PEDG 2342 Midterm
What is the approximate difference between the amount of per-pupil expenditure provided to students in high-income communities and the amount of per-pupil expenditure provided to students in low-income communities in the United States?
$12,000
What is the approximate range of per-pupil expenditure for public schools in the United States?
$3,000-$15,000
What percentage of the total U.S. population was born outside the United States?
12%
At what percentage does Congress fund mandated services of children with disabilities as of 2007?
18%
What percentage of the total cost to educate children with disabilities has Congress set?
40%
In 2005, what percentage of fourth graders in the United States were eligible for free or reduced lunches?
41%
What percentage of school funds is supported by local property taxes?
44%
What percentage of students have experienced physical sexual harassment at school?
68%
What is the percentage of support that the U.S. federal government provides toward the cost for education?
7%
The income of women was what percentage of men's in 2005?
81%
What statement best describes a person's opportunity for social mobility in the United States?
A college education is the most reliable step for moving form a low-income to a middle-class and higher status
Which of the following statements is not true? (4)
A variety of gender behaviors is widely tolerated
What is the difference between American Sign Language (ASL) and signed English?
ASL is the only sign language recognized as a language in its own right
In which of the following ways are languages the same?
All languages have developed to express the needs of their users
Which of the following statements is true?(4)
Although there are tendencies for male and female behavior, not all men and women fit a male or female stereotype
What percentage of the U.S. population has ancestors who immigrated to the United States (as opposed to those who were born outside the United States)?
Approximately 88%
Which group is consistently shown to be underrepresented in disability categories and overrepresented in gifted and talented classes?
Asians and Pacific Americans
Which of the following is not an advantage that boys tend to have in schools?
Attention-getting classroom behavior
Which of the following groups is least likely to adhere to rigid gender roles?
Bicultural families
Which of the following is not relevant in the controversy generated by California's Proposition 227?
Bilingual education and English as a Second Language (ESL) may explain differing special education placement rates for African Americans and Latinos
Which of the following statements is not true about boys?
Boys tend to favor the left hemisphere of the brain that is associated with speaking, reading, and writing
Men workers are overrepresented in what area?
Business
Which of the following statements best describes the Census predictions about U.S. schools?
By 2050, students of color will comprise more than 50% of the U.S. school population
Which of the following statements is true? (5)
By the 1998-1999 school year, nearly one half of the students with disabilities spent a significant part of their day in general education classrooms
How is poverty tracked in schools?
By the number of students eligible for free or reduced lunches
Which of the following statements is not true?
Census projections for schools in 2050 indicate that white students will continue to comprise approximately 70% of U.S. school populations
What role should nonstandard English play in the schools?
Children's use of nonstandard English should be respected
Which of the following statements does not describe the characteristics of culture?
Culture is individualized
Which statement is not true about curriculum for equality?
Curriculum and textbooks generally focus on the role of labor in the United States
The dialect of the majority of Black Americans is called
Ebonics
Which of the following statements is true? (5a)
Exceptional children are defined as those children who differ from the norm.
Which of the following statements is not true about girls?
Females are reported to have greater right-hemisphere specialization
Which of the following group sis more likely to require strict adherence to gender-differentiated roles?
Fundamentalist religious groups
According to the U.S. Census (2006), most U.S. citizens identify their ethnicity as?
German
The European heritage with which most U.S. people of European American ethnicity identify is?
German
Which of the following statements is not true? (6c)
Individuals who are deaf rarely marry another deaf person
Which of the following statements is true? (3a)
International studies report that the gap between high and low wages is greater in the United States than in most other industrialized countries
Laws forcing whites and people of color to use different public accommodations such as water fountains, restaurants, transportation, and schools were called?
Jim Crow laws
An educator who has had great influence on our understanding of the role of democracy in education is?
John Dewey
Which of the following is not an advantage that boys tend to have in schools?
Less likely to be victims of school violence
Which statement best describes the development of multicultural education?
Multicultural education is not a new concept
Which of the following statements is not true? (6a)
Native speakers are consciously aware of the rules of their language community
Which function is not served by nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication conveys surface messages
Which of the following statements is not true about nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication never replaces a verbal message
Which of the following statements is true? (5b)
Nutrition can affect special education placement
Which of the following statements is true? (6a)
People who share the same language often share the same feelings, beliefs, and behaviors
Which court case did NOT lead to greater inclusion of students with special needs?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Which of the following statements is true? (3b)
Poverty is least likely to be a condition of white men
Which of the following statements is not true? (4c)
Researchers have found a difference in the achievement of students attending single-sex schools compared with those attending coed schools
Which of the following statements is not true? (4b)
Researchers have found that educators treat boys and girls equally in the classroom
Which of the following is not a fundamental belief or assumption supporting the concept of multicultural education?
School is not the place to promote democracy
Which of the following is a fundamental belief or assumption supporting the concept of multicultural education?
Schools should be models for the expression of human rights and respect for cultural and group differences
Which of the following statements is not true about sexual harassment in schools?
Sexual harassment is experienced by only girls and not boys
Which of the following statements is true? (6b)
Some scholars estimate that as many as 10,000 languages exist in the world today.
The language that is considered proper in the Unite estates is known as
Standard English
What statement best describes teacher expectations?
Teacher expectations can be a self-fulfilling prophesy
Which statement is not true about teacher expectations?
Teacher expectations often have little impact on the educational experiences of low-income students
Which of the following is not recommended for teachers who work with students with disabilities?
Teachers should be especially protective of students with disabilities
Which statement is not true? (3)
The "culture of poverty" best describes the condition of the poor
Which of the following statements is not true about Title IX?
The Title IX law prevents gender discrimination in all memberships in clubs
Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the assessment of children who are English Language Learners (ELL)?
The assessment of children who are ELL is seen as unbiased
Gender is defined as?
The characteristics of femininity and masculinity that are determined by culture
Which of the following was not an outcome of the Lau v. Nichols 1974 class-action suit?
The court mandated bilingual education for non-English-speaking students or limited-English-speaking students
Which statement best describes the poor?
The poor are a very heterogeneous group
Which of the following statements is not true about the women's movement?
The women's movement began in the 1960s
Which of the following trends has been reported in the nation's schools from 1984 to 1999?
There has been a progressive trend toward greater inclusion in the nation's schools
Which statement best describes U.S. immigration policy historically?
Throughout history, the U.S. Congress has tended to prohibit the immigration of different national or ethnic groups
What mechanism does not describe the process through which immigrants may legally enter the United States today?
Undocumented
Which is not an example of the INTASC (Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium) dispositions expected of teacher candidates?
Using assessment to identify student deficiencies
Which of the following statements is true?
Various groups under the heading of Asians and Pacific Americans experience different rates of placement into special education and gifted and talented classes
The most reliable step for moving form a low-income to a middle-class and higher status is?
a college education
The definition of meritocracy is?
a system based on the belief that an individual's achievements are based on his or her own efforts
Which of the following approaches will likely lead to a child's effective adjustment to his/her disability?
acknowledging the limitations of students with disabilities
Generally, the media do NOT portray individuals with disabilities as
adults capable of leadership
At what age have children generally learned the syntax of their native language?
age 5
Which of the following statements is not true? (6b)
all languages are equal
The concept of normalization led to the practice of
allowing students with disabilities to learn in general education classes and have a sense of belonging in these classes
Supporters of tracking argue that separating students based on their perceived abilities?
allows teachers to better meet the needs of all students
Pluralism is associated with?
an understanding of otherness
How many gifted and talented students were reported in the United States in 2005?
approximately 3 million
What is the number of languages spoken in the United States in 2000, according to the Census Bureau
approximately 330 languages
What was the estimated number of non-English-speaking individuals living in the United States in 2000, according to the Census Bureau?
approximately 47 million
What percentage of women enroll in college compared to men?
approximately 55% of women enroll in college, compared to 45% of men
How many languages are estimated to exist in the world today?
between 4,000 and 5,000
Manual and repetitive labor is associated with?
blue-collar work
Researchers have found that
boys and girls provide leadership equally in middle school science activities
The majority of legal immigrants enter the United States?
by family sponsorship
Dissonant acculturation describes the process of?
children learning English and the new culture while parents retain their native language and culture
Which statement is not true bout the concept of color blindness according to advocates of multicultural education?
color blindness will lead teachers to create fair and equitable classrooms
Which of the following statements describes the characteristics of culture?
culture is shared
The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision?
declared that separate schooling was not equal
Biological determinism refers to the argument that
differences between men and women are due to genetic makeup
An example of how teachers can facilitate the acceptance of a child with a disability into the classroom is
encouraging a hearing-impaired student to demonstrate how his/her hearing aid works
The process of acquiring the characteristics of a given culture is called?
enculturation
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was designed to
end discrimination against individuals with disabilities in private-sector employment, public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications
Which of the following is not an acculturation pattern among immigrant groups according to Rumbaut and Portes (2001)?
exclusion
Multicultural education is often criticized for?
focusing on differences rather than on similarities among groups
Jim Crow laws?
forced whites and people of color to use different public accommodations
The characteristics of felinity and masculinity that are determined by culture are called?
gender
Tracking is defined as the practice of?
grouping students by perceived ability level
The Lau v. Nichols 1972 class-action suit initially resulted in
guidelines that prescribed transitional bilingual education programs
The goal of desegregation?
has changed from the physical integration of students within a building to the achievement of equal learning opportunities and outcomes for all students
Today the focus of court cases concerning desegregation efforts?
has changed from the physical integration of students within a building to the achievement of equal learning opportunities and outcomes for all students
Homophobia is actually a form of
heterosexism
The privileged sexual orientation in U.S. society is
heterosexuality
Heterosexism is actually a form of
homophobia
Suggestions for addressing the topic of class in schools do not include?
identifying students as members of specific socioeconomic groups rather than individuals
An example for how teachers decrease the likelihood that a child with disabilities will be accepted as an equal in the classroom is
ignoring students' questions about a classmates's wheelchair
Women working are overrepresented in which of the following areas?
in service occupations
Attempts to reduce gender stereotyping have occurred
in textbooks
Today genera roles are stereotyped least
in textbooks
The number of people who identify themselves as multiethnic or multiracial has?
increased in recent years
A core value of the dominant culture of the United States is?
individualism
Which group generally experiences less discrimination and social rejection?
individuals who are gifted and talented
Which group is most likely to form its own cultural group?
individuals with hearing impairments
Inequalities that have been integrated into the system-wide operation of society through legislation and practices is called?
institutional discrimination
Suggestions for addressing the topic of class in schools include?
integrating the perspectives of poor, working class, middle class, and upper middle class
International studies report that the gap between high and low wages?
is greater in the United States than in most other industrialized countries
Appropriate gender behavior
is reinforced through schooling
See the Chapter 1 section entitled Multicultural Education?
know a second language
The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s?
led to greater equality for many groups in society
Researchers have found (4a)
little or no difference int he achievement of girls or their attitudes toward the subject when they are in girls-only or coed courses
Advocates of multicultural education argue that the concept of "color blindness"?
maintains white privilege because it fails to recognize the existence of racial inequality in schools
Normalization is defined as
making available to all students with disabilities or other handicaps patterns of life and conditions of everyday living that are as close as possible to or indeed the same as the regular circumstances and ways of life of society.
The system based on the belief that an individual's achievements are based on his or her own efforts is called?
meritocracy
Curriculum and textbooks usually focus on the values and experiences of?
middle-class society
Cultural borders are established in a classroom when teachers promote?
monoculturalism
How many individuals with disabilities were living in the United States in 2005?
more than 50 million
Border crossing occurs in?
multicultural classrooms
Advocates of multicultural education argue that the standards developed in the 1990s?
must promote the inclusion of diverse groups and multiple perspectives
The movement to restrict immigration is called?
nativism
The U.S. is comprised of how many ethnic groups?
nearly 300
Problems associated with the assessment of children who are English Language Learners (ELL) include
norming of tests on children from white, middle-class backgrounds
People who share the same language
often share the same feelings, beliefs, and behaviors
With regard to the use of computer technology, girls tend to be more involved with
online publishing
The media often portrays individuals with disabilities as
people who are childlike
Assimilation referes to?
policies that force children to adopt the dominant culture
With regard to the use of computer technology, boys tend to be more involved with
programming
Which statement is not true about the concept of race?
race is a stable category for organizing and differentiating people
The most integrated schools in the United States are?
rural schools
Multicultural education seeks to promote?
schools that value differences among students
According to Cummins, how long does it take for English Language Learners (ELL) to develop academic proficiency in English?
seven to nine years
The process of learning the social norms of a culture is called?
socialization
Replacing one's native language with a second language is called?
subtractive bilingualism
The 1972 federal law known as Title IX
supported educational equity for girls and women
In reference to student achievement, studies have shown that?
teachers can help to close the achievement gaps experienced by different groups of students
Children are less likely to adjust effectively to their disability when
teachers ignore the limitations of students with disabilities
Maslow's (1954) concept of self-actualization implies that
teachers must be a part of meeting the physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, and esteem needs of special education students.
The historic Supreme Court decision that declared that separate schooling was not equal was?
the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision
Class-action suits that led to greater inclusion of students with disabilities were brought in
the 1970s.
The most significant civil rights legislation in the United States since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was
the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Bilingualism is defined as
the ability to speak two languages
One are not chafed by Title IX legislation is
the basic assumptions and attitudes people hold about appropriate female and male roles, occupations, and behaviors
Individualism is defined as?
the belief that every individual is in control of his or her own destiny
Which statement is true?
the concept of race is a social construct
A central concern for special educators related to California's Proposition 227 is
the conflict between state and federal law.
Bilingual education has been supported by
the decision to allow principals and parents to make decisions about bilingual placement
Additive bilingualism referes to
the development of a second language without detriment to the first
California's Proposition 227 led to
the dismantling of bilingual education programs
The term colloquialism refers to
the informal or conversational speech of a community
Cultural identity is determined by?
the interaction of various group memberships within society
The definition of Standard English is?
the language that is considered proper in a community
Women in the United States have participated in a number of movements to fight for gender equality since
the mid-19th century
Which statement is not true?
the most integrated schools are located in urban areas
Wealth is defined as?
the net worth of a family
The concept of otherness describes?
the plurality of ways to understand the world
Stereotyping is defined as?
the process of applying generalizations to a group without consideration of individual differences within the group
Heterosexuality refers to
the sexual attraction to members of the opposite sex
Generally by the age of 5, children have learned which of the following about their native language?
the syntax of their native language
Studies (Carey, 2004; Sanders & Rivers, 1996) indicate that the most significant factor in student achievement is?
the teacher's effectiveness
In his 1916 classic, educator and philosopher John Dewey explored?
the tension between democracy and egalitarianism
Which of the following instructional approaches is likely to be detrimental to children who use nonstandard dialects?
the use of nonstandard English in school
In recent years,
there has been an increase in the number of people who identify themselves as multiethnic and multiracial
Which is true about blue-collar jobs?
they require manual and often repetitive labor
Exceptionality referes to
those individuals who differ form the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to fully benefit from education
According to Cummins, how long does it take for English Language Learners (ELL) to develop an everyday conversational use of English?
two years
Which of the following is not a contributing variable associated with disproportionate placement of male, minority, and low-income students into special education?
unbiased assessment
The net worth of a family is called?
wealth
The ethnic groups least likely to be familiar with the ethnicities and cultures of other groups are
white ethnic groups
The ethnic groups that are most vulnerable to knowing only their own group and culture are?
white ethnic groups
Poverty is least likely to affect?
white men
