantism

the hypothalamus is most closely associated with the a. pancreas b. thymus gland c. thyroid gland d. pineal gland e. pituitary gland

e. pituitary gland

growth hormone a. results in cushings disease if produced in excess b. is secreted by the thymus gland c. is produced by the thyroid gland d. prevents urine production e. promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles

e. promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles

in order for all hormones to cause a response, they must first bind to an appropriate receptor on the target cells membrane T or F

false

steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membrane to bind to receptors in the nucleus T or F

true

the levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone T or F

true

Pituitary gland

"The master gland" that secretes 8 different hormones that in regulate many of the other endocrine glands. It is made up of the anterior (AP) and posterior (PP) sections.

Which hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Oxytocin

Oxytocin -Function -Location of primary target cells -Changes in cell funtion

1. Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk letdown 2. Uterus and mammary glands (breasts) 3. Stimulates the ":let down" of milk

Prostaglandins

A chemical messenger that controls local blood flow, constricts blood vessels, dilates blood vessels, and contributes to inflammatory response and blood clotting.

How are hormones classified?

As steroid or non-steroid, based on their structure and mechanism of action.

Pancreas

Both an endocrine gland (secreting hormones into the blood) and an exocrine gland (secreting enzymes, fluids, and ions into the digestive tract to aid in digestion). It secretes the hormones: glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

Neuroendocrine cells

Cells in the hypothalamus that function as both nerve cells and endocrine cells because they can generate nerve impulses and secrete hormones into blood vessels.

Cretinsim

Condition that occurs when the thyroid fails to develop properly in children resulting in a short and stocky body. Mental retardation is prominent.

Thyroid gland

Gland located just below the larynx. It produces two main hormones: Thyroxine and Calcitonin.

Prolactin (PRL)

Hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland that causes mammary gland development in the mother prior to birth and milk production after birth.

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.

When and how much of the hormone is released?

Release is regulated by feedback mechanisms. Both negative and positive exist, although negative are much more common.

Estrogen

Steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body. The ovaries produce this hormone naturally.

Second messenger

The activated molecule within the cell that carries the message provided by the hormone without the hormone ever entering the cell. Ex. cyclic AMP

Adrenal medulla

This division of the adrenal gland is stimulated by the nervous system, not the endocrine system, and secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Adrenal gland

This gland is located on top of the kidneys and divided into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

Posterior pituitary gland

This gland of the pituitary gland stores ADH and Oxytocin.

Pineal gland

This gland secretes the hormone Melatonin. Its target cells are most cells. Its function is to sychronize body rhythms.

an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called a. exophthalmos b. myxedema c. acromegaly d. goiter e. cretinism

d. goiter

which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland a. prolactin b. growth hormone c. thyroid-stimulating hormone d. luteinizing hormone e. oxytocin

e. oxytocin

insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores T or F

false

most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms T or F

true

steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes T or F

true