PE: Muscles

Biceps

Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery (inside of upper arm)

Hamstring

Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball (back of the upper leg under the butt)

Abdominals

Flex the trunk across the stomach Pulling the body down when hurdling (stomach area)

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal Muscles are those which attach to bones and have the main function of contracting to facilitate movement of our skeletons.

Antagonistic Pairs (the prime mover and the antagonist

Antagonistic pairs of muscles create movement when one (the prime mover) contracts and the other (the antagonist) relaxes. Examples of antagonistic pairs working are: the quadriceps and hamstrings in the leg the biceps and triceps in the arm

Types of Muscle Contractions and meanings

- Isotonic Contractions (meaning some tension) - Isometric (meaning same distance or not moving) - Isokinetic (meaning same speed)

Gluteals

Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball (butt)

Latissimus dorsi

Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder Butterfly stroke in swimming (rib cage area)

Pectorals

Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis (chest area)

Concentric Contractions

Concentric contractions are those which cause the muscle to shorten as it contracts. An example is bending the elbow from straight to fully flexed, causing a concentric contraction of the Biceps Brachii muscle. Concentric contractions are the most common type of muscle contraction and occur frequently in daily and sporting activities.

Eccentric Contractions

Eccentric contractions are the opposite of concentric and occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts. For example, when kicking a football, the Quadriceps muscle contracts concentrically to straighten the knee and the Hamstrings contract eccentrically to decelerate the motion of the lower limb

Triceps

Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin (outside of upper arm)

Quadriceps

Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards (upper leg front area)

Trapezius

Hold the shoulders in place, move head back and sideways Holding head up in rugby scrum (upper back area under neck)

Isokinetic Contractions

Isokinetic contractions are similar to isotonic in that the muscle changes length during the contraction, where they differ is that Isokinetic contractions produce movements of a constant speed - breast stroke in swimming, where the water provides a constant, even resistance to the movement of adduction.

Isometric contractions

Isometric contractions occur when there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle. This occurs when carrying an object in front of you as the weight of the object is pulling your arms down

Deltoids

Move the arm in all directions at the shoulder Bowling a cricket ball (shoulder area)

Gastrocnemius

Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee Running (calves)

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as Involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movements

Cardiac Muscle

This type of muscle is found solely in the walls of the heart. It has similarities with skeletal muscles in that it is striated and with smooth muscles in that its contractions are not under conscious control.

Isotonic Contractions

those which cause the muscle to change length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part