Pearson Chapter 15: Development of the Nervous System

Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders is approximately _______ percent in the United States.

1

The beginnings of the nervous system develop _____ days after conception.

18

The concordance rate for ASD in monozygotic twins is ___________ percent, whereas the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is ____________ percent.

70;5

Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to ADHD?

ADHD symptoms are likely caused by underactive dopamine neurons.

The MOST common treatment for ADHD is:

Administration of methylphenidate.

For autism spectrum disorder, the first symptoms to emerge typically include:

Avoidance of eye contact.

Trisomy 21 is commonly known as ______ syndrome.

Down

The human brain continues developing until:

Early adulthood, at least.

If a cat is raised in an environment consisting of vertical lines, its brain will develop without the ability to process horizontal lines. This development shows the role of ____________ in postnatal brain development.

Experience.

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the effects of alcohol on nervous system development.

Fetal alcohol syndrome results in impaired brain development.

Table 15.1: Disorders of Development

Fill in the cells by dragging the appropriate answer

Research suggests that the heritability of ADHD is _____________, ranging from _______________ percent.

High; 75 to 90

Which statement is MOST accurate when considering brain changes in those with autism spectrum disorder?

Individuals with ASD experience rapid brain growth in the first few years of life.

A teratogenic:

Is any environmental factor that causes birth defects.

Recent research suggests that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is ______ related to socioeconomic status.

Not

Which statement is true regarding the prevalence, diagnosis, or symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Over half of children with ADHD show symptoms into adulthood.

Tyra has phenylketonuria. Which statement is MOST accurate?

Phenylketonuria results from a missing protein.

______ is the MOST common inherited metabolic disorder potentially affecting brain development. It is treated by _____.

Phenylketonuria; a low-phenyalanine diet

Untreated __________________ results in damage to cerebral white matter, the thalamus, and the cerebellum.

Pyridoxine dependency

Deontay has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. He exhibits a restricted, repetitive pattern of behavior when he:

Rocks back and forth.

_______________ results from a missing enzyme that results in certain waste products not being destroyed by lysosomes. As a result, lysosomes get larger, eventually causing the brain to swell.

Tay-Sachs disease

Hardy is 10. He has been diagnosed with ADHD. Based on the textbook's discussion, which statement is MOST likely true with respect to Hardy's brain?

The cortical thickness of Hardy's brain is similar to that of an unaffected child three years younger; ultimately, though, the growth of Hardy's brain will catch up to that of children without ADHD.

Which statement is true regarding the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder?

The increase in autism cases is likely due to increased awareness and changes in diagnostic criteria.

During the prenatal development of the nervous system, the center of the neural tube becomes the ___________, whereas the outside tissue becomes the ___________.

Ventricles; brain tissue

Seven weeks after conception, a period of asymmetrical division takes place during the prenatal development of the nervous system. During this period, _________ are produced.

a progenitor cell and a brain cell

If the axon of a newly developed neuron is unable to find a vacant postsynaptic cell, it will experience:

apoptosis.

It takes nine-year-old Carlito nearly two hours to complete a 30-minute homework assignment because he is so easily distracted. In class, he blurts out responses to the teacher's question without raising his hand, and he has trouble waiting his turn in games and other activities. He will often jump up and leave his seat. Carlito is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity

The social deficits that individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience suggest_____________ activation of the ________________.

decreased; fusiform face area

Research has shown that neurogenesis:

occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb of the adult brain.

The ____________ layers of the cerebral cortex are formed last.

outer.

Mouse models of Down syndrome suggest that _____________ of ____________ may impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity and associated learning and memory.

overactivity; GABA

The symptoms of ADHD are similar to those caused by damage to the _____________________, specifically distractibility, forgetfulness, impulsivity, and poor planning.

prefrontal cortex

______________ allow newly formed neurons to migrate from the ventricular zone to their final resting place.

radial glia

Prenatal exposure to alcohol:

results in smaller amounts of long-term potentiation.

Diagnosis of ADHD requires _______ or more of the nine symptoms for inattention and/or hyperactivity.

six

The delay of reinforcement gradient is ______ among children with ADHD than it is among their unaffected peers, suggesting that children with ADHD are _____ susceptible to the lure of instant gratification than are their peers.

steeper; more