PEDI CH. 6 EAQ

Which intervention does the nurse recognize as having the greatest impact on the significant decline in incidence of communicable diseases of childhood? 1. Immunizations 2. New medical treatments 3. Proper hand washing skills 4. Secondary prevention measures

1. Immunizations Immunizations have resulted in a significant decline in the incidence of communicable diseases of childhood. New medical treatments help treat disease but do not reduce the incidence of communicable diseases of childhood. Proper hand washing skills help reduce the spread of infection, but immunizations have the greatest impact in the decline in communicable diseases of childhood. Secondary prevention measures have not had the greatest impact in the significant decline in communicable diseases of childhood.

Which period describes the interval between early manifestations of a disease and the overt clinical syndrome? 1. Prodromal 2. Incubation 3. Desquamation 4. Period of communicability

1. Prodromal The prodromal period is defined as the symptoms that occur between early manifestations of the disease and overt clinical symptoms. The incubation period is the time from exposure to the appearance of the first symptom. The desquamation period refers to the shedding of skin when applicable for a syndrome or disorder. The period of communicability describes the period when the child is infectious.

Which method is appropriate when obtaining a urine specimen from an infant? 1. Use a urine collection bag. 2. Use a continuous urinary catheter. 3. Give fluids and administer a diuretic. 4. Use terms such as "pee-pee" so the baby understands.

1. Use a urine collection bag. Use of a urine collection bag is most appropriate when one needs to obtain a urine sample from an infant. A continuous catheter and giving fluids with a diuretic is not appropriate. Infants do not understand terms about voiding yet.

Which vaccines are contraindicated for children who are immunocompromised? Select all that apply. 1. Varicella 2. Tetanus 3. Pertussis 4. Inactivated polio 5. Measles, mumps, and rubella

1. Varicella 5. Measles, mumps, and rubella Varicella is not recommended for children who are immunocompromised. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is not recommended for children who are immunocompromised. Tetanus vaccine, pertussis vaccine, and inactivated polio vaccine can be safely administered to immunocompromised children.

Which causative agent results in chickenpox? 1. Varicella zoster virus 2. Human parvovirus B19 3. Human herpesvirus type 6 4. Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus

1. Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus is the causative agent for chickenpox. Human parvovirus B19 is the causative agent for erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). Human herpesvirus type 6 is the causative agent for exanthema subitum (roseola). Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus is the causative agent for scarlet fever.

Which vitamin supplement reduces the morbidity and mortality of measles, especially in developing countries? 1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin D 3. Vitamin E 4. Vitamin K

1. Vitamin A Vitamin A supplementation in two doses reduces the morbidity and mortality (due to pneumonia) in children with measles in developing countries. Vitamin D is useful in preventing rickets, but it is not useful for measles. Vitamin E does not reduce the morbidity and mortality of measles. Vitamin K has a role in the formation of clotting factors, but it is not useful in preventing morbidity and mortality of measles.

Which clinical manifestation of scarlet fever is present in the prodromal stage of the disease? 1. Enlarged tonsils 2. Abrupt high fever 3. Rash over the body 4. Red "strawberry tongue"

2. Abrupt high fever Abrupt high fever, vomiting, headache, chills, malaise, abdominal pain, and halitosis are clinical manifestations of scarlet fever in its prodromal stage. Enlarged tonsils and red "strawberry tongue" (enanthema) occur during the first 1 to 2 days. Body rash (exanthema) appears within 12 hours after the onset of prodromal signs.

Which condition has a child with a fever, uneasiness, and vesicles on the face and head likely developed? 1. Diphtheria 2. Chickenpox 3. Exanthem subitum 4. Erythema infectiosum

2. Chickenpox The child has developed chickenpox. Children with chickenpox will experience slight fever and malaise. Development of vesicles on the upper extremities first instead of the lower extremities is an indication of chickenpox. Symptoms of diphtheria vary according to the anatomic location of the pseudomembrane. Symptoms of nasal diphtheria resemble the symptoms of the common cold. Exanthem subitum is associated with a high-grade fever above 103o F. Development of rashes, abdominal pain, and vomiting are the symptoms of erythema infectiosum.

Which statement is correct regarding the administration of varicella and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines? 1. Immunocompromised children may receive them. 2. Children can be vaccinated when they have the common cold. 3. They are allowed for children with recently acquired passive immunity. 4. Injection sites can be close to each other with simultaneous immunizations.

2. Children can be vaccinated when they have the common cold. Immunization of children with varicella and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines who have the common cold will not produce any contraindicating reactions. Immunization should not be provided to immunocompromised children. Immunization with varicella and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines should not be carried out in children who have recently received acquired immunity through transfusion. Immunization should be postponed in these cases for a minimum of 3 months. When two immunizations are given simultaneously to children, injection sites should be far away from each other.

Which causative agent is responsible for erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)? 1. Paramyxovirus 2. Human parvovirus B19 3. Human herpesvirus type 6 4. Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus

2. Human parvovirus B19 Human parvovirus B19 is the causative agent of fifth disease. Paramyxovirus causes mumps. Human herpesvirus types 1 and 2 are the major causes of herpetic infections in human beings. Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus is the causative agent for scarlet fever.

Which chief complaint do patients complain of when suffering from rashes? 1. Fever 2. Itching 3. Swelling 4. Drainage

2. Itching Itching is the chief complaint from most people with rashes. Fever is not the chief complaint; neither is drainage or swelling.

Which disease would cause a child to have symptoms of fever, headache, earache while chewing, neck swelling, and testicular pain? 1. Rubella 2. Mumps 3. Rubeola 4. Pertussis

2. Mumps The signs and symptoms in this child indicate mumps. Fever, headache, and earache while chewing food are present in the prodromal stage of mumps. The swelling in the neck is caused by parotitis, an inflammation of the parotid salivary gland. Epididymo-orchitis is inflammation of the testes and epididymis, and it is caused by mumps. It is one of the common complications seen in male children. These findings are not present in the other childhood diseases such as rubella, rubeola, and pertussis.

Which nursing action is appropriate when considering a 12-year-old child who has not received the hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine? 1. One dose is needed at age 14 years. 2. The three-dose series would be started at this time. 3. Only one dose will be needed sometime during adolescence. 4. The three-dose series would be started at age 16 years or sooner if the adolescent becomes sexually active.

2. The three-dose series would be started at this time. Adolescents should be vaccinated against hepatitis B at this age if they have not been previously. Three doses of HBV are required to achieve immunity. It is recommended that the HBV vaccine series be started at birth. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that vaccinations be completed by the age of 13 years.

Which mode of transmission of pertussis (whooping cough) is common? 1. Fecal 2. Blood 3. Droplet 4. Mucous membranes

3. Droplet The typical mode of transmission of pertussis is direct contact or the droplet route. The fecal, blood, and mucous membrane routes are not typical modes of transmission of pertussis.

Which drug administration is recommended to decrease the risk of mortality in a child with measles? 1. Vitamin C 2. Vitamin D 3. Vitamin A 4. Vitamin K

3. Vitamin A Measles with vitamin deficiency can be fatal to children. Two doses of vitamin A (200,000 IU) should be given on 2 successive days after the diagnosis of measles is made. This can reduce the mortality rate, pneumonia-specific mortality, and morbidity associated with measles. Vitamin A prevents any complications associated with measles, such as diarrhea and infections. A single dose of vitamin A may not be effective. Vitamins C, D, and K do not play any role in treating or preventing measles. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, and vitamin K deficiency can lead to blood clotting abnormalities.