Peds Final

The charge nurse on a pediatric unit is making a room assignment for a school-age child diagnosed with sickle cell disease, who is in splenic sequestration crisis. Which room assignment is most appropriate for this client? 1. Semiprivate room 2. Reverse-isolation room 3. Contact-isolation room 4. Private room

Explanation: 1. Splenic sequestration can be life-threatening, and there is profound anemia. The child does not need an isolation room but should not be placed in a room with any child who may have an infectious illness. The private room is appropriate for this child.

What level of prevention is a parenting class? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary

A) Primary

The nurse is providing care to a preschool-age client who was admitted to the medical-surgical unit after an acute asthma attack. Which interventions foster a family-centered focus to client care? Select all that apply. 1. Discussing rooming in with the parents of the client 2. Allowing the client to "cry it out" after the parents leave for the evening 3. Providing comfort items from home, such as a blanket 4. Maintaining strict visitation for the family 5. Discussing what to expect during the hospital stay

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Family-centered care principles that are used in the hospital setting include rooming in, providing comfort items from home, and discussing what to expect. Allowing the child to "cry it out" and maintaining strict visitation for the family are not family-centered principles.

The nurse notes a history of a grade III heart murmur in a small infant. When assessing the heart, the nurse would expect to: 1. Auscultate a quiet but easily heard murmur. 2. Auscultate a moderately loud murmur without a palpable thrill. 3. Auscultate a very loud murmur with easily palpable thrill. 4. Listen without a stethoscope and hear a murmur at chest wall.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. A quiet but easily heard murmur is a grade II. A moderately loud murmur without palpable thrill is a grade III. A very loud murmur with easily palpable thrill is a grade V. A murmur heard at the chest wall without the aid of a stethoscope is a grade VI.

13) What is the pediatric nurse's best defense against an accusation of malpractice or negligence? 1. Following the physician's written orders 2. Meeting the scope and standards of practice for pediatric nursing 3. Being a nurse practitioner or clinical nurse specialist 4. Acting on the advice of the nurse manager

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Meeting the scope and standards of practice for pediatric nursing would cover the pediatric nurse against an accusation of malpractice or negligence because the standards are rigorous and cover all bases of excellent nursing practice. Following the physician's written orders or acting on the advice of the nurse manager are not enough to defend the nurse from accusations because the orders and/or advice may be wrong or unethical. Being a clinical nurse specialist or nurse practitioner does not defend the nurse against these accusations if he or she does not follow the Society of Pediatric Nurses standards of practice.

The charge nurse on a hospital unit is developing plans of care related to separation anxiety. The charge nurse recognizes that which hospitalized child at highest risk to experience separation anxiety when parents cannot stay? 1. 6-month-old 2. 18-month-old 3. 3-year-old 4. 4-year-old

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. While all of these children can experience separation anxiety, the young toddler is at highest risk. Toddlers are the group most at risk for a stressful experience when hospitalized. Separation from parents increases this risk greatly.

An adolescent client with cystic fibrosis suddenly becomes noncompliant with the medication regime. Which intervention by the nurse will most likely improve compliance for this client? 1. Give the child a computer-animated game that presents information on the management of cystic fibrosis. 2. Arrange for the physician to sit down and talk to the child about the risks related to noncompliance with medications. 3. Set up a meeting with some older teens with cystic fibrosis who have been managing their disease effectively. 4. Discuss with the child's parents the privileges that can be taken away, such as cell phone, if compliance fails to improve.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Providing an adolescent with positive role models who are in his peer group is the intervention most likely to improve compliance. Interest in games may begin to wane, adults' opinions may be viewed negatively and challenged, and threatening punishment may further incite rebellion.

The nurse is performing an assessment of a child's biologic family history. Which situation would necessitate the nurse's asking the mother for information should use the term "child's father" instead of "your husband"? 1. Traditional nuclear family 2. Traditional extended family 3. Two-income nuclear family 4. Cohabitating informal stepfamily

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The mother from the cohabitating informal stepfamily does not have a husband; the nurse should be asking about the "child's father." In the traditional nuclear family, the traditional extended family, and the two-income nuclear family, the child's father is the same person as the mother's husband.

A group of children on one hospital unit are all suffering separation anxiety. Which child is experiencing the despair stage of separation anxiety? 1. Does not cry if parents return and leave again 2. Screams and cries when parents leave 3. Appears to be happy and content with staff 4. Lies quietly in bed

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Children in the despair stage appear sad, depressed, or withdrawn. A child who is lying in bed might be exhibiting any of these. Screaming and crying are components of the protest stage. The young child who appears to be happy and content with everyone is in the denial stage, as is the child who does not cry if parents return and leave again.

A nurse is caring for a visually impaired 20-month-old who has not begun to walk. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this client? 1. Delayed growth and development 2. Impaired physical mobility 3. Self-care deficit 4. Impaired home maintenance

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A 20-month-old child who is not walking is delayed in growth and development. The child's mobility is not due to a physiological problem, so impaired mobility is not appropriate. Self-care deficit does not apply to this age of child. There is not enough data to determine if home maintenance is impaired.

The nurse is planning care for a school-age child diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Which intervention is most appropriate? 1. Keeping environmental stimuli at a minimum 2. Avoiding giving pain medications that could dull sensorium 3. Measuring head circumference to assess developing complications 4. Having the child move the head from side to side at least every two hours

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A quiet environment should be maintained because noise can disturb a child with meningitis. Pain medications are appropriate to give and should be used when needed. Measuring head circumference would only be appropriate for a child less than 2 years. Excessive head movement should be avoided because it can increase irritation of the meninges.

The nurse in the newborn nursery is performing the admission assessment on a neonate. Which assessment finding indicates the neonate may have congenital hip dysplasia? 1. Asymmetry of the gluteal and thigh fat folds 2. Trendelenburg sign 3. Telescoping of the affected limb 4. Lordosis

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A sign of congenital hip dysplasia in the infant would be asymmetry of the gluteal and thigh fat folds. Trendelenburg sign and telescoping of the affected limb are signs that present in an older child with congenital hip dysplasia. Lordosis does not occur with hip dysplasia.

A pediatric client is hospitalized with a severe case of impetigo contagiosa. Which antibiotic does the nurse anticipate the healthcare provider will order for this client? 1. Dicloxacillin (Pathocil) 2. Rifampin (Rifadin) 3. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim) 4. Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A systemic antibiotic will be given for severe impetigo because it is a bacterial infection. Dicloxacillin is used in treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections. It is specific for treating staphylococcal infections. Rifampin is an antitubercular agent, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are used as a prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and metronidazole is used to treat anaerobic and protozoic infections.

A toddler-age client is in end-stage renal failure. Which nursing intervention will assist this child most? 1. Maintain the child's normal routines. 2. Explain body changes that will take place. 3. Encourage friends to visit. 4. Allow the child to talk about the illness.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A toddler has no real concept of death, but does sense changes in routine and parent behavior. Maintaining normal routines is the best intervention to assist this child. A toddler will not understand the body changes; this approach would be more appropriate for a school-age child. Encouraging friends to visit and allowing the child to talk about the illness are more appropriate for older children.

Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for an infant with acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? 1. Activity Intolerance 2. Decreased Cardiac Output 3. Pain, Acute 4. Tissue Perfusion, Ineffective (peripheral)

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Activity intolerance is a problem because of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Cardiac output is not compromised during an acute phase of bronchiolitis. Pain is not usually associated with acute bronchiolitis. Tissue perfusion (peripheral) is not affected by this respiratory-disease process.

A child, in renal failure, is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which food choices will the nurse teach the parents and child to avoid? 1. Carrots and green, leafy vegetables 2. Chips, cold cuts, and canned foods 3. Spaghetti and meat sauce, breadsticks 4. Hamburger on a bun, cherry gelatin

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Carrots and green, leafy vegetables are high in potassium. Chips, cold cuts, and canned foods are high in sodium but not necessarily potassium. Spaghetti and meat sauce with breadsticks and a hamburger on a bun with cherry gelatin would be acceptable choices for a low-potassium diet.

Following parental teaching, the nurse is evaluating the parents' understanding of environmental control for their child's asthma management. Which statement by the parents indicates appropriate understanding of the teaching? 1. "We will replace the carpet in our child's bedroom with tile." 2. "We're glad the dog can continue to sleep in our child's room." 3. "We'll be sure to use the fireplace often to keep the house warm in the winter." 4. "We'll keep the plants in our child's room dusted."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Control of dust in the child's bedroom is an important aspect of environmental control for asthma management. When possible, pets and plants should not be kept in the home. Smoke from fireplaces should be eliminated.

A child recently diagnosed with aplastic anemia is being prepared for discharge. When planning support for the family, which service should the nurse plan to include in the discharge plan? 1. Referrals to support groups and social services 2. Short-term support 3. Genetic counseling 4. Nutrition counseling

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Families require support in dealing with a child who has a life-threatening disease. They should be referred to support groups for counseling, if indicated, and to social services. The support will be long term in nature. Aplastic anemia is not a genetically transmitted disease. Nutrition counseling is not a priority and may or may not be needed with aplastic anemia.

The nurse is providing care to a male infant who is diagnosed with hypospadias. Which clinical manifestation does the nurse anticipate when assessing this infant? 1. A urethral meatus that is located on the ventral surface of the penis 2. The presence of foreskin 3. A small opening or a fissure that extends the entire length of the penis 4. An opening on the dorsal surface of the penis

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. For an infant diagnosed with hypospadias, the nurse would anticipate a urethral meatus that is located on the ventral surface of the penis. Infants diagnosed with hypospadias may also have a partial absence of the foreskin. A small opening or a fissure that extends the entire length of the penis or an opening on the dorsal side of the penis would be expected for an infant diagnosed with epispadias.

The nurse is providing education to a pediatric client diagnosed with diabetes. The client will be playing soccer over the summer. Which change in the client's management will the nurse explore during this education session? 1. Increased food intake 2. Decreased food intake 3. Increased need for insulin 4. Decreased risk of insulin reaction

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Increased physical activity requires adequate caloric intake to prevent hypoglycemia, so food intake should be increased. Increased activity would not require decreased food intake, and it would not result in a decreased risk of insulin reaction. Exercise causes the insulin to be used more efficiently, so increased insulin would not be needed.

A child is diagnosed with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infection of the throat. Which item will the nurse include in the teaching plan for the parents? 1. Complete the entire course of antibiotics. 2. Keep the child NPO (nothing by mouth). 3. Continue normal activities. 4. Do not allow the child to gargle with saltwater.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. It is important for parents to complete the entire course of antibiotics for GABHS infections. Nothing-by-mouth, or NPO, status is not recommended because the child needs to stay hydrated. The child should rest, and use of warm saltwater gargles is recommended.

A child is scheduled for a kidney transplant. The nurse completes the preoperative teaching to prepare the child and parents for the surgery and postoperative considerations. Which statement by the parents indicates understanding of the teaching session? 1. "We know it's important to see that our child takes prescribed medications after the transplant." 2. "We'll be glad we won't have to bring our child in to see the doctor again." 3. "We're happy our child won't have to take any more medicine after the transplant." 4. "We understand our child won't be at risk anymore for catching colds from other children at school."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. It is important that the nurse emphasize compliance with treatments that will need to be followed after the transplant. Follow-up appointments will be necessary, as well as medications and general health promotion.

The nurse is caring for an adolescent client diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Which nonpharmacological measure to reduce joint pain is most appropriate for the nurse to recommend to this client? 1. Moist heat 2. Elevation of extremity 3. Massage 4. Immobilization

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Moist heat can promote relief of pain and decrease joint stiffness. Elevation of extremity would not have an effect on reducing pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Massage of extremities should be avoided because of a potential risk for emboli. Immobilization can lead to contractures, and range of motion to the involved joint should be maintained.

A child is admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). Which nursing intervention is the priority for this child? 1. Administer nebulized epinephrine and oral or IM dexamethasone. 2. Administer antibiotics and assist with possible intubation. 3. Swab the throat for a throat culture. 4. Obtain a sputum specimen.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Nebulized epinephrine and dexamethasone are given for LTB. Antibiotic administration and possible intubation are associated with epiglottitis. Throat cultures are not obtained for LTB because it is viral and swabbing the throat could cause complete obstruction to occur. Sputum specimens will not assist in the diagnosis of LTB.

An adolescent client who is diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is seen in the clinic for a routine health visit. Which nursing diagnosis is the priority for this client? 1. Risk for Impaired Mobility Related to Hypertrophy of Muscles 2. Risk for Infection Related to Altered Immune System 3. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity Related to Paresthesia 4. Risk for Altered Comfort Related to Effects of the Illness

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Nursing care for muscular dystrophy (MD) focuses on promoting independence and mobility for this progressive, incapacitating disease. Risk for Infection, Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity, and Risk for Altered Comfort are not as high a priority as Risk for Impaired Mobility.

A parent of a newborn asks the nurse why a heel stick is being done on the baby to test for phenylketonuria (PKU). Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "This screening is required and detection can be done before symptoms develop." 2. "The infant has high-risk characteristics." 3. "Because the infant was born by cesarean, this test is necessary." 4. "Because the infant was born by vaginal delivery, this test is recommended."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Screening for phenylketonuria is required by law in every state. It is not done according to high-risk characteristics or type of delivery.

An HIV-positive mother states she is relieved after the birth of her child to hear that the child is HIV-negative. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Symptoms could still appear over the next 2 years." 2. "You took good care of yourself, so your child did not get HIV." 3. "We will assess for signs of pneumonia to be sure." 4. "The test will be repeated in 1 week to verify the negative status."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Symptoms of HIV could still manifest within the first 2 years. An infant is retested 1 to 2 months after the initial negative result. The HIV-positive mother can infect the newborn regardless of how well she takes care of herself once she is HIV-positive. There is no reason to assess for signs of pneumonia if the newborn is HIV-negative.

A school-age client is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in critical condition after a motor vehicle accident. Which intervention should be implemented at this time? 1. Maintain consistent caregivers. 2. Turn the lights off at night. 3. Keep alarm levels low. 4. Consult the hospital play therapist.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The intensive care environment is fast-paced, overwhelming, and frightening. Maintaining consistent caregivers is invaluable in developing a familiar and trusting relationship with the child. Turning off the lights in an intensive care environment is not feasible. Keeping alarm levels low could increase risk of injury if an alarm is not heard by staff. Consulting the play therapist is not appropriate at this time.

A pediatric client diagnosed with Turner syndrome tells the nurse, "I feel different from my peers." Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Tell me more about the feelings you are experiencing." 2. "These feelings are not unusual and should pass soon." 3. "You'll start to grow soon, so don't worry." 4. "You seem to be upset about your disease."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The lack of growth and sexual development associated with Turner syndrome presents problems with psychosocial development. Self-image, self-consciousness, and self-esteem are affected by the girl's perception of her body and how she differs from peers. The nurse should encourage more expression of the girl's feelings. Responding that the feelings will pass, that she'll start to grow, or that she is upset about the disease would not be therapeutic.

A lumbar puncture is performed on an infant suspected of having meningitis. Which finding does the nurse expect in the cerebral spinal fluid if the infant has meningitis? 1. Elevated WBC count 2. Elevated RBC count 3. Normal glucose 4. Decreased WBC count

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The lumbar puncture is done to obtain cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Elevated WBC count is seen with bacterial meningitis. The RBC count is not elevated, and the glucose is decreased in meningitis.

A child experienced a lacerated spleen in a motor vehicle accident. Which is the highest-priority nursing intervention on admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) following surgery? 1. Observing for signs of hypovolemic shock 2. Maintaining IV fluids 3. Implementing strict bedrest 4. Administering blood products as ordered

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The priority nursing intervention is observing for signs of hypovolemic shock due to bleeding from the lacerated spleen. The other interventions are appropriate but not the highest priority.

The nurse has completed discharge teaching for the family of a child diagnosed with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Which statement by the family indicates the need for further education? 1. "We're glad this will only take about 6 weeks to correct." 2. "We understand swimming is a good sport for Legg-Calve-Perthes." 3. "We know to watch for areas on the skin the brace may rub." 4. "We understand that abduction of the affected leg is important."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The treatment generally takes approximately 2 years. Swimming is a good activity to increase mobility. A brace may be worn, so skin irritation should be monitored. The leg should be kept in the abducted position.

A child is diagnosed with a Wilms tumor. Which nursing action is most appropriate prior to surgery? 1. Careful bathing and handling 2. Monitoring of behavioral status 3. Maintenance of strict isolation 4. Administration of packed RBCs

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The tumor should never be palpated; careful bathing and handling are an important nursing consideration. Palpating the tumor can cause a piece of the tumor to dislodge. The child's behavior will not be affected with a Wilms tumor. The tumor does not cause excessive lowering of WBCs or RBCs, so strict isolation or administration of packed RBCs is not usually a nursing intervention.

A nurse is preparing for the delivery of a newborn with a known diaphragmatic hernia defect. Which equipment does the nurse ensure is prepared at the bedside? 1. Intubation setup 2. Appropriate bag and mask 3. Sterile gauze and saline 4. Soft arm restraints

Answer: 1 Explanation:1. A diaphragmatic hernia (protrusion of abdominal contents into the chest cavity through a defect in the diaphragm) is a life-threatening condition. Intubation is required immediately so the newborn's respiratory status can be stabilized. A bag and mask will not be adequate to ventilate a newborn with this condition. The defect is not external, so sterile gauze and saline are not needed. Soft arm restraints are not immediately necessary

The school nurse is providing care to a school-age client who experienced a sprain of the right ankle on the playground. Which intervention is appropriate for the nurse to implement for this client? 1. Apply ice to the extremity 2. Apply a warm, moist pack to the extremity 3. Perform passive range of motion to the extremity 4. Lower the extremity to below the level of the heart

Answer: 1 Explanation:1. For the first 24 hours of a sprain, rest, ice, compression, and elevation should be used. Therefore, the nurse should apply ice to the extremity

The nurse teaches a group of parents' strategies to reduce the risk of lead exposure for their children. Which statements indicate an appropriate understanding of the content presented? Select all that apply. 1. "We will provide our child with frequent snacks high in iron and calcium." 2. "We will wash any surfaces that have peeling paint." 3. "We will store leftovers in a ceramic pot." 4. "We can continue to use our traditional-medicine treatment, Azarcon, for any GI upset." 5. "We will sand the windowsills to remove the lead-based paint."

Answer: 1, 2 Explanation: 1. Snacks and meals high in iron and calcium should be encouraged. Lead is absorbed more readily on an empty stomach. Any surface with peeling paint should be washed with a damp sponge. Ceramic pots, if fired improperly, could contain lead. Food should not be prepared or stored in them. Azarcon, a traditional medicine used to treat a colic-like illness, may contain large amounts of lead. Sanding the windowsills will cause the lead to be dispersed in the air, leading to lead poisoning.

The nurse is providing an educational session for parents with children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Which statements will the nurse include educate about the normal functions of RBCs? Select all that apply. 1. "RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue." 2. "RBCs transport carbon dioxide to the lungs." 3. "RBCs protect the body against bacterial invaders." 4. "RBCs form hemostatic plugs to stop bleeding." 5. "RBCs are responsible for psychosocial development."

Answer: 1, 2 Explanation: 1. The normal function of RBCs includes transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs. WBCs protect the body against bacterial invaders. Platelets form hemostatic plugs to stop bleeding. RBCs are not directly responsible for psychosocial development.

A novice nurse in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) has just performed postmortem care on a premature infant who passed away. The novice nurse asks to be excused near the end of the shift. Which interventions can be implemented to support this nurse? Select all that apply. 1. Schedule additional education on bereavement care 2. Ask a seasoned nurse to talk with the novice nurse 3. Tell the nurse it is OK to grieve with the family 4. Recommend that the nurse transfer to another unit 5. Assign the nurse to stable clients only

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Appropriate interventions for this nurse include scheduling additional education on bereavement care, asking a seasoned nurse to talk about the situation with the novice nurse, and telling the nurse it is OK to grieve with the family. Recommending a transfer and assigning the nurse to only stable clients are not appropriate interventions to support the novice nurse.

The pediatric nurse is providing care to a school-age child receiving chemotherapy to treat cancer. Which interventions are appropriate to include in the plan of care in order to monitor for oncologic emergencies? Select all that apply. 1. Monitor complete blood count (CBC). 2. Document intake and output. 3. Observe for behavioral changes. 4. Refer for psychosocial support. 5. Implement neutropenic precautions.

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Oncologic emergencies can be organized into three groups: metabolic, hematologic, and those involving space-occupying lesions. Appropriate interventions for the nurse to include in the plan of care to monitor for these emergencies include monitoring the CBC to prevent sepsis and hemorrhage; monitoring intake and output by encouraging hydration to prevent hypercalcemia and observing for signs of water intoxication; and observing for behavioral changes as space-occupying lesions may cause seizures or increased intracranial pressure. Referring for psychosocial support and implementing neutropenia precautions may be appropriate, but these interventions do not address oncologic emergencies.

A child sustains a traumatic brain injury and is monitored in the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU). The nurse is using the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess the child. Which items will the nurse assess when using this tool? Select all that apply. 1. Eye opening 2. Verbal response 3. Motor response 4. Head circumference 5. Pulse oximetry

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. The Glasgow Coma Scale for infants and children scores parameters related to eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The maximum score is 15, indicating the highest level of neurological functioning. Head circumference and pulse oximetry are not included on the scale.

A school health nurse is screening school-age students for scoliosis. Which assessment findings indicate the need for further evaluation for scoliosis? Select all that apply. 1. Uneven shoulders and hips 2. A one-sided rib hump 3. Prominent scapula 4. Lordosis 5. Pain

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. The classic signs of scoliosis include uneven shoulders and hips, a one-sided rib hump, and prominent scapula. Lordosis and pain are not present with scoliosis.

The parents of a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are in the clinic after diagnosis and ask the nurse if the family should have genetic testing completed. Who should the nurse suggest to have genetic testing? Select all that apply. 1. Female cousins 2. Aunts 3. Sisters 4. Brothers 5. Uncles and male cousins

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. This is an X-linked disorder so all females in the family should be tested.

The nurse is providing care to an infant who is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which breath sounds indicate the infant is experiencing respiratory distress? Select all that apply. 1. Tachypnea 2. Wheezing 3. Grunting 4. Retractions 5. Eupnea

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Wheezing and grunting are adventitious respiratory sounds that indicate respiratory distress in the neonate. Tachypnea is the term used to indicate a respiratory rate of greater than 60 breaths per minute in an infant. While this does indicate respiratory distress, tachypnea is not a type of breath sound. Retractions, or the use of accessory muscles, are indicative of respiratory distress in the neonate, but this is not a type of breath sound. Eupnea is the medical term for "normal breathing."

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on an infant diagnosed with hydrocephalus and a malfunctioning shunt. Which assessment findings should the nurse expect? Select all that apply. 1. Vomiting 2. Fever 3. Irritability 4. Poor appetite 5. Decreased level of consciousness

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Signs of shunt malfunction in infants are nonspecific and include irritability, vomiting, poor appetite, disordered sleep, and fever. Older children with shunt malfunction may have a headache, nausea, vomiting, and decreased level of consciousness.

The nurse is providing care to a school-age client with neutropenia. Which clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate when assessing this client? Select all that apply. 1. Fever 2. Fatigue 3. Tachycardia 4. Hypertension 5. Tachypnea

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. A school-age client who is diagnosed with neutropenia, or a decrease in WBCs, will likely exhibit fever, fatigue, tachycardia, and tachypnea (as a result of congestive heart failure). The nurse would not anticipate that the client will exhibit hypertension as a result of the diagnosis.

A young school-age child is in the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU) with a fractured femur and head trauma. The child was not wearing a helmet while riding his new bicycle on the highway and collided with a car. Which nursing diagnoses may be appropriate for this family? Select all that apply. 1. Guilt Related to Lack of Child Supervision and Safety Precautions 2. Family Coping: Compromised, Related to the Critical Injury of the Child 3. Parental Role Conflict Related to Child's Injuries and PICU Policies 4. Knowledge Deficit Related to Home Care of Fractured Femur 5. Anger Related to Feelings of Helplessness

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. All of these nursing diagnoses except Knowledge Deficit are possible in this situation. Although planning for discharge begins with admission, it is too early to begin teaching the parents about home care. The astute and experienced PICU nurse is prepared to recognize current problems and intervene appropriately.

The nurse is planning care for a preschool-age client who has cerebral palsy (CP). Which interventions are appropriate for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Providing heath supervision 2. Collaborating with physical therapy 3. Assisting with planning educational services 4. Prescribing medication for spasticity 5. Promoting growth and development

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Appropriate interventions for the nurse who is providing care to a client with a chronic condition include providing health supervision, collaborating with other specialties, assisting with planning educational services, and promoting growth and development. It is outside the scope of nursing practice to prescribe medication. The nurse could, however, administer prescribed medications if appropriate.

Which teaching tips should be included when instructing parents on hydrocortisone administration? Select all that apply. 1. Maintain prescribed administration times. 2. Never discontinue medication abruptly. 3. Injections might be necessary when unable to take by mouth. 4. Lower doses are needed during illness. 5. Keep an emergency kit with the child at all times.

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Maintaining prescribed administration times is important, as they follow the normal body release of cortisol. Abruptly discontinuing a steroid is not recommended. Giving injections when unable to take by mouth and during emergencies is important to maintain cortisol levels. Higher, not lower, doses are needed during illness.

A preschool-age child has just had a moderate reaction to latex. When teaching the parents about latex allergy, the nurse should inform the parents of what common household items that contain latex? Select all that apply. 1. Rubber bands 2. Sneakers 3. Toothbrushes 4. Big Wheel® tricycle 5. Water toys

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Rubber bands, sneakers, toothbrushes, and water toys are household items that might contain latex. A Big Wheel® tricycle is plastic and does not contain latex.

The pediatric nurse educator is conducting an in-service for novice nurses who will begin working on the pediatric oncology unit. The educator wants to include the common clinical manifestations of cancer. Which manifestation will the educator include in the presentation? Select all that apply. 1. Cachexia 2. Anemia 3. Gene abnormalities 4. Palpable mass 5. Chromosomal abnormalities

Answer: 1, 2, 4 Explanation: 1. Common clinical manifestations of childhood cancer include cachexia, anemia, and a palpable mass. Gene abnormalities and chromosomal abnormalities are common etiologies to childhood cancer, not clinical manifestations.

The nurse is providing care to a pediatric client who is diagnosed with psoriasis. Which clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate upon assessment of this client? Select all that apply. 1. Thick, silvery, scaly erythematous plaque 2. Pruritus 3. Dry skin, likely to crack and fissure 4. Fragile skin and blisters 5. Irregular border surrounded by normal skin Answer: 1, 2, 5

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. Clinical manifestations that support the diagnosis of psoriasis include thick, silvery, scaly erythematous plaque; pruritis; and irregular border surrounded by normal skin. Dry skin that is likely to crack and fissure is a clinical manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Fragile skin and blisters are clinical manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa.

The nurse is teaching a group of students about wound healing. Which items will the nurse include as occurring during the hemostasis and inflammation stage of wound healing? Select all that apply. 1. Clot formation to seal the wound 2. Production of collagen and granulation tissue 3. Scar formation and strengthening 4. Release of inflammatory mediators by platelets 5. Swelling as a result of increased capillary permeability

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. During the hemostasis and inflammation stage of wound healing, the nurse would state that clot formation occurs to seal the wound; platelets release inflammatory mediators; and increased capillary permeability results in swelling. Scar formation and strengthening occur during maturation. Collagen and granulation tissue are produced during tissue formation.

A seasoned nurse is precepting a novice nurse on a pediatric oncology unit. The seasoned nurse would like to review the ongoing physiologic and psychosocial care of the children who survive cancer. Which topics will the seasoned nurse include in the discussion with the novice nurse? Select all that apply. 1. Developing other cancers 2. Recommending regular office visits 3. Encouraging school-age clients to manage their own care 4. Needing weekly laboratory tests 5. Providing educational and psychosocial support

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation:1. Appropriate topics include discussing the increased risk for these children to develop other cancers; recommending regular office visits for monitoring purposes; and providing educational and psychosocial support. It would be appropriate to encourage the adolescent and young adult clients to manage their own care, not a school-age child. While these clients need regular laboratory examinations, weekly laboratory tests are not appropriate.

The emergency-room nurse receives a preschool-age child who was hit by a car. Which nursing interventions are a priority for this child? Select all that apply. 1. Performing a rapid head-to-toe assessment 2. Recording the parents' insurance information 3. Assessing airway, breathing, and circulation 4. Asking the parents about organ donation 5. Asking the parents if anyone witnessed the accident

Answer: 1, 3 Explanation: 1. Assessing airway, breathing, and circulation and performing a rapid head-to-toe assessment are the priority nursing interventions. Asking the parents about organ donation is insensitive until the extent of the child's injuries is known. Recording insurance information is necessary but should never come before lifesaving assessment and intervention. Detailed information about the accident is helpful in determining the child's point of impact with the car and mechanism of injury, but this is not the initial priority.

A school nurse is planning care for a school-age child recently diagnosed with asthma. Which items will the school nurse include in the plan of care at the school? Select all that apply. 1. Maintain a log of quick-relief medication administration. 2. Call the parents if quick-relief medications work appropriately. 3. Assess for symptoms of exercise-induced bronchospasm. 4. Coordinate education of the child's teachers. 5. Conduct a support group for all children with asthma.

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Appropriate interventions for the school nurse to include in the plan of care include: keeping a log of the quick-relief medications administered; assessing the child for exercise-induced bronchospasms and reporting, if needed; coordinating education of the child's teachers; and conducting a support group for all children in the school with asthma. The nurse would only call the parents if the quick-relief mediation was not effective in treating the child's symptoms.

A child who has undergone a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is ready for discharge. Which items will the nurse include in the discharge teaching for this child and family? Select all that apply. 1. Recognize the signs of graft-versus-host disease. 2. Return the child to school within six weeks. 3. Practice good handwashing. 4. Avoid obtaining influenza vaccinations. 5. Avoid live plants and fresh vegetables.

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. A child who is preparing for discharge after a HSCT will require specific interventions to decrease the risk of contracting communicable illnesses. Appropriate teaching points include: recognizing the signs of graft-versus-host disease; practicing good handwashing; and avoiding live plants and fresh vegetables. The child will require home schooling for 6 to 12 months. The child and family members should be encouraged to obtain yearly influenza vaccinations.

The nurse educator is teaching a group of nursing students the pathophysiologic reasons related to genitourinary (GU) disorders in the pediatric population. Which statements are appropriate for the nurse educator to include in the teaching session? Select all that apply. 1. "Incomplete organ development during fetal development is the cause of many GU disorders." 2. "Improper placement of the urethra in vagina is one cause of GU disorders." 3. "GU disorders in the pediatric population can be caused by hydronephrosis." 4. "GU disorders in the pediatric population are not caused by infections." 5. "Anatomic obstruction or incomplete nerve innervation can cause GU disorders."

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Pathophysiologic causes of GU disorders in the pediatric population include incomplete organ development during fetal development; hydronephrosis; and anatomic obstruction or incomplete nerve innervations. Improper placement of the urethra in the penis, not the vagina, is another pathophysiologic cause of GU disorders. GU disorders can also be caused by infection.

The nurse is teaching a group of adolescents about care for acne vulgaris. Which interventions will the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply. 1. Wash skin with mild soap and water twice a day. 2. Use astringents and vigorous scrubbing. 3. Avoid picking or squeezing the lesions. 4. Apply tretinoin (Retin-A) liberally. 5. Avoid sun exposure if on tetracycline.

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. The adolescent should be taught to wash skin with mild soap and water twice a day, to avoid picking or squeezing acne lesions, and to avoid sun exposure if on tetracycline. Using astringents and scrubbing vigorously can exacerbate acne. Tretinoin (Retin-A) should be applied sparingly (pea-size doses).

The nurse teaches parents how to care for their child who has tympanostomy tubes inserted. Which actions by the parents indicate appropriate understanding of the teaching session? Select all that apply. 1. Encouraging the child to drink generous amounts of fluids 2. Administering a decongestant for 1 to 2 weeks following surgery 3. Restricting the child to quiet activities after surgery 4. Limiting diet to soft, bland foods 5. Avoiding getting water in ears during bath time

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. The correct responses include encouraging the child to drink generous amount of water, restricting the child to quiet activities after surgery, and avoiding water in the child's ears at bath time. Incorrect responses include administering a decongestant for 1 to 2 weeks following surgery and limiting diet to soft, bland foods-decongestants are not needed after surgery, and a regular diet should be resumed.

The family and school-age child are at the healthcare clinic for immunizations. The nurse takes the time to talk with the child and family about reducing the transmission of infection. What practices should the nurse suggest for the family? Select all that apply. 1. Do not share dishes, utensils, and cups. 2. Sanitize toys every week with Lysol. 3. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer with the child after eating and toileting. 4. Cough or sneeze into cloth tissue 5. Dispose of diapers in a closed container.

Answer: 1, 5 Explanation: 1. Teach families to reduce transmission of infection among family members with the following practices: use disposable tissues and dispose immediately after using, wash hands thoroughly with soap/water after all contact with diapers/tissues/mucous, sneeze/cough into elbow, wash hands with soap/water after eating and toileting, do not share dishes/utensils/cups, wash hands thoroughly before preparing food and again several times during the preparation process, use soapy warm water to wash dishes/cutting boards, wipe counters/surfaces that are used for diaper changes or that the child touches with disinfectant, make sure diaper changing area is well away from food prep areas, dispose of diapers in closed containers. This is a practice that the nurse should suggest for the family.

Match the child's concept of death with their behavioral response. A. Infant B. Toddler C. Preschool-age child D. School-age child E. Adolescent 1. Understands difference between temporary separation and death. 2. Senses emotions of caregivers and altered routines. 3. Capable of understanding death, recognizes all people and self will die. 4. No understanding of true concept of death. 5. Believes death is temporary and the person will return.

Answer: 1/D, 2/A, 3/E, 4/B, 5/C 1. School-age child 2. Infant 3. Adolescent 4. Toddler 5. Preschool-age child Explanation: School-age child—Understands difference between temporary separation and death. Infant—Senses emotions of caregivers, and altered routines. Adolescent—Capable of understanding death, recognizes all people and self will die. Toddler—No understanding of true concept of death. Preschool-age child— Believes death is temporary and the person will return.

A school-aged child is admitted with pneumococcal meningitis. The child weighs 44 pounds. The physician orders: ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 50 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours three times and then every 24 hours. Calculate how many mg/dose of ceftriaxone the child will receive and then calculate mL/hr to infuse via pump. Supply on hand is: a premix of ceftriaxone 1 g/50 mL, administer over 30 minutes.

Answer: 1000 mg/dose; 100 mL/hr Explanation: The child will receive 1000 mg/dose of ceftriaxone, then 100 mL/hr to infuse via pump.

A child with human immunodeficiency virus is started on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim) for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis. The recommended dose is based on the trimethoprim (TMP) component and is 15 to 20 mg TMP/kg/day in divided doses every 6 to 8 hours. The child weighs 6.8 kg. The highest dose of TMP the child can receive a day is ________. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 136 Explanation: 6.8 kg (the child's weight) is multiplied by 20 mg. This yields the answer, which is 136 mg a day.

A child with the diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome has been ordered an IV infusion of gamma globulin. The child weighs 20 pounds. The healthcare provider orders: gamma globulin 2 g/kg IV over 12 hours. Calculate how many grams of gamma globulin will be given IV.

Answer: 18 g

The nurse is expecting the admission of a child with severe isotonic dehydration. Which intravenous fluid should the nurse anticipate the practitioner to order initially to replace fluids? 1. D5W 2. 0.9 percent Normal Saline (NS) 3. Albumin 4. D5 0.2 percent (1/4) Normal Saline

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. 0.9 percent Normal Saline (NS) maintains Na and chloride at present levels. D5W can lower sodium levels so would not be used to initially replace fluids in severe isotonic dehydration. Albumin is used to restore plasma proteins. D5 0.2 percent (1/4) Normal Saline would not be used initially but later, as maintenance fluids.

A 24-hour urine collection for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) has been ordered on a child suspected of having neuroblastoma. When is the most appropriate time for the nurse to begin the collection? 1. At 0700 2. After the next time the child voids 3. At bedtime 4. When the order is noted

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. A 24-hour urine collection is started after the child voids. That specimen is not saved, but all subsequent specimens in that 24-hour period should be collected. It would not be an accurate collection of 24 hours of urine if the collection began at 0700, bedtime, or when the order is noted.

During an admission assessment, the nurse notes that the child has impaired oral mucous membranes. Which intervention is most appropriate for the nurse to implement for this child? 1. Administering topical analgesics 2. Promoting an adequate intake of nutrients 3. Administering antibiotics as ordered 4. Using lemon and glycerin for oral hygiene

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Adequate intake of fluids and nutrients promotes the intactness of the oral mucosal membrane tissue, which is the desired outcome for an impaired oral mucous membrane problem. Lemon and glycerin may dry the oral mucous membrane, which is not desirable. Administration of antibiotics or topical analgesics are medical interventions that might be performed but do not ensure that impaired tissue will be resolved.

An adolescent client has a stiff neck, a headache, a fever of 103 degrees Fahrenheit, and purpuric lesions noted on the legs. Although the adolescent's physical needs take priority at the present time, the nurse can expect which to be the most significant psychological stressor for this adolescent? 1. Separation from parents and home 2. Separation from friends and permanent changes in appearance 3. Fear of painful procedures and bodily mutilation 4. Fear of getting behind in schoolwork

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Adolescents are developing their identity and rely most on their friends. They are concerned about their appearance and how they look compared to their peers. Separation from parents and home is the main psychological stressor for infants and toddlers. Preschool-age children fear pain and bodily mutilation. School-age children are developing a sense of industry and fear getting behind in schoolwork.

A child is admitted to the hospital unit with physical injuries. The nurse is taking the child's history. Which statement by the parent would arouse suspicion of abuse? 1. "I did not realize that my baby was able to roll over yet, and I was just gone a minute to check on dinner when the baby rolled off of the couch and onto our tile floor." 2. "The baby's 18-month-old brother was trying to pull the baby out of the crib and dropped the baby on the floor." 3. "I placed the baby in the infant swing. His 6-year-old brother was running through the house and tripped over the swing, causing it to fall." 4. "I was walking up the steps and slipped on the ice, falling while carrying my baby."

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. All of the statements made by the parent are plausible from a developmental perspective except the statement "The baby's 18-month-old brother was trying to pull the baby out of the crib and dropped the baby on the floor." Developmentally, it would be very difficult for an 18-month-old child to pull an infant out of a crib.

A nurse is assessing infants for visually related developmental milestones. Which infant is showing a delay in meeting an expected milestone? 1. A 4-month-old who has a social smile 2. An 8-month-old who has just begun to inspect her own hand 3. A 12-month-old who stacks blocks 4. A 7-month-old who picks up a raisin by raking

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. An 8-month-old who has just begun to inspect her own hand is delayed. The infant usually inspects her own hand beginning at 3 months. A 4-month-old with a social smile, a 12-month-old who stacks blocks, and a 7-month-old who picks up a raisin by raking are all showing appropriate visually related milestones.

An infant is diagnosed with acute otitis media. Which intervention is most appropriate for the nurse to teach the infant's parents? 1. Keep the baby in a flat lying position during sleep. 2. Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve discomfort. 3. Administer a decongestant. 4. Place baby to sleep with a pacifier.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. An infant with a bulging tympanic membrane because of acute otitis media will have pain. Parents are taught to administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve the discomfort associated with acute otitis media. A flat lying position may exacerbate the discomfort. Elevating the head slightly is recommended. Decongestants are not recommended for treatment of acute otitis media. Placing infants to sleep with a pacifier may increase the incidence of otitis media.

A child with a brain tumor is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after brain surgery to remove the tumor. Which postoperative order would the nurse question? 1. Antibiotics 2. Sodium levels every 24 hours 3. Anticonvulsants 4. Hourly intake and output

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and hourly intake and output are appropriate orders. Serum sodium levels should be done every 4 to 6 hours, not every 24 hours.

A child is diagnosed with epilepsy and is prescribed daily phenytoin (Dilantin). Which topic is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the discharge teaching? 1. Increasing fluid intake 2. Performing good dental hygiene 3. Decreasing intake of vitamin D 4. Taking the medication with milk

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Because phenytoin (Dilantin) can cause gingival hyperplasia, good dental hygiene should be encouraged. Fluid intake does not affect the drug's effectiveness, an adequate intake of vitamin D should be encouraged, and phenytoin (Dilantin) should not be taken with dairy products.

The nurse is administering packed RBCs to a child with sickle cell disease (SCD). The nurse is monitoring for a transfusion reaction and knows it is most likely to occur during which time frame? 1. Six hours after the transfusion is given 2. Within the first 20 minutes of administration of the transfusion 3. At the end of the administration of the transfusion 4. Never; children with SCD do not have reactions.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Blood reactions can occur as soon as the blood transfusion begins or within the first 20 minutes. The nurse should remain with the child for the first 20 minutes of the transfusion.

A child diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis is in the playroom and experiences blurred vision and headache. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Check the urine to see if hematuria has increased. 2. Obtain a blood pressure on the child; notify the healthcare provider. 3. Reassure the child, and encourage bed rest until the headache improves. 4. Obtain serum electrolytes, and send a urinalysis to the lab.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Blurred vision and headache may be signs of encephalopathy, a complication of acute glomerulonephritis. A blood pressure (BP) should be obtained and the healthcare provider notified. The healthcare provider may decide to order an antihypertensive to bring down the BP. This is a serious complication, and delay in treatment could mean lethargy and seizures. Therefore, the other options (checking urine for hematuria, encouraging bed rest, and obtaining serum electrolytes) do not directly address the potential problem of encephalopathy.

The nurse is examining a 12-month-old who is brought to the clinic for persistent diaper rash. The nurse finds perianal inflammation with bright red scaly plaques and small papules. Satellite lesions are also present. What is the most likely cause of this client's diaper rash? 1. Impetigo (staph) 2. Candida albicans (yeast) 3. Urine and feces 4. Infrequent diapering

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Candida albicans is frequently the underlying cause of severe diaper rash. When a primary or secondary infection with Candida albicans occurs, the rash has bright red scaly plaques with sharp margins. Small papules and pustules may be seen, along with satellite lesions. Even though diaper dermatitis can be caused by impetigo, urine and feces, and infrequent diapering, the lesions and persistent characteristics are common for Candida.

Which statement made by a parent during a well-child visit would cause the nurse to suspect the child has cerebral palsy? 1. "My 6-month-old baby is rolling from back to prone now." 2. "My 3-month-old seems to have floppy muscle tone." 3. "My 8-month-old can sit without support." 4. "My 10-month-old is not walking."

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Children with cerebral palsy are delayed in meeting developmental milestones. The infant with hypotonia is showing a clinical manifestation of cerebral palsy. A baby rolls over from back to prone at 6 months, sits without support at 8 months, and walks at 12 months.

A child diagnosed with hemophilia plans on participating in a bicycling club. Which recommendation by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Consider a swim club instead of the bicycling club. 2. Wear kneepads, elbow pads, and a helmet while bicycling. 3. Participate only in the social activities of the club. 4. Not join the club.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Children with hemophilia should be encouraged to participate in noncontact sports activities. Bicycling is an excellent option and is recommended along with swimming. The child should always use kneepads, elbow pads, and a helmet when participating in a physical sport. Participating only in the social aspects of the club would not encourage physical activity. Discouraging a child from joining a club would not foster growth and development.

A child recently had a kidney transplant and is prescribed cyclosporine. The parents ask the nurse about the reason for the cyclosporine. Which reason will the nurse include in the response for why this medication is prescribed? 1. To boost immunity 2. To suppress rejection 3. To decrease pain 4. To improve circulation

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Cyclosporine is given to suppress rejection. It doesn't boost immunity, decrease pain, or improve circulation.

A toddler-age client has a tonic-clonic seizure while in a crib in the hospital. The client's jaw is clamped. Which nursing action is the priority? 1. Place a padded tongue blade between the child's jaws. 2. Stay with the child and observe the respiratory status. 3. Prepare the suction equipment. 4. Restrain the child to prevent injury.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. During a seizure, the nurse remains with the child, watching for complications. The child's respiratory rate should be monitored. Be sure nothing is placed in the child's mouth during a seizure. Suction equipment should already be set up at the bedside before a seizure begins. The child should not be restrained during a seizure.

The nurse explains to the parents of a child with a severe burn that wearing of an elastic pressure garment (Jobst stocking) during the rehabilitative stage can help with the prevention of which complication? 1. Poor circulation 2. Hypertrophic scarring 3. Pain 4. Formation of thrombus in the burn area

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. During the rehabilitation stage, Jobst stockings or pressure garments are used to reduce development of hypertrophic scarring and contractures.

A parent brings her school-age child to the clinic because the child has a temperature of 100.2°F. The child remains active without other symptoms. Which statement by the nurse to the parents is most appropriate? 1. "Take the child's temperature every 2 hours and call the clinic if it reaches 102°F or above." 2. "Unless the fever bothers the child, it is best to let the natural body defenses respond to the infection." 3. "Keep the child warm, because shivering often occurs with fever." 4. "Alternate acetaminophen and ibuprofen to help keep the fever down and keep the child comfortable."

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Fever is the body's response to an infection, and is not a disease. Allowing the body's natural defenses (fever) to fight the infection is best. The fever is treated if the child is uncomfortable from effects of the fever, such as body aches, headache, and so on. Taking the child's temperature more than every 4 to 6 hours is unnecessary. The child should be dressed for comfort. Light clothing is recommended. Alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen is not recommended.

A newborn is diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease. Which clinical manifestations found on assessment support this newborn's diagnosis? 1. Acute diarrhea; dehydration 2. Failure to pass meconium; abdominal distension 3. Currant jelly; gelatinous stools; pain 4. Projectile vomiting; altered electrolytes

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Hirschsprung disease is the absence of autonomic parasympathetic ganglion cells in the colon that prevent peristalsis at that portion of the intestine. In newborns, the symptoms include failure to pass meconium and abdominal distension. Acute diarrhea and dehydration are symptoms characteristic of gastroenteritis. Currant jelly, gelatinous stools, and pain are symptoms of intussusception, and projectile vomiting and altered electrolytes are symptoms of pyloric stenosis.

A preschool-age child is brought to the clinic by the mother, who says the child has been lethargic and anorexic lately and complains of bone pain. On exam, the nurse notes petechiae, joint pain, and an enlarged liver. Which diagnosis does the nurse anticipate for this child? 1. Hodgkin disease 2. Leukemia 3. Rhabdomyosarcoma 4. Ewing sarcoma

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Hodgkin disease, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma are all childhood cancers, but they do not have the clinical manifestations listed. Leukemia is one of the most common childhood cancers, and has those clinical symptoms.

The nurse is caring for a child with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which nursing intervention is a priority for this child? 1. Frequent ambulation 2. Maintenance of skin integrity 3. Monitoring of fluid restriction 4. Preparation for x-ray procedures

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Impairment of skin integrity can lead to bleeding in DIC. The child with DIC should be placed on bed rest. Fluids need to be monitored but will not be restricted, and DIC is not diagnosed with x-ray examination but by serum lab studies.

A school-age client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI) is admitted to the pediatric unit. Which laboratory value does the nurse anticipate for this client based on the diagnosis? 1. Hyperglycemia 2. Hypernatremia 3. Hypercalcemia 4. Hypoglycemia

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. In all forms of diabetes insipidus, serum sodium can increase to pathologic levels, so hypernatremia can occur and should be treated. The glucose level is not affected, so hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia is not caused by the diabetes insipidus. Hypercalcemia (high calcium) does not occur with this endocrine disorder.

The nurse is providing care to a toddler-age child. Which assessment finding is indicative of abuse? 1. Parents indicating that they did not see the event occur 2. Inconsistency of stories between caregivers 3. Bruising noted on the knees and shins 4. Acting out behavior of the child

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Inconsistency of stories is a red flag for abuse. All other answers are logical explanations for this age group.

The adolescent is seen in the clinic for a consultation to treat severe acne. The adolescent has tried other medications, but the acne has not been responsive. The nurse knows that what medication is the most effective for this client with severe acne? 1. Oral contraceptives 2. Isotretinoin 3. Antibiotics 4. Benzoyl peroxide

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Isotretinoin is reserved for severe acne that is not responsive to other therapies.

A pediatric client is admitted to the hospital unconscious. The client has a history of type 1 diabetes, and according to the client's mother, has been to two birthday parties in the last few days and has resisted taking the prescribed insulin. At school the client had two more pieces of birthday cake and some ice cream at a class birthday party. What is the likely reason for this client's unconscious state? 1. Metabolic alkalosis 2. Metabolic ketoacidosis 3. Insulin shock 4. Insulin reaction

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Metabolic acidosis or ketoacidosis could have occurred because of the excessive intake of sugar with no additional insulin. The body burns fat and protein stores for energy when no insulin is available to metabolize glucose. Altered consciousness occurs as symptoms progress. Metabolic alkalosis, insulin shock, or insulin reaction would not be happening in this case.

The pediatric nurse is working with a parent who is suspected of Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Which action by the nurse is the priority? 1. Confront the parent with concerns of possible abuse. 2. Carefully document parent-child interactions. 3. Try to keep the parent separated from the child as much as possible. 4. Explain to the child that the parent is causing the illness and that the health team will prevent the child from being harmed.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy is very difficult to prove, and evidence provided by the careful documentation of the nursing staff can be very influential. Care must be taken not to make the parent suspicious and to keep the child in the hospital until enough evidence is collected. Confronting the parent or separating the parent from the child may alienate the parent and cause him or her to leave with the child. Talking to the child about the health-care team's suspicions may be confusing and frightening for the child.

The nurse teaches parents that the anticholinergic drug oxybutynin is used to treat enuresis. The parents ask the nurse why the medication is being prescribed. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "It's an antidepressant that is used to help the child relax." 2. "It will help decrease the spasms sometimes associated with enuresis." 3. "It has an antidiuretic effect, so your child can attend sleepovers." 4. "It will slow the production of urine, so your child does not have to urinate as frequently."

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Oxybutynin (Ditropan) is an anticholinergic that relaxes the smooth muscle of the bladder and decreases spasms. Oxybutynin is not an antidepressant or an antidiuretic, and does not slow urine production.

The nurse is teaching the parents of a newly diagnosed cystic fibrosis patient how to administer the pancreatic enzymes. How often will the nurse teach the parents to administer the enzymes? 1. Two times per day 2. With meals and snacks 3. Every 6 hours around the clock 4. Four times per day

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Pancreatic enzymes are administered with meals and large snacks. A scheduled time would not be appropriate because the enzymes are used to assist in digestion of nutrients.

A pediatric client sustains a minor burn. When teaching the family the treatment for this burn, the nurse would teach that the client's diet should be high in which substance? 1. Fats 2. Protein 3. Minerals 4. Carbohydrates

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Parents should be taught that management of a minor burn requires a high-calorie, high-protein diet. This is necessary to meet the increased nutritional requirements of healing.

A school-age client is hypokalemic. The nurse is helping the client complete her menu. Which food selection will the nurse encourage for this client? 1. A hamburger with French fries 2. Pizza with a fruit plate 3. Chicken strips with chips 4. A fajita with rice

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Pizza with the fruit plate should be encouraged because fruits (bananas, apricots, cantaloupe, cherries, peaches, and strawberries) have high amounts of potassium, and a child is likely to eat this combination.

A preschool child is seen in the clinic, and the nurse anticipates a diagnosis of leukemia. Which reaction does the nurse anticipate this child will exhibit upon diagnosis? 1. Acceptance, especially if able to discuss the disease with children their own age 2. Thoughts that they caused their illness and are being punished 3. Understanding of what cancer is and how it is treated 4. Unawareness of the illness and its severity

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Preschool-age children may think they caused their illness. Adolescents find contact with others who have gone through their experience helpful. School-age children can understand a diagnosis of cancer. Infants and toddlers are unaware of the severity of the disease.

A child is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. The child's oximetry reading is 88 percent upon admission to the pediatric floor. Which is the priority nursing intervention for this child? 1. Obtain a blood sample to send to the lab for electrolyte analysis. 2. Begin oxygen per nasal cannula. 3. Medicate for pain. 4. Begin administration of intravenous fluids.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Pulse oximetry reading should be 92 or greater. Oxygen by nasal cannula should be started initially. Medicating for pain, administering IV fluids, and sending lab specimens can be done once the child's oxygenation status has been addressed.

A mother brings her 4-month-old infant in for a routine checkup and vaccinations. The mother reports that the infant was exposed to a brother who has the flu. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate based on these assessment findings? 1. Withhold the vaccinations. 2. Give the vaccinations as scheduled. 3. Withhold the DTaP vaccination but give the others as scheduled. 4. Give the infant the flu vaccination but withhold the others.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Recent exposure to an infectious disease is not a reason to defer a vaccine. There is no reason to withhold any of the vaccinations due at this time. The flu vaccination would not routinely be given to a 4-month-old.

Which action by the parents demonstrates an understanding of the nurse's teaching with regard to prevention of iron-deficient anemia? 1. Feeding their infant with a formula that is not iron fortified 2. Starting iron-fortified infant cereal at 4 to 6 months of age 3. Introducing cow's milk at 6 months of age 4. Limiting vitamin C consumption after 1 year of age

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Starting iron-fortified infant cereal at 4 to 6 months of age is recommended for prevention of iron deficiency in children. Infants who are not breast-fed should get iron-fortified formula. Cow's milk should not be introduced until 12 months of age. Vitamin C should be started at 6 to 9 months of age and continued, because foods rich in vitamin C improve iron absorption.

The nurse is teaching a group of mothers of infants about the benefits of immunization. Which immunization will the nurse teach to the mothers that can assist in preventing the life-threatening disease epiglottitis? 1. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) 2. Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) 3. Hepatitis B 4. Polio

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) immunization can assist in prevention of epiglottitis. Hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, and the polio virus are not causative agents for epiglottitis.

The nurse is caring for a child on bed rest who has severe edema in a left lower leg due to blocked lymphatic drainage. Which is the priority diagnosis for this child? 1. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements 2. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity 3. Risk for Altered Body Image 4. Risk for Activity Intolerance

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The highest priority problem is skin integrity. Nutrition, body image, and activity intolerance would not take priority over the integrity of the skin for this scenario.

An infant returns from surgery for correction of bilateral congenital clubfeet. The infant has bilateral long-leg casts. The toes on both feet are edematous, but there is color, sensitivity, and movement to them. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Call the healthcare provider to report the edema. 2. Elevate the legs on pillows. 3. Apply a warm, moist pack to the feet. 4. Encourage movement of toes.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The legs should be elevated on a pillow for 24 hours to promote healing and help with venous return. Some amount of swelling can be expected, so it would not be appropriate to notify the healthcare provider, especially if the color, sensitivity, and movement remain normal to the toes. Ice should be applied, not heat. An infant would not be able to follow directions to move toes, and in this case it would not be as effective as elevating the legs on pillows.

Which intervention is considered supportive care for a family whose infant has died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? 1. Interviewing parents to determine the cause of the SIDS incident 2. Allowing parents to hold, touch, and rock the infant 3. Sheltering parents from the grief by not giving them any personal items of the infant, such as footprints 4. Advising parents that an autopsy is not necessary

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The parents should be allowed to hold, touch, and rock the infant, giving them a chance to say good-bye to their baby. The other options are nontherapeutic. The death of an infant without a known medical condition is an indication for an autopsy.

The nurse is teaching the parent of a type 1 diabetic preschool-age client about management of the disease. Which teaching point is appropriate for the nurse to include in this session? 1. Allowing the client to administer all the insulin injections 2. Allowing the client to choose which finger to stick for glucose testing 3. Allowing the client to draw up the insulin dose 4. Allowing the client to test blood glucose

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The preschool-age client's need for autonomy and control can be met by allowing the client to pick which finger to stick for glucose testing. Administering the insulin, drawing up the dose, and testing blood glucose should not be done by the client until he or she is middle-school age or older.

A nurse is caring for a visually impaired school-age child. Which nursing intervention is the highest priority for this child during the admission process? 1. Explaining playroom policies 2. Orienting the child to where furniture is placed in the room 3. Letting the child touch equipment that will be used during the hospitalization 4. Taking the child on a tour of the unit

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The priority intervention is to orient the child to furniture placement in the room. This is priority because it addresses basic safety for a client with a visual impairment. Policies, handling equipment, and tours can be done at a later time.

The nurse is caring for a pediatric client in Bryant skin traction. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this client? 1. Remove the adhesive traction straps daily to prevent skin breakdown. 2. Check the traction frequently to ensure that proper alignment is maintained. 3. Place the child in a prone position to maintain good alignment. 4. Move the child as infrequently as possible to maintain traction.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The traction apparatus should be checked frequently to ensure that proper alignment is maintained. The adhesive straps should not be removed. The child should be placed in a supine position, and frequent repositioning is necessary to prevent complications of immobility.

A child is ready for discharge after surgery for a myelomeningocele repair. Before discharge, the nurse works with the parents to establish a catheterization schedule to prevent urinary tract infection. With what frequency should the nurse instruct the parents to catheterize the child? 1. Every 1 to 2 hours 2. Every 3 to 4 hours 3. Every 6 to 8 hours 4. Every 10 to 12 hours

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. To decrease the incidence of bladder or urinary tract infections, catheterization should occur every 3 to 4 hours.

A child is on a ventilator in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Which nursing intervention would best meet the psychosocial needs of this child? 1. Allow the parents to remain at the bedside. 2. Touch and talk to the child often. 3. Provide the child with a blanket from home. 4. Provide consistent caregivers.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Touch and verbal exchanges will aid in psychosocial support. The other responses provide a sense of security.

The nurse is providing care for a pediatric client who has a third-degree circumferential burn of the right arm. Which nursing diagnosis is the priority for this client? 1. Risk for Infection 2. Risk for Altered Tissue Perfusion 3. Risk for Altered Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements 4. Impaired Physical Mobility

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. When the burn is circumferential, blood flow can become restricted due to edema and result in tissue hypoxia; therefore, the priority diagnosis is Risk for Altered Tissue Perfusion to the Extremity. Infection, Nutrition, and Mobility would have second priority in this case.

A recently divorced mother who must return to work is concerned about the effects of placing her child in day care full time. In counseling the mother, which factor does the nurse share as the most influential in determining whether or not day care has a positive or negative effect on the child? 1. The ratio of day-care workers to children 2. The closeness of the parent-child relationship 3. The amount of time that the children spend playing outside 4. The cleanliness of the facility

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. While the ratio of child-care workers to the children, the cleanliness of the facility, and how much time the children are able to spend playing outdoors all can contribute to whether or not child care is a positive or negative experience, the closeness of the parent-child relationship is more likely to impact how resilient the child is, and this has a greater impact on the effects of the child-care experience.

A nurse is administering an intramuscular vaccination to an infant diagnosed with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). Which reaction is the infant more at risk for due to the diagnosis of WAS? 1. Pain at injection site 2. Bleeding at injection site 3. Redness and swelling at injection site 4. Mild rash at injection site

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is characterized by thrombocytopenia, with bleeding tendencies appearing during the neonatal period. The syndrome would not put the child at higher risk for pain, redness, swelling, or rash at the injection site.

A nurse is conducting a daily weight on a pediatric client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus and notes the child has lost 2 pounds in 24 hours. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Continue to monitor the child. 2. Notify the healthcare provider regarding the weight loss. 3. Chart the weight and report the loss to the next shift. 4. Do nothing more than chart the weight, as this would be a normal

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. With diabetes insipidus, the child may have severe fluid-volume deficit. A weight loss of 2 pounds indicates a loss of 1 liter of fluid, so the healthcare provider should be notified and fluids replaced either orally or intravenously. This is a significant loss in a 24-hour period, so continuing to monitor, charting the weight and reporting to the next shift, and doing nothing would prolong treatment.

The nurse has set up a group discussion for several families with chronically ill children. The nurse informs these parents that they may face which ethical issue? 1. Normalization 2. Withholding and refusal of treatment 3. Repeated hospital admissions 4. Lack of proper dietary needs

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Withholding and refusal of treatment is an ethical issue involving the life and quality of life of the child. Normalization is a family process of adaptation as the family members cope with daily life with their child. Lack of dietary needs is not an ethical issue, nor is repeated hospital admissions.

A child is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The parents are concerned because they cannot stay for long hours to visit. Which statement made by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "One of you might take a leave of absence to be here more." 2. "Parents often feel this way; would you be interested in talking with others who have experienced having a child in the NICU?" 3. "Perhaps the grandparents can make the visits for you." 4. "Why can't you visit after work every day?"

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. "Parents often feel this way; would you be interested in talking with others who have experienced having a child in the NICU?" is therapeutic; it focuses on feelings and offers support to the parents. The other options do not focus on how the parents feel and attempt to solve the issue rather than allow for the parents to deal with their feelings and form solutions

A nurse is planning care for a child with hyperkalemia. Which clinical manifestation will the nurse plan to assessment this child for based on the diagnosis? 1. Seizures 2. Bradycardia 3. Respiratory distress 4. Hyperthermia

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. A child with hyperkalemia is at risk for cardiac issues. Seizures, respiratory distress, and hyperthermia are not risks of hyperkalemia

In the morning, a nurse receives a report on four pediatric clients who have some form of fluid-volume excess. Which client should the nurse assess first? 1. A client with periorbital edema, normal respiratory rate 2. A client with tachypnea and pulmonary congestion 3. A client with dependent and sacral edema, regular pulse 4. A client with hepatomegaly, normal respiratory rate

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. A child with respiratory distress should be the first client the nurse checks after receiving report. The child with periorbital edema and normal respiratory rate, the child with dependent and sacral edema and regular pulse, and the child with hepatomegaly and normal respiratory rate are all more stable than the child with tachypnea and pulmonary congestion

A nurse is taking care of four different pediatric clients. Which client poses the great risk for dehydration? 1. A 15-year-old working out in a weight room for an hour before football practice 2. A 10-year-old playing baseball outdoors in 85-degree heat 3. A 5-year-old refusing to eat because of a virus 4. A newborn under a radiant warmer for an hour after the first bath

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. A condition that increases the risk of insensible fluid loss places the child at risk for dehydration. Any of these situations can place the child at risk for dehydration but the child at greatest risk is the child playing baseball in direct heat, which will increase utilization of extracellular fluids more rapidly than the other situations

The nurse completes postoperative discharge teaching to the parents of a child who had a tonsillectomy. Which statement by the parents indicates correct understanding of the teaching session? 1. "We will call the physician for any indication of ear pain." 2. "We will plan on administering acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain." 3. "We will be sure to give our child adequate amounts of citrus juices." 4. "We will keep our child on bed rest for 10 days after the surgery."

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is recommended for pain after a tonsillectomy. Citrus juices should be avoided for the first week because highly acidic foods and beverages can cause irritation. Ear pain 4 to 8 days after a tonsillectomy may be experienced and does not indicate an ear infection. Children do not need to be confined to bed. They can return to school in 10 days

A school-age client experiences a near-drowning episode and is admitted to the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU). The parents express guilt over the near drowning of their child. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "You will need to watch the child more closely." 2. "Tell me more about your feelings related to the accident." 3. "The child will be fine, so don't worry." 4. "Why did you let the child almost drown?"

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. In near-drowning cases, the nurse should be nonjudgmental and provide a forum for parents to express guilt. Telling the parents to watch the child more closely or asking them why they let the child almost drown is judgmental. Saying the child will be fine may not be true. The nurse should reassure the parents that the child is receiving all possible medical treatment

A nurse is preparing to admit a child with possible obstructive uropathy. Which laboratory test should the nurse expect to draw on this child? 1. Platelet count 2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine 3. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 4. Blood culture

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are serum lab tests for kidney function. Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional abnormality of the urinary system that interferes with urine flow and results in urine backflow into the kidneys; therefore, the BUN and creatinine will be elevated. Platelet count and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) are drawn when a bleeding disorder is suspected. A blood culture is done when an infectious process is suspected

A school-age child is being assessed for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse should watch the child for which symptoms? Select all that apply. 1. Polyphagia 2. Retention of fluid 3. Hypernatremia 4. Hyponatremia 5. Hyperglycemia

Answer: 2, 3 Explanation: 1. ADH helps the body retain fluid. Serum osmolality is increased (greater than 300 mOsm/kg) and urine osmolality is decreased (less than 300 mOsm/kg). Urine specific gravity is decreased (less than 1.005) and serum sodium is elevated.

The nurse is providing care to a school-age client with a documented immunodeficiency who is admitted to the general pediatric unit for intravenous medication administration. Which interventions are appropriate for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Institute droplet precautions. 2. Place in a positive-pressure room. 3. Avoid live vaccines. 4. Perform frequent handwashing. 5. Recommend fresh fruits brought in by the family.

Answer: 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Pediatric clients with documented immunodeficiency require specific interventions to decrease their risk for developing infections while in the hospital environment. Appropriate interventions for this client include a positive-pressure room, avoiding live vaccines, and meticulous handwashing from staff and visitors. This client would require standard precautions, not droplet precautions. Because of the risk of infection with fresh fruit, the family would not be allowed to bring this to the client during their hospital stay.

The nurse is teaching a prenatal class about infant care. Under which circumstances should the nurse emphasize that parents should call their healthcare provider immediately? Select all that apply. 1. Child 4 months old, received a DTaP immunization yesterday, and has a temperature of 38.0°C (100.4°F) 2. Child under 3 months old and has a temperature over 40.1°C (104.2°F) 3. Child difficult to awaken and has a pulsing fontanel 4. Child has purple spots on the skin and is lethargic. 5. Child has a stiff neck and has been irritable for three days.

Answer: 2, 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Infants under 3 months of age have limited ability to develop antibodies to fight infection, and a fever as high as 40.1°C indicates a serious infection. Difficulty to awaken and a pulsing fontanel, purple spots on the skin and lethargy, a stiff neck and irritability for 3 days in infants and children of any age may indicate meningitis. A mild fever of 38.0°C (100.4°F) in the 4-month-old who received a DTaP immunization yesterday is incorrect because the mild fever is expected as the body develops antibodies in response to antigens in the immunization.

The nurse is caring for the adolescent with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). What nursing diagnoses would the nurse address? Select all that apply. 1. Activity intolerance 2. Risk for impaired skin integrity 3. Body image disturbed 4. Ineffective breathing pattern 5. Risk for infection

Answer: 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Nursing diagnoses that may apply to the adolescent with SLE are: risk for impaired skin integrity, risk for activity intolerance, disturbed body image, risk for infection, acute pain, and ineffective family therapeutic regimen management.

The nurse educator is preparing an in-service for new RNs hired on a general pediatric unit regarding normal fluid and electrolyte status for children at various ages. Which statements will the educator include about normal fluid and electrolyte status of an infant? Select all that apply. 1. The infant has 75 percent total body water. 2. The extracellular fluid accounts for 25 percent of total body water in the infant. 3. A high metabolic rate requires generous fluid intake for the infant. 4. The infant's kidneys are mature and able to conserve water and electrolytes. 5. The infant's high body surface area promotes fluid loss.

Answer: 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. The nurse educator would include the following statements in the in-service: the extracellular fluid accounts for 25 percent of total body water in the infant; a high metabolic rate requires generous fluid intake for the infant; and the infant's high body surface area promotes fluid loss. All of these statements are true and accurate. The newborn, not the infant, has 75 percent total body water. All clients under the age of two years have immature kidney and are unable to conserve water and electrolytes.

The nurse is preparing to assess a toddler client. Which activities would gain cooperation from the toddler? Select all that apply. 1. Asking the parents to wait outside 2. Allowing the client to sit in the parent's lap 3. Administering vaccinations prior to the assessment 4. Handing the client a stethoscope while taking the health history 5. Making a game out of the assessment process

Answer: 2, 4 Explanation: 1. Allowing the client to stay on the parents lap and allowing the client to play with instruments that will be used in the assessment process are activities the nurse can implement to gain the toddler's cooperation during the assessment process. Asking the parents to wait outside may cause the toddler to become fearful. Vaccinations should be administered at the end of the visit. While making a game out of the assessment process may be appropriate for older children, this is not an appropriate strategy for a toddler client.

Which nursing interventions would be best for the nursing diagnosis of Powerlessness Related to Relinquishing Control to the Healthcare Team? Select all that apply. 1. Provide a primary nursing care model. 2. Prepare the child in advance for procedures. 3. Provide optimal pain relief. 4. Explain procedures in developmentally appropriate terms. 5. Incorporate home rituals when possible.

Answer: 2, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Preparation in advance—and in terms that are developmentally appropriate—and incorporating home rituals provide some degree of control, and might reduce the feeling of powerlessness. Providing a primary nursing care model will help decrease anxiety, and providing pain relief will decrease pain.

A nurse is assessing a child after an open reduction of a fractured femur. Which assessment findings would indicate that the child is experiencing compartment syndrome? Select all that apply. 1. Pink, warm extremity 2. Pain not relieved by pain medication 3. Dorsalis pedis pulse present 4. Prolonged capillary-refill time with paresthesia 5. Skin appears tense.

Answer: 2, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. The major serious complication post-fracture reduction is compartment syndrome. A prolonged capillary-refill time with loss of paresthesia, pain not relieved by medication, and skin that appears tense are signs of compartment syndrome. Pink, warm extremity; pain relieved by medication; and a present dorsalis pedis pulse would all be normal findings post-fracture reduction.

What are some common health problems associated with the poor and/or homeless child? Select all that apply. 1. Asthma 2. Sexually transmitted infections 3. Good dentition 4. Mental illness 5. Tuberculosis

Answer: 2, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. This is not a common health problem in children who are poor and/or homeless. Common health problems among children who are poor and/or homeless include: lack of immunizations, common infectious diseases, sleep deficits, vision and hearing deficits, nutritional deficits, dental care problems, injuries, pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and mental illness.

) In counseling an adolescent female about safe sex practices, which question is the most appropriate for the nurse to ask? 1. "Do you and your boyfriend use a condom every time you have sex?" 2. "Do you have a boyfriend, and if so, are you sexually active?" 3. "Do you have one or more sexual partners?" 4. "Have you and your boyfriend ever had unprotected sex?"

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. "Do you have one or more sexual partners?" provides the adolescent an opportunity to discuss sexual practices in a homosexual or alternative relationship if this applies to her. All of the other questions assume that the adolescent is involved in heterosexual relationships.

Which client in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) would most benefit from palliative care? 1. A child with end-stage leukemia 2. A child with a broken arm after a motor vehicle accident 3. A child with burn injuries to the legs 4. A child with recurrent asthma

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. A child with burn injuries to the legs will benefit most from palliative care to help control pain, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and so on. The child with end-stage leukemia will benefit from hospice care. The child with a broken arm or recurrent asthma will not need palliative care.

A child with myelomeningocele, corrected at birth, is now 5 years old. Which is the priority nursing diagnosis for a child with corrected spina bifida at this age? 1. Risk for Altered Nutrition 2. Risk for Impaired Tissue Perfusion-Cranial 3. Risk for Altered Urinary Elimination 4. Risk for Altered Comfort

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. A child with spina bifida will continue to have a risk for altered urinary elimination because the bowel and bladder sphincter controls are affected. Urinary retention is a problem, so bladder interventions are initiated early to prevent kidney damage. Risk for Altered Nutrition, Impaired Tissue Perfusion, and Altered Comfort are not problems once surgery has been performed to close the defect.

The nurse is preparing to ambulate a school-age client who had an appendectomy. In addition to pharmacological pain management, the nurse can use which nonpharmacological pain-management strategy for this client? 1. A heating pad 2. A warm, moist pack 3. A pillow on the abdomen 4. An ice pack

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. A pillow placed on the abdomen can be a nonpharmacological strategy to decrease discomfort after an appendectomy. Heat and ice are not used on the incisional area as they can impair the healing process of the wound.

A child is prescribed rifampicin for treatment of tuberculosis. For which length of time will the nurse tell the parents that this child must remain on the medication? 1. 2 months 2. 4 months 3. 6 months 4. 8 months

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Active and latent TB are treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Therapy for active TB usually involves a 6-month regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first 2 months and isoniazid and rifampicin for the remaining 4 months. Therefore, the child will remain on rifampicin for a total of 6 months.

An infant has a severe case of oral thrush (Candida albicans). Which nursing diagnosis is the priority for this infant? 1. Activity Intolerance Related to Oral Thrush 2. Ineffective Airway Clearance Related to Mucus 3. Ineffective Infant Feeding Pattern Related to Discomfort 4. Ineffective Breathing Pattern Related to Oral Thrush

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. An infant with oral thrush may refuse to nurse or feed because of discomfort and pain. Prompt treatment is necessary so the infant can resume a normal feeding pattern. Activity intolerance, ineffective airway clearance, and ineffective breathing patterns are not usual associated problems.

A toddler client with a fever is prescribed amoxicillin clavulanate 250 mg/5 cc three times daily by mouth × 10 days for otitis media. Which teaching point will guard against antibiotic resistance to the disease process? 1. Administer a loading dose for the first dose. 2. Measure the prescribed dose in a household teaspoon. 3. Give the antibiotic for the full 10 days. 4. Stop the antibiotic if the child is afebrile.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Antibiotics must be administered for the full number of days ordered to prevent mutation of resistant strains of bacteria. A loading dose was not ordered. A household teaspoon may contain less than 5 cc, and the full dose must be given. Stopping the antibiotic before the prescribed time will permit remaining bacteria to reproduce, and the otitis media will return, possibly with antibiotic-resistant organisms. The absence of a fever is not an indication that all bacteria are killed or not reproducing.

A pediatric client is seen in the clinic with a possible diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The mother asks what the healthcare provider uses to make the diagnosis. The nurse explains that type 2 diabetes is suspected if the child has obesity, acanthosis nigricans, and two non-fasting blood-glucose levels above which level? 1. 120 2. 80 3. 200 4. 50

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Blood-glucose levels at or above 200 mg/dL without fasting is diagnostic of type 2 diabetes.

When examining a toddler-age child during a well-child physical, which assessment is the priority? 1. Visual acuity 2. Helmet use 3. Risk of lead exposure 4. Whether household drinking water contains fluorine

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Elevated lead levels are neurotoxic to young children and, if untreated, can cause irreparable neurological damage. Visual acuity may be difficult to accurately assess at this age secondary to the child's compliance and ability to understand the directions for the screening test. While teaching helmet use at an early age is important, it is unlikely that this child is riding a bicycle yet, and although early exposure to fluorine is important for good dental health, lack of fluorinated drinking water will not be as harmful to the child as toxic lead levels.

The nurse is teaching a 10-year-old and family about the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma. The nurse knows that instruction has been successful when the child and family indicate which is a common site? 1. Bone marrow 2. Head 3. Shaft 4. Growth plate 5. Bursae

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Ewing sarcoma is a malignant, tumor involving the diaphyseal (shaft) portion of the long bones. Common sites include: femur, pelvis, tibia, fibula, ribs, humerus, scapula, and clavicle.

At the conclusion of teaching parents about cerebral palsy, the nurse asks, "What is your hope for your toddler with cerebral palsy?" Which reply from a parent best indicates an understanding of a realistic achievement for the child? 1. "I hope my child qualifies for the Winter Olympics like I did." 2. "I hope my child just enjoys life." 3. "I hope my child will attend our neighborhood school." 4. "I hope my child is liked and accepted by other children."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Expecting a child with cerebral palsy to do well in the local school is a realistic hope that the child can possibly achieve. A child with cerebral palsy does not have the gross motor skills to qualify for the Olympics; thus, this is unrealistic. A hope for the child to enjoy life is realistic, but is not an achievement for the child. A hope that the child is liked and accepted by other children is realistic, but this hope is also dependent on other children.

A child is admitted to the hospital for hypercalcemia and is placed on diuretic therapy. Which diuretic would the nurse expect to give? 1. Hydrochlorothiazide (Aquazide) 2. Spironolactone (Aldactone) 3. Furosemide (Lasix) 4. Mannitol (Osmitrol)

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Furosemide (Lasix) is the diuretic used to aid in excretion of calcium. Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) decrease calcium excretion and should not be given to the hypercalcemic client. Mannitol (Osmitrol) is a diuretic used to decrease cerebral edema and is not routinely used to aid in excretion of calcium. Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a potassium-sparing diuretic and would not be effective for excretion of calcium.

A child with severe gastroenteritis is admitted to a semiprivate room on the pediatric unit. The charge nurse should place this client with which roommate? 1. An infant with meningitis 2. A child with fever and neutropenia 3. Another child with gastroenteritis 4. A child recovering from an appendectomy

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Gastroenteritis may be viral or bacterial and can be infectious. It is best to cohort children with this infectious process. Good handwashing is essential to prevent the spread. An infant with meningitis, a child with fever and neutropenia, and a child recovering from an appendectomy should not be placed with another child with an infectious process.

An adolescent client diagnosed with Graves' disease is admitted to the hospital. Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect on assessment? 1. Weight gain, hirsutism, and muscle weakness 2. Dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and hypertension 3. Tachycardia, fatigue, and heat intolerance 4. Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and glucosuria

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Graves' disease occurs when thyroid hormone levels are increased, resulting in excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormones. Clinical manifestations include tachycardia, fatigue, and heat intolerance. Weight gain, hirsutism, and muscle weakness are signs of Cushing syndrome. Dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and hypertension are signs of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and glucosuria are signs of diabetes.

A nurse begins an infusion of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) to a child who has combined immunodeficiency disease. Which assessment finding indicates that the nurse should stop the infusion? 1. A mild headache 2. Clear yellow urine 3. Severe shaking, chills, and fever 4. Complaints of being "thirsty"

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Hypersensitivity reaction can be seen with IVIG. The infusion should be started slowly and increased if there is no reaction. Shaking, chills, and fever can indicate a reaction. A mild headache is an adverse side effect of IVIG but not a severe reaction. Thirst is not an indication of a reaction. Voiding clear yellow urine is a normal finding.

A school-age child with hemophilia falls on the playground and goes to the nurse's office with superficial bleeding above the knee. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Apply a warm, moist pack to the area. 2. Perform some passive range of motion to the affected leg. 3. Apply pressure to the area for at least 15 minutes. 4. Keep the affected extremity in a dependent position.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. If a hemophiliac child experiences a bleeding episode, superficial bleeding should be controlled by applying pressure to the area for at least 15 minutes. Ice should be applied, not heat. The extremity should be immobilized and elevated, so passive range of motion and keeping the extremity in a dependent position would not be appropriate interventions at this time.

During the recovery-management phase of burn treatment, which is the most common complication seen in children? 1. Shock 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Burn-wound infection 4. Asphyxia

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Infection of the burned area is a frequent complication in the recovery—management phase. A goal of burn-wound care is protection from infection.

The nurse is planning postoperative care for an infant after a cleft-lip repair. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this infant? 1. Prone positioning 2. Suctioning with a Yankauer device 3. Supine or side-lying positioning 4. Avoidance of soft elbow restraints

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Integrity of the suture line is essential for postoperative care of cleft-lip repair. The infant should be placed in a supine or side-lying position to avoid rubbing the suture line on the bedding. The prone position should be avoided. A Yankauer suction device is made of hard plastic and, if used, could cause trauma to the suture line. Suctioning should be done with a small, soft suction catheter. Soft elbow restraints may be used to prevent the infant from touching the incisional area.

Parents of a child admitted with respiratory distress are concerned because the child won't lie down and wants to sit in a chair leaning forward. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "This helps the child feel in control of his situation." 2. "The child needs to be encouraged to lie flat in bed." 3. "This position helps keep the airway open." 4. "This confirms the child has asthma."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Leaning forward helps keep the airway open. The child is not in control just because he is leaning forward. Lying flat in bed will increase the respiratory distress. This position does not confirm asthma.

An adolescent is receiving methotrexate chemotherapy after undergoing limb-salvage surgery for osteogenic sarcoma. Which statement by the adolescent indicates understanding of the purpose of leucovorin therapy after the methotrexate? 1. "I'm glad I only need one dose of the leucovorin." 2. "I don't have any pain so I won't need to take the leucovorin this time." 3. "I know I will be taking the leucovorin every 6 hours for about the next 3 days." 4. "I don't have any nausea so I won't need the leucovorin."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Leucovorin (citrovorum factor) is a form of folic acid that helps to protect normal cells from the destructive action of methotrexate. It is started within 24 hours of methotrexate administration and is given along with hydration therapy. Usual administration is every 6 hours for 72 hours or until serum methotrexate is at the desired level.

Concerned parents call the school nurse because of changes in their 15-year-old adolescent's behavior. Which behavior would the nurse indicate as indicative of adolescent substance abuse? 1. Buying baggy, oversized clothing at thrift shops and dying her hair black 2. Becoming very involved with friends and in activities related to the basketball team that she is on; never seeming to be home; and, when she is home, preferring to be in her room with the door shut 3. Receiving numerous detentions lately from teachers for sleeping in class 4. Becoming very moody, dramatically crying and weeping one minute and then being cheerful and excited the next

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Mood swings, experimenting with clothes and hair, periodically distancing themselves from their parents, and preferring involvement with their peers are all normal adolescent behaviors. Even though most teens do prefer staying up late, they are not usually so tired that they would fall asleep during the day, especially while engaged in classroom activities. This behavior is abnormal and may indicate involvement with substance abuse or an underlying pathology.

A child is admitted to the hospital unit with a diagnosis of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). Which clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate when conducting the admission assessment? 1. Hematuria, bacteriuria, weight gain 2. Gross hematuria, albuminuria, fever 3. Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema 4. Hypertension, weight loss, proteinuria

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Nephrotic syndrome is an alteration in kidney function secondary to increased glomerular basement membrane permeability to plasma protein. It is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. While hematuria and hypertension may be present, they are not pronounced. Gross hematuria and hypertension are associated with glomerulonephritis. Bacteriuria and fever are associated with a urinary tract infection. Because of the edema, a weight gain, not a weight loss, would be seen.

A nurse is providing information to a group of new mothers. Which statement best explains why newborns and young infants are more susceptible to infection? 1. "They have high levels of maternal antibodies to diseases to which the mother has been exposed." 2. "They have passive transplacental immunity from maternal immunoglobulin G." 3. "They have immune systems that are not fully mature at birth." 4. "They have been exposed to microorganisms during the birth process."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Newborns have a limited storage pool of neutrophils and plasma proteins to defend against infection. Newborns' and young infants' high levels of maternal antibodies, passive transplacental immunity, and exposure to microorganisms during the birth process are all true but are incorrect answers because they do not explain the susceptibility of newborns and young infants to infection.

A newborn is suspected of having cystic fibrosis. As the child is being prepared for transfer to a pediatric hospital, the mother asks the nurse which symptoms made the practitioner suspect cystic fibrosis. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Steatorrheic stools 2. Constipation 3. Meconium ileus 4. Rectal prolapse

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Newborns with cystic fibrosis may present in the first 48 hours with meconium ileus. Steatorrhea, constipation, and rectal prolapse may be signs of cystic fibrosis seen in an older infant or child.

The nurse is preparing to discharge a toddler-age client who just had an orchiopexy. Which discharge instruction is appropriate for this client? 1. Information to the parents about the child's resuming normal vigorous activities 2. Discussion with the parents about the low incidence of testicular malignancy and no further need for any follow-up 3. Explanation to the parents about the need for loose, nonrestrictive clothing 4. Reassurance to the parents that infertility is not a future risk

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Orchiopexy is the surgical correction of cryptorchidism (failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac). Discharge instructions should include information about the need for loose, nonrestrictive clothing to avoid pressure on the postoperative site. The risk of testicular cancer is 35 to 50 times greater in men with a history of cryptorchidism. Long-term planning includes teaching the child to perform monthly testicular examinations once puberty has been reached. Vigorous activities such as straddling toys, riding bicycles, or rough play should be avoided for up to two weeks following surgery to promote healing and prevent injury. A discussion of fertility and the possible need for fertility testing is important, since cryptorchidism increases the risk of infertility.

A school-age child with congenital heart block codes in the emergency department (ED). The parents witness this and stare at the resuscitation scene unfolding before them. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate in this situation? 1. Ask the parents to leave until the child has stabilized. 2. Ask the parents to call the family to come into watch the resuscitation. 3. Ask the parents to sit near the child's face and hold her hand. 4. Ask the parents to stand at the foot of the cart to watch.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Parents should be helped to support their child through emergency procedures, if they are able. Parents should never be asked to take part in emergency efforts unless absolutely necessary. Merely watching the resuscitation serves no purpose for the child. If the parents interfere with resuscitation efforts or they are unable to tolerate the situation, they can be asked to leave later.

The nurse is providing care to an adolescent client diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which action by the client indicates acceptance of body changes associated with SLE? 1. She refuses to attend school. 2. She doesn't want to attend any social functions. 3. She discusses the body changes with a peer. 4. She discusses the body changes with healthcare personnel only.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Peer interaction is important to the teen. Being able to discuss the changes to her body with a peer indicates acceptance of the change in body image. Discussing changes only with healthcare personnel does not indicate the teen has adjusted to body-image changes. Refusing to go to school or not going to social functions indicates nonacceptance of the changes to body image.

A nurse is planning to teach school-age children about the common cold. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? 1. Vaccinations can prevent contraction of a nasopharyngitis virus. 2. Antibiotics will eliminate the nasopharyngitis virus. 3. Proper handwashing can prevent the spread of the infection. 4. Aspirin should be taken for alleviation of fever if the "common cold" is contracted

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Proper handwashing should be taught to school-age children to reduce the spread of the "common cold" virus. No vaccine can prevent the common cold. Antibiotics are not used to treat viral infections. Aspirin should not be taken for fever because of its association with Reye syndrome.

The nurse is caring for a child who is in a sickle cell crisis and has severe pain. Which nursing intervention is the most appropriate for this child? 1. Giving comfort measures, such as back rubs 2. Suggesting diversional activities, such as coloring 3. Administering pain medication 4. Preparing the child for painful procedures

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Severe pain requires administration of pain medication for pain relief. Comfort measures and diversional activities are not effective against severe pain in children. Comfort measures should be given to every child and can be used after pain medication is given. A child in severe pain is not capable of participating in or enjoying diversional activities. Preparing the child for painful procedures is not appropriate when the child is already in pain.

The nurse is providing instruction to the parents of an infant with a colostomy. Which statement by the parents indicates appropriate understanding of the teaching session? 1. "We will change the colostomy bag with each wet diaper." 2. "We will use adhesive enhancers when we change the bag." 3. "We will watch for skin irritation around the stoma." 4. "We will expect a moderate amount of bleeding after cleansing the area around the stoma."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Skin irritation around the stoma should be assessed; it may indicate leakage. Physical or chemical skin irritation may occur if the appliance is changed too frequently or with each wet diaper. Adhesive enhancers should be avoided on the skin of newborns. Their skin layers are thin, and removal of the appliance can strip off the skin. Also, adhesive contains latex, and its constant use is not advised due to risk of latex allergy development. Bleeding is usually attributable to excessive cleaning.

A school-age child diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis asks the nurse to recommend an exercise activity. Which activity is most appropriate for this child? 1. Softball 2. Football 3. Swimming 4. Basketball

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Swimming helps to exercise all of the extremities without putting undue stress on joints. Softball, football, and basketball could exacerbate joint discomfort.

The nurse is caring for four clients. Which client has the highest risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity? 1. 30-week-gestation infant who was in an Oxy-Hood for 12 hours and weighed 1800 g. 2. 32-week-gestation infant who needed no oxygen and weighed 1850 g. 3. 28-week-gestation infant who has been on long-term oxygen and weighed 1400 g. 4. 28-week-gestation infant who was on short-term oxygen and weighed 1420 g.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The 28-week-gestation infant on oxygen weighing 1400 g has the highest risk of retinopathy of prematurity because of gestational age (28 weeks or less), weight (less than 1500 g), and oxygen therapy. The other neonates have fewer risk factors.

The hospital has just provided its nurses with information about biologic threats and terrorism. After completing the course, a group of nurses is discussing its responsibility in relation to bioterrorism. Which statement by the nurse indicates a correct understanding of the concepts presented? 1. "It is important to separate clients according to age and illness to prevent the spread of disease." 2. "It is important to dispose blood-contaminated needles in the lead-lined container." 3. "I will notify the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) if a large number of persons with the same life-threatening infection present to the emergency room." 4. "I will initiate isolation precautions for a hospitalized client with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The CDC must be contacted to investigate the source of serious infections and to determine if a bioterrorist threat exists. Separating clients according to age and illness to prevent the spread of disease will do nothing to stop terrorism. Proper disposal of blood-contaminated needles in the sharps container and initiating isolation precautions for a hospitalized client with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are appropriate nursing actions but do not relate to bioterrorism.

A child diagnosed with a Wilms tumor is prescribed chemotherapy. Which laboratory test will the nurse monitor prior to administering the chemotherapy to determine the child's infection-fighting capability? 1. Hemoglobin 2. RBC count 3. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 4. Platelets

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The absolute neutrophil count uses both the segmented (mature) and bands (immature) neutrophils as a measure of the body's infection-fighting capability. RBC count, hemoglobin, and platelets cannot determine infection-fighting capabilities.

The antiemetic drug ondansetron (Zofran) is administered to a child receiving chemotherapy. When should the nurse administer this medication? 1. Only if the child experiences nausea 2. After the chemotherapy has been administered 3. Before chemotherapy administration as a prophylactic measure 4. Never; this antiemetic is not effective for controlling nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The antiemetic ondansetron (Zofran) should be administered before chemotherapy as a prophylactic measure. Giving it after the child has nausea or at the end of chemotherapy treatment does not help with preventing nausea. It is the drug of choice for controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy agents.

The nurse is teaching family members how to care for their infant in a Pavlik harness to treat congenital developmental dysplasia of the hip. Which statement will the nurse include in the teaching session? 1. "Apply lotion or powder to minimize skin irritation." 2. "Put clothing over the harness for maximum effectiveness of the device." 3. "Check at least 2 or 3 times a day for red areas under the straps." 4. "Place a diaper over the harness, preferably using a thin, superabsorbent, disposable diaper."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The brace should be checked 2 or 3 times for red areas under the straps. Lotion or powder can contribute to skin breakdown. A light layer of clothing should be under the brace, not over. The diaper should also be under the brace.

Which nursing intervention is most appropriate when caring for an infant with a myelomeningocele in the preoperative stage? 1. Placing infant supine to decrease pressure on the sac 2. Appling a heat lamp to facilitate drying and toughening of the sac 3. Measuring head circumference every shift to identify developing hydrocephalus 4. Appling a diaper to prevent contamination of the sac

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The infant should be monitored for developing hydrocephalus, so the head circumference should be monitored daily. The infant will be placed prone, not supine, and the defect will be protected from trauma or infection. Therefore, applying heat and a diaper around the defect would not be recommended. A sterile saline dressing may be used to cover the sac to maintain integrity.

The nurse is discussing ways to treat fever in the home environment to a group of parents in the community. Which statement is appropriate for the nurse to include in the presentation? 1. "Ibuprofen is the only effective means to reduce fever." 2. "If the child requires more than one dose of acetaminophen antibiotics are needed." 3. "Purchase a new bottle of acetaminophen for your newborn because it will have recommended medication concentration." 4. "It is not necessary to follow the recommendations on the bottle of ibuprofen as this will not prevent an overdose for your child."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The recommendation to purchase a new bottle of acetaminophen due to recommended medication concentrations is an appropriate statement for the nurse to include in the teaching session. The other statements are inaccurate or inappropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching session.

A 1-month-old client is admitted to the emergency room with severe diarrhea. Which assessment suggests the client is severely dehydrated? 1. Skin moist and flushed; mucous membranes dry 2. Low specific gravity of urine; skin color pale 3. Fontanels depressed; capillary refill greater than three seconds 4. High specific gravity of urine; moist mucous membranes

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Two signs of severe dehydration are depressed fontanels and capillary refill time greater than three seconds. Moist, flushed skin; moist mucous membranes; and low specific gravity of urine are not signs of dehydration. Dry mucous membranes and pale skin color are signs of mild dehydration, not severe.

A high school student calls to ask the nurse for advice on how to care for a new navel piercing. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Apply warm soaks to the area for the first two days to minimize swelling." 2. "Do not move or turn the jewelry for the first 3 days." 3. "Avoid contact with another person's bodily fluids until the area is well healed." 4. "Apply lotion to the area, rubbing gently, to prevent skin from becoming dry and irritated."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Until the piercing has healed, it is a nonintact area of skin that has potential for infection, especially from contact with bodily fluids from someone else. Ice, not warm soaks, should be applied to the area for the first two days to minimize the swelling. The jewelry needs to be gently rotated several times per day to aid with healing. Lotion can provide a medium for bacteria, and rubbing at the site can cause irritation to the area.

The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a school-age client who was recently diagnosed with a latex allergy. Which product will the nurse educate the client and family to avoid? 1. Plastic bottles 2. Footballs 3. Chewing gum 4. Paper bags

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. When a child is diagnosed with a latex allergy, it is essential for the nurse to educate both the child and the family regarding sources of latex within the home and the community. The child and family should be educated to avoid chewing gum as it contains latex. The other items do not contain latex and do not pose a risk for this child in the community.

A nurse notes blue sclera during a newborn assessment. Which item will the newborn require further assessment for based on this finding? 1. Marfan syndrome 2. Achondroplasia 3. Osteogenesis imperfecta 4. Muscular dystrophy

Answer: 3 Explanation:1. Clinical manifestations of osteogenesis imperfecta include blue sclera. This is not present in Marfan syndrome, achondroplasia, or muscular dystrophy

The nurse is planning care for a 3-month-old infant diagnosed with eczema. Which should be the focus of the nurse's care for this infant? 1. Maintaining adequate nutrition 2. Keeping the baby content 3. Preventing infection of lesions 4. Applying antibiotics to lesions

Answer: 3 Explanation:1. Nursing care should focus on preventing infection of lesions. Due to impaired skin-barrier function and cutaneous immunity, an infant with eczema is at greater risk for the development of skin infections by organisms. Maintaining adequate nutrition and keeping the infant content are not as high a priority. Antibiotics are not routinely applied to the lesions

A social service coordinator is consulted to arrange for a phototherapy blanket at discharge for an infant/family with multiple social difficulties. Which social difficulty is more than likely to have the greatest influence on discharge? 1. Cultural practices and rituals 2. Financial difficulties 3. The family is homeless 4. The family does not have a healthcare provider 5. Religious beliefs

Answer: 3 Explanation:1. This is not the greatest influence on discharge. The greatest impact on discharge is the fact that the family is homeless, all other aspects of care depend on homelessness.

The nurse is caring for a pediatric client who sustained a severe burn. Determine the order of what would be done for this child when the medical team arrives on the scene: Response 1. Start intravenous fluids. Response 2. Provide for relief of pain. Response 3. Establish an airway. Response 4. Place a Foley catheter.

Answer: 3, 1, 2, 4 Establish an airway. Start intravenous fluids. Provide for relief of pain. Place a Foley catheter. Explanation: The first step in burn care is to ensure that the child has an airway, is breathing, and has a pulse. Due to the severity of the burn, establishing IV access and starting resuscitation fluids would be next, followed by addressing the area of pain and inserting a Foley catheter.

The nurse is providing teaching to a community group regarding preventative strategies to reduce the risk of burn injury. Which topics will the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply. 1. Avoid contact with unknown animals and wild animals. 2. Layer children's clothing for warmth. 3. Keep infants and toddlers off the lap when drinking hot beverages or eating soup. 4. Lower the temperature settings for hot water heaters. 5. Wear light-colored clothes and avoid eating sweetened foods and beverages when outside.

Answer: 3, 4 Explanation: 1. In order to decrease the risk of burn injury, the nurse would tell the group to keep infants and toddlers off the lap while drinking hot beverages or eating soup and to lower the temperature settings for the hot water heaters. Avoiding contact with unknown animals and wild animals along with wearing light-colored clothes and avoiding eating sweetened foods and beverages when outside are strategies to prevent bites and stings. Layering children's clothing for warmth is a strategy to prevent hypothermia.

The school nurse is trying to prevent the spread of a flu virus through the school. Which infection-control strategies can be employed to prevent the spread of the flu virus? Select all that apply. 1. Teaching parents safe food preparation and storage 2. Withholding immunizations for children with compromised immune systems 3. Sanitizing toys, telephones, and door knobs to kill pathogens 4. Separating children with infections from children who are well 5. Teaching children to wash their hands after using the bathroom

Answer: 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. To prevent the spread of communicable diseases, microorganisms must be killed or their growth controlled. Sanitizing toys and all contact surfaces, separating children with infections, and teaching children to wash their hands all control the growth and spread of microorganisms. Teaching parents safe food preparation and storage is another tool to prevent the spread of microorganisms but is not related to the flu virus. Immunizations should not be withheld from immunocompromised children; this is not an infection-control strategy.

A nurse is conducting a postoperative assessment on an infant who has just had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed for hydrocephalus. Which assessment finding would indicate a malfunction in the shunt? 1. Incisional pain 2. Movement of all extremities 3. Negative Brudzinski sign 4. Bulging fontanel

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. A bulging fontanel would be an abnormal finding and could indicate that the shunt is malfunctioning. Incisional pain, movement of all extremities, and negative Brudzinski sign are all normal findings after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt has been placed.

A child who is diagnosed with leukemia has a sibling who is expressing feelings of anger and guilt. How would the nurse characterize this reaction by the sibling? 1. Abnormal; the sibling should be referred to a psychologist. 2. Normal; the illness doesn't affect the sibling. 3. Unexpected; the cancer is easily treated. 4. Normal; the sibling is affected too, and anger and guilt are expected feelings.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. A diagnosis of cancer affects the whole family, and initial feelings experienced by the sibling may be anger and guilt. Seldom will the sibling be unaffected; however, the response is not abnormal.

11) During the newborn examination, the nurse assesses the infant for signs of developmental dysplasia of the hip. A finding that would strongly indicate this disorder would be: 1. soles are flat with prominent fat pads. 2. positive Babinski reflex. 3. metatarsus varus. 4. asymmetric thigh and gluteal folds.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. A positive Babinski reflex and flat soles are normal newborn findings. Metatarsus varus is an in-toeing of the feet that usually occurs secondary to intra-uterine positioning and frequently resolves on its own, but approximately 10 percent of infants with metatarsus varus also have developmental dysplasia of the hip. Asymmetric thigh and gluteal folds are a positive finding for developmental dysplasia of the hip requiring follow-up with ultrasound.

1) Which nursing role is not directly involved when providing family-centered approach to the pediatric population? 1. Advocacy 2. Case management 3. Patient education 4. Researcher

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. A researcher is not involved in the family-centered approach to patient care of children and their families. Advocacy, case management, and patient education are all roles directly involved in the care of children and their families.

A school bus carrying children in grades K-12 crashed into a ravine. The critically injured children were transported by ambulance and admitted to the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU). The nurse is concerned about calming the frightened children. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to achieve the goal of calming the frightened children? 1. Tell the children that the physicians are competent. 2. Assure the children that the nurses are caring. 3. Explain that the PICU equipment is state of the art. 4. Call the children's parents to come into the PICU.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. A sense of physical and psychological security is best achieved by the presence of parents. Children at all developmental levels look first to their parents or whoever acts as their parents for safety and security. Healthcare providers, no matter how competent or caring, cannot substitute for parents. Children often neither recognize nor care about state-of-the-art equipment.

Parents of a child who experienced a moderately severe allergic reaction after eating peanuts ask the nurse what they can do to help if it happens again. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "If it happens again, I will teach you what to do." 2. "You should have an antihistamine like Benadryl with you at all times." 3. "We can start a desensitization process to take the allergy away." 4. "I will teach you how to use an Epi-Pen."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. An Epi-Pen is the appropriate treatment if this reaction occurs again. Benadryl is fine, but most likely is not strong enough in light of the serious reaction the child had. Desensitization is not the appropriate instruction at this time. Telling the parents that they will be taught if it happens again is brushing off the seriousness of the situation.

The nurse is evaluating an infant's tolerance of feedings after a pyloromyotomy. Which finding indicates that the infant is not tolerating the feeding? 1. Need for frequent burping 2. Irritability during feeding 3. The passing of gas 4. Emesis after two feedings

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. An infant is not tolerating feedings after a pyloromyotomy if emesis is present. Frequent burping, irritability, and the passing of gas would be expected findings following a pyloromyotomy and would indicate tolerance of the feeding.

The clinic nurse is working with a child with multiple disabilities. The parents have asked the nurse to help them in meeting with the school board to develop an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and an Individualized Health Plan (IHP). Which nursing intervention is most appropriate? 1. Providing a written list of the child's medical diagnoses for the IEP meeting. 2. Offering to wait with the child while the parents attend the IEP meeting. 3. Listening to the parents' concerns and complaints about the school district. 4. Presenting verbally the child's cognitive, physical, and social skills to school officials at the IEP meeting.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. As an advocate for the child and a partner with the family, the nurse attends the IEP meeting and presents the child's functional skills to develop a comprehensive IEP. A list of medical diagnoses does not accurately inform school officials about the child's skills or needs. Waiting with the child and listening to parents' concerns may be kind and empathetic but does not contribute to an action plan for the child's educational needs.

The nurse is monitoring the urine specific gravity and pH on a child receiving chemotherapy. Which urinalysis result is the goal for this child? 1. Spec gravity 1.030; pH 6 2. Spec gravity 1.030; pH 7.5 3. Spec gravity 1.005; pH 6 4. Spec gravity 1.005; pH 7.5

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Because the breakdown of malignant cells releases intracellular components into the blood and electrolyte imbalance causes metabolic acidosis, the urine specific gravity should remain at less than 1.010 and the pH at 7 to 7.5. A specific gravity higher than 1.010 can mean fluid intake is not high enough, and a pH of less than 7 means acidosis.

Which symptoms are characteristic of a preschool-age client who is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection? 1. Foul-smelling urine, elevated blood pressure, and hematuria 2. Severe flank pain, nausea, headache 3. Headache, hematuria, vertigo 4. Urgency, dysuria, fever

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in a preschool-age client include fever, urgency, and dysuria. While hematuria may be present, there is no elevated blood pressure, headache, or vertigo.

A mother of two school-age children tells the nurse that her husband has recently been deployed overseas. The mother is concerned about the children's constant interest in watching TV news coverage of military activities overseas. Which suggestion from the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Allow the children to watch as much television as they want. This is how they are coping with their father's absence." 2. "It will just take some time to adjust to their father's absence, then everything will return to normal." 3. "The less that you discuss this, the quicker the children will adjust to their father's absence. Try to keep them busy, and use distractions to keep their mind off of it." 4. "Spend time with your children and take cues from them about how much they want to discuss."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Constant viewing of the TV coverage of the war may increase the children's anxiety and fear for their father's safety. The mother should be aware that even though the children may appear to have adjusted, there may be delayed reactions or regressions in behavior. Children need to be able to discuss their feelings and concerns with an adult; otherwise, their emotional distress may increase.

A 2-month-old client has a candidal diaper rash. Which medication does the nurse anticipate will be prescribed for this client? 1. Bacitracin ointment 2. Hydrocortisone ointment 3. Desitin 4. Nystatin given topically and orally

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Diaper candidiasis is treated with an antifungal cream (Nystatin). An oral antifungal agent may be given to clear the candidiasis from the intestines. Bacitracin is for an infection caused by staphylococcus. Mild diaper rash is treated with a barrier such as Desitin. Moderate diaper rash is treated with hydrocortisone ointment.

The school nurse is conducting pediculosis capitis (head lice) checks. Which findings would indicate a "positive" head check? 1. White, flaky particles throughout the entire scalp region 2. Maculopapular lesions behind the ears 3. Lesions in the scalp that extend to the hairline or neck 4. White sacs attached to the hair shafts in the occipital area

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Evidence of pediculosis capitis includes white sacs (nits) that are attached to the hair shafts, frequently in the occiput area. Lesions may be present from itching, but the positive sign is evidence of nits. Lice and nits must be distinguished from dandruff, which appears as white, flaky particles.

A mother refuses to have her child be immunized with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine because she believes that letting her infant get these diseases will help him fight off other diseases later in life. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. Honor her request because she is the parent. 2. Explain that antibodies can fight many diseases. 3. Tell her that not immunizing her infant may protect pregnant women. 4. Explain that if her child contracts measles, mumps, or rubella, there could be very serious and permanent complications from these diseases.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Explaining that if her child contracts measles, mumps, or rubella, he could have very serious and permanent complications from these diseases is correct because measles, mumps, and rubella all have potentially serious sequelae, such as encephalitis, brain damage, and deafness. Honoring her request is not correct because the nurse has a professional duty to explain that the mother's belief about immunizations is erroneous and may result in harm to her infant. Explaining that antibodies can fight many diseases is not correct because the body makes antibodies that are specific to antigens of each disease. Antibodies for one disease cannot fight another disease. Telling her that not immunizing her infant may protect pregnant women is not correct because immunizing the infant with MMR vaccine will help protect pregnant women from contracting rubella by decreasing the transmission. If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, her fetus can be severely damaged with congenital rubella syndrome.

Siblings of a client in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) are preparing to visit their brother, who was hit by a car while riding his bike. Which intervention by the nurse will assist the siblings in preparing for the visit? 1. Spend time developing a relationship with the siblings. 2. Have the parents go with the siblings when they visit. 3. Encourage the siblings to talk to a social worker before seeing their brother. 4. Explain what the siblings will hear and see when they visit.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Explaining what the siblings will hear and see when they visit will best prepare them for the visit with their brother. The other responses are good ways to help alleviate stress but won't help prepare the siblings for the visit.

A parent reports that her school-age child, who has had all recommended immunizations, had a mild fever one week ago and now has bright red cheeks and a lacy red maculopapular rash on the trunk and arms. Which disease process does the nurse suspect based on the parent's description? 1. Chicken pox (varicella) 2. German measles (rubella) 3. Roseola (exanthem subitum) 4. Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Fifth disease manifests first with a flulike illness, followed by a red "slapped-cheek" sign. Then a lacy maculopapular erythematous rash spreads symmetrically from the trunk to the extremities, sparing the soles and palms. Varicella (chicken pox) and rubella (German measles) are unlikely if the child has had all recommended immunizations. The rash of varicella progresses from papules to vesicles to pustules. The rash of rubella is a pink maculopapular rash that begins on the face and progresses downward to the trunk and extremities. Roseola typically occurs in infants and begins abruptly with a high fever followed by a pale pink rash starting on the trunk and spreading to the face, neck, and extremities.

The nurse prepares the second diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) and second inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) immunization injections for an infant who is 4 months old. The nurse may also give which of immunizations during the same well-child-care appointment? 1. Var (varicella) 2. TIV (influenza) 3. MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) 4. Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB)

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) vaccine is given at 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age (four doses). None of the other vaccines can be given to a 4-month-old infant. Influenza (TIV) vaccine may be given yearly to infants between 6 months and 3 years of age. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is given at 12 to 15 months and 4 to 6 years of age (two doses). Varicella (Var) is given at 12 to 18 months or any time up to 12 years for one dose; for 13 years and older two doses are given, 4 to 8 weeks apart.

The nurse is evaluating the activity tolerance of a 9-month-old with iron deficiency anemia. Which finding indicates that the infant is not tolerating activity? 1. Heart rate of 138 2. Increased alertness 3. Respiratory rate less than 40 with activity 4. Muscle weakness

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Iron deficiency anemia can result in less oxygen reaching the cells and tissues, causing activity intolerance. An indication that a 9-month-old child is not tolerating activity and that iron deficiency anemia is worsening would be the presence of muscle weakness during activity. A heart rate of 138, increased alertness, and a respiratory rate of less than 40 with activity are all signs that iron deficiency anemia is resolving and activity tolerance is improving.

A child who has beta-thalassemia is receiving numerous blood transfusions. The child is also receiving deferoxamine (Desferal) therapy. The parents ask how the deferoxamine will help their child. Which rationale does the nurse use when responding to the parents? 1. It prevents blood transfusion reactions. 2. It stimulates RBC production. 3. It provides vitamin supplementation. 4. It prevents iron overload.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Iron overload can be a side effect of a hypertransfusion therapy. Deferoxamine (Desferal) is an iron-chelating drug, which binds excess iron so it can be excreted by the kidneys. It does not prevent blood-transfusion reactions, stimulate RBC production, or provide vitamin supplementation.

A school-age client is admitted to the hospital with osteomyelitis. Which statement regarding the treatment of osteomyelitis is most appropriate for the nurse to share with the parents? 1. "Cultures should be done immediately after the first dose of antibiotic infuses." 2. "Antibiotics are ineffective against this virus." 3. "Methicillin is the antibiotic of choice." 4. "Antibiotic therapy should continue for 3 to 6 weeks."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Medical management of osteomyelitis begins with intravenous administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Antibiotic therapy should continue for 3 to 6 weeks. Cultures are always done before an antibiotic is started. Methicillin is not the drug of choice.

A child with meningococcemia is being admitted to the pediatric intensive-care unit. Which room assignment is the most appropriate for this child? 1. Semiprivate room 2. Private room, but not in isolation 3. Private room, in protective isolation 4. Private room, in respiratory isolation

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Meningococcemia follows an infection with Neisseria meningitidis. N. meningitidis is transmitted through airborne droplets; thus, the child should be placed in a private room in respiratory isolation. A private room with protective isolation (child is essentially kept in a "bubble") would not be appropriate.

A neonate has been diagnosed with a herpes simplex viral infection of the eye. Which medication will the nurse prepare to administer? 1. Fluoroquinolone eye drops or ointment 2. Intravenous penicillin 3. Oral erythromycin 4. Parenteral acyclovir (Zovirax) and vidarabine (VIRA-A) ophthalmic ointment

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Neonatal herpes simplex virus is treated vigorously with parenteral acyclovir for 14 days or longer and topical ophthalmic medication (trifluridine, iododeoxyuridine, or vidarabine). Fluoroquinolone eye drops are used to treat bacterial eye infections. Intravenous penicillin treats selected bacterial infections. Oral erythromycin is used to treat chlamydial eye infections.

The nurse is working with a group of parents who have children with chronic conditions. Which statement by a parent would indicate a risk for a caregiver burden that could become overwhelming? 1. "My mother moved in and helped us take our quadruplets home." 2. "Our health insurance sent us a rejection letter for my child's brand-name medication, and we must fill out forms to get the generic." 3. "I chose to quit my job to be home with my child, and my husband helps in the evening when he can." 4. "I have to care for my child day and night, which leaves little time for me."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. No respite time from caregiving responsibilities may lead to overwhelming caregiver burden. The family's pitching in to help indicates family support. Substituting generic for brand-name medications will not result in caregiver burden. The mother's choosing to care for the child and receiving help from the husband indicates family support.

The nurse is providing education to the parents of a pediatric client who is diagnosed with tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). Which statement made the parents indicates an appropriate understanding of the teaching session? 1. "We will give the griseofulvin on an empty stomach." 2. "We're glad ringworm isn't transmitted from person to person." 3. "Once the lesion is gone, we can stop the griseofulvin." 4. "We will give the griseofulvin with milk or peanut butter."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Parents are advised to give oral griseofulvin with fatty foods such as milk or peanut butter to enhance absorption. The medication must be used for the entire prescribed period even if the lesions are gone. All members of the family and household pets should be assessed for fungal lesions because person-to-person transmission is common.

A child with inflammatory bowel disease is prescribed prednisone daily. At which time is it most appropriate for the family to administer the prednisone? 1. Between meals 2. One hour before meals 3. At bedtime 4. With meals

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Prednisone, a corticosteroid, can cause gastric irritation. It should be administered with meals to reduce the gastric irritation.

The practitioner changes the medications for the child with asthma to salmeterol (Serevent). The mother asks the nurse what this drug will do. The nurse explains that salmeterol (Serevent) is used to treat asthma because the drug produces which characteristic? 1. Decreases inflammation 2. Decreases mucous production 3. Controls allergic rhinitis 4. Dilates the bronchioles

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Salmeterol (Serevent) is a long-acting beta2-agonist that acts by bronchodilating. Steroids are anti-inflammatory, anticholinergics decrease mucous production, and antihistamines control allergic rhinitis.

A nurse delegates the task of neonatal vital-sign assessment to a nurse technician. Which instruction will the nurse give to the technician prior to assign care? 1. Report any neonate using abdominal muscles to breathe. 2. Report any neonate with apnea for 10 seconds. 3. Count respirations for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 to get the rate for 1 minute. 4. Report any neonate with a breathing pause that lasts 20 seconds or longer.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The abnormal assessment finding for vital signs that the nurse should instruct a nurse technician to report is any breathing pause by a neonate lasting longer than 20 seconds. This can indicate apnea and could lead to an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). A breathing pause of 10 seconds or less is called periodic breathing and is a normal pattern for a neonate. Respirations should be counted for 1 minute, not 15 seconds. It is normal for neonates to use abdominal muscles for breathing.

An adolescent with cystic fibrosis is intubated with an endotracheal tube. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for this adolescent? 1. Potential for Imbalanced Nutrition, More Than Body Requirements Related to Inactivity 2. Anxiety Related to Leaving Chores Undone at Home 3. Potential for Fear of Future Pain Related to Medical Procedures 4. Powerlessness (Moderate) Related to Inability to Speak to or Communicate with Friends

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The adolescent values communication with peers and may feel frustrated that he cannot speak to them while intubated. The adolescent is present-oriented and is unlikely to worry about household chores or future unknown procedures. The adolescent with cystic fibrosis is likely to be underweight and is unlikely to take in more calories than needed while intubated.

A school-age client is recovering after abdominal surgery. The nurse is planning care for the return of bowel function. Which intervention should be included in the client's plan of care? 1. Fowler's position 3 times per day for 30 minutes each time 2. Assist the child in choosing a low-fat diet. 3. Commode at bedside 4. Ambulate 3 to 4 times a day.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The best data that indicate return of bowel sounds are flatus and passage of stool. Ambulation is the primary intervention to assist with both. A Fowler's position, bedside commode, and a low-fat diet will not assist with bowel function.

The hospital admitting nurse is taking a history of a child's illness from the parents. The nurse concludes that the parents treated their 6-year-old child appropriately for a fever related to otitis media. Which action by the parents brought the nurse to this conclusion? 1. Used aspirin every four hours to reduce the fever 2. Alternated acetaminophen with ibuprofen every two hours 3. Put the child in a tub of cold water to reduce the fever 4. Offered generous amounts of fluids frequently

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The body's need for fluids increases during a febrile illness. Aspirin has been associated with Reye syndrome and should not be given to children with a febrile illness. Alternating acetaminophen with ibuprofen every two hours may result in an overdose. Pediatric medication doses are more accurately calculated using the child's weight, not age. Putting the child in a tub of cold water will chill the child and cause shivering, a response that will increase body temperature.

The nurse finishes a parent-teaching session on preventing heat-related illnesses for children who exercise. Which statement by a parent indicates understanding of preventive techniques taught? 1. Hydration should occur at the end of an exercise session. 2. Water is the drink of choice to replenish fluids. 3. Wearing dark clothing during exercise is recommended. 4. During activity, stop for fluids every 15 to 20 minutes.

Answer: 4 Explanation:1. During activity, stopping for fluids every 15 to 20 minutes is recommended. Hydration should occur before and during the activity, not just at the end. A combination of water and sports drinks is best to replace fluids during exercise. Light-colored, light clothing is best to wear during exercise activities; wearing of dark colors can increase sweating

Reducing the number of preventable childhood illnesses is a major national goal in Healthy People 2020. What will the school nurse teach families regarding immunizations in order to reach this goal? 1. A minor illness with a low-grade fever is a contraindication to receiving an immunization according to Healthy People 2020. 2. Vaccines should be given one at a time for optimum active immunity in the prevention of illness and disease. 3. Premature infants and low-birth-weight infants should receive half doses of vaccines for protection from communicable diseases. 4. It is important to maintain vaccination coverage for recommended vaccines in early childhood and to maintain them through kindergarten.

Answer: 4 Explanation:1. The benefits of vaccines far outweigh the risks from communicable diseases and resulting complications. A minor illness is not a contraindication to immunization. Giving vaccines one at a time will result in many missed opportunities. Half doses of vaccines should not be given routinely to premature and low-birth-weight infants

The parents of a toddler-age child who sustained severe head trauma from falling out a second-story window are arguing in the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU) and blaming each other for the child's accident. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for this family? 1. Parental Role Conflict Related to Protecting the Child 2. Hopelessness Related to the Child's Deteriorating Condition 3. Anxiety Related to the Critical-Care-Unit Environment 4. Family Coping: Compromised, Related to the Child's Critical Injury

Answer: 4 Explanation:1. The parents are displaying ineffective coping behaviors as a family. Parental role conflict does not refer to the parents' argument in the PICU, but means a parent is conflicted or confused about some aspect of the parental role. Each parent may be experiencing hopelessness, frustration, and anxiety, but they are not coping well as a family unit

Place the nursing assessments of a toddler in the best order. 1. Examination of eyes, ears, and throat 2. Auscultation of chest 3. Palpation of abdomen 4. Developmental assessment

Answer: 4, 2, 3, 1 Developmental assessment Auscultation of chest Palpation of abdomen Examination of eyes, ears, and throat Explanation: In examining a toddler, it is usually best to go from least invasive to most invasive examination in order to build trust and cooperation. Developmental assessment involves visual inspection and activities that the toddler may view as games and will likely cooperate with. Auscultation is usually less threatening to the toddler than palpation, especially if the nurse were to use the stethoscope on a parent or a toy. The most uncomfortable, invasive exam for the toddler is most likely to be the examination of the eyes, ears, and throat, so that should be performed last.

The nurse is completing the intake and output record for a preschool-age client admitted for fluid volume deficit. The client has had the following intake and output during the shift: Intake: 4 oz of Pedialyte 1/2 of an 8-oz cup of clear orange Jell-O 2 graham crackers 200 mL of D 5-1/2 sodium chloride IV Output: 345 mL of urine 50 mL of loose stool The nurse documents the client's intake as ________ milliliters. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 440 Explanation: Pedialyte, Jell-O and IV fluid would be calculated for intake. The child has had 240 mL orally and 200 mL intravenously for a total of 440.

A child is prescribed Didanosine (Videx), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which lab value will the nurse monitor closely for this child? 1. Potassium 2. Sodium 3. RBC count 4. Glucose

Explanation: 1. Didanosine (Videx) causes bone-marrow suppression with resulting anemia. RBC counts are monitored at least monthly for changes. Potassium and sodium are electrolytes, and glucose is a laboratory test for checking diabetes. Didanosine (Videx) does not affect these values.

The child has just been diagnosed with osteosarcoma, and the nurse is teaching the family regarding this type of cancer. The nurse knows that instruction has been successful when the family states that osteosarcoma is common in which age group? 1. Infants 2. Toddlers 3. Preschool-age children 4. School-age children 5. Adolescents Answer: 5

Explanation: 1. Osteosarcoma's peak incidence is during the rapid growth years, at age 13 for girls and 14 for boys.

) The nurse suspects that an infant has a visual disorder caused by abnormal musculature. Which test will the nurse perform to detect this disorder? 1. A cover/uncover test 2. An ophthalmologic exam 3. A vision-acuity exam 4. A pupil-reaction-to-light test

Explanation: 1. The cover/uncover test can detect abnormal musculature of the eye that can lead to asymmetric eye movement. An ophthalmologic eye exam allows the practitioner to view the internal structures of the eye, not abnormal musculature. A vision acuity test is used to test for myopia. A pupil-reaction-to-light test evaluates neurological status.

The nurse is providing care to an infant in the emergency department. Upon assessment, the infant is noted to have to be experiencing tachypnea, wheezing, retractions, and nasal flaring. The infant is irritability and the parents state the infant has had poor fluid intake for two days. Pulse ox reading is currently at 85 percent on room air. The infant's blood gas is pending. Which diagnosis does the nurse anticipate for this infant? 1. Bronchitis 2. Bronchiolitis 3. Pneumonia 4. Active pulmonary tuberculosis

Explanation: 1. The nurse anticipates the infant will be diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Symptoms of bronchiolitis include mild respiratory symptoms that progress to tachypnea, wheezing, retractions, nasal flaring, irritability, poor fluid intake, hypoxia, cyanosis, and decreased mental status. Symptoms of bronchitis include a dry hacking cough, increases in severity at night, painful chest and ribs. Symptoms of pneumonia include initial rhinitis and cough, followed by fever, crackles, wheezes, dyspnea, tachypnea, restlessness, diminished breath sounds. Symptoms of active pulmonary tuberculosis include persistent cough, decreased appetite, weight loss or failure to gain weight, low-grade fever, night sweats, chills, enlarged lymph nodes.

There are many healthcare needs of children with chronic conditions. What nursing strategy would best help parents with continuity of care? 1. Include the family and older child in decision making. 2. Assist the family in gaining transportation to healthcare appointments. 3. Provide the family with resources such as social services. 4. Recognize and respect the cultural needs of the family

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Continuity of care involves the family and child's participation in their health care. Access to transportation involves access to care, not continuity. Providing resources such as social services is related to comprehensiveness of care, not to continuity. Recognizing and respecting cultural needs are part of the degree to which healthcare services, not continuity of care, are provided.

A preschool-age client diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is placed on prednisone for several weeks. Which teaching point is appropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching plan for this client? 1. Never stop the medication suddenly. 2. This drug is taken once a week on Sunday. 3. The child should always take the medication at night before bed. 4. This drug should be taken with meals.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Prednisone, a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory action, is frequently used to treat nephrotic syndrome. It should never be stopped suddenly. The drug is taken more than once a week and can be taken any time during the day, but should remain on a constant schedule. Taking with food is always appropriate for most medications, but it does not have to be with a meal.

With a group of new parents, the nurse is reviewing treatment for viral illnesses such as influenza. Which statement by the parents indicates appropriate understanding of the teaching session? 1. "Some over-the-counter medications contain aspirin." 2. "Acetaminophen is good for treatment of fevers in young children." 3. "I can use ibuprofen as needed when my child has aches and pains." 4. "Aspirin is acceptable if my child does not have a virus."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Reye syndrome is a serious consequence of aspirin use in children with viral illnesses. Over-the-counter medications should be checked to see whether they contain aspirin before being used. Aspirin is avoided in children. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen are acceptable to use in children.

A child is diagnosed with thrombocytopenia secondary to chemotherapy treatments. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Refrain from administering any intramuscular injections (IM). 2. Perform oral hygiene. 3. Monitor intake and output. 4. Use palpation as a component of assessment.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. When the child is thrombocytopenic (decreased platelets) from chemotherapy, the nurse should not administer IM injections because of the risk of bleeding. Oral hygiene care should be done with a soft toothbrush and intake and output monitored for any abnormalities. Gentle palpation should still be included in physical assessments.

Which stressor is common in the hospitalized toddler with a chronic disorder? Select all that apply. 1. Fear of painful procedures 2. Self-concept 3. Interruption of normal routines 4. Unfamiliarity of caregivers 5. Isolation

Answer: 1, 3, 4

The nurse is caring for a school-age client who had an appendectomy after a ruptured appendix. Which orders does the nurse anticipate for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Antibiotics 2. A clear liquid diet 3. NG tube 4. Vital signs every 4 hours 5. Frequent monitoring of bowel sounds

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Antibiotics, an NG tube, vital signs every 4 hours, and frequent monitoring of bowel sounds are appropriate interventions following a ruptured appendix. The client is NPO until bowel sounds return.

A family actively participates in school functions. One of the children is paraplegic and requires a wheelchair for mobility. Which process does the nurse determine the family is working on based on these assessment findings? 1. Stagnation 2. Normalization 3. Isolation 4. Interaction

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The family is normalizing life with the children through activities. The family is not staying at home because one member cannot walk; rather, the family is moving on to full participation in life. The family is interacting with others through the process of normalization.

The child is admitted to the hospital after being diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Which assessment finding does the nurse anticipate for this child? 1. A red reflex 2. Yellow sclera 3. A white pupil 4. Blue-tinged sclera

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The first sign of retinoblastoma is a white pupil. The red reflex is absent. Yellow sclera is a sign of jaundice, not retinoblastoma. Blue-tinged sclera is a sign of osteogenesis imperfecta, not retinoblastoma.

A pediatric client is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The nurse teaches the client the difference between insulin shock and diabetic hyperglycemia. The nurse evaluates that the client understands the teaching when the client states which characteristics of diabetic hyperglycemia? 1. Tremors and lethargy 2. Hunger and hypertension 3. Thirst and flushed skin 4. Shakiness and pallor

Answer: 3 Explanation:1. Thirst and flushed skin are characteristic of diabetic hyperglycemia. Tremors, lethargy, hunger, shakiness, and pallor are characteristic of hypoglycemia. Hypertension is not a sign associated with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia

The student nurse is learning a lesson about communicable diseases and how they are spread. On a quiz the next day the nurse uses the information learned in this lesson and demonstrates learning. For a communicable disease to occur what factors must be in place? Select all that apply. 1. Antibodies 2. Toxoid 3. Pathogen 4. Transmission 5. Host

Answer: 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. For a communicable disease to occur, three factors need to be in place: an infectious agent or pathogen, means of transmission, and a host. This is not a factor needed for communicable disease to occur.

The child who had a tonsillectomy earlier today is now awake and tolerating fluids. The child asks for something to eat. Which food choice is most appropriate for this client? 1. Orange slices 2. Lemonade 3. Grapefruit juice 4. Applesauce

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Soft foods such as applesauce can be added as tolerated to a diet following a tonsillectomy. Citric juices or citric fruits should be avoided because they may cause a burning sensation in the throat.

The nurse is providing care to a school-age client diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Which nursing diagnosis is the priority for this client? 1. Risk for Injury 2. Ineffective Breathing Pattern 3. Nausea 4. Fluid-Volume Deficit.

Explanation: 1. ITP is the most common bleeding disorder in children, so risk for injury (bleeding) is the priority nursing diagnosis. The disease process does not usually cause ineffective breathing patterns, nausea, or fluid-volume deficits.

Which legal or ethical offense would be committed if a nurse tells family members the condition of a newborn baby without first consulting the parents? 1. A breach of privacy 2. Negligence 3. Malpractice 4. A breach of ethics

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A breach of privacy would have been committed in this situation, because it violates the right to privacy of this family. The right to privacy is the right of a person to keep his or her person and property free from public scrutiny, including other family members. Negligence and malpractice are punishable legal offenses and are more serious. A breach of ethics would not apply to this situation.

A nurse is planning care for a child with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which nursing diagnosis is the highest priority for this child? 1. Risk for Infection 2. Risk for Fluid-Volume Deficit 3. Ineffective Thermoregulation 4. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion, Peripheral

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A child with HIV is at risk for a myriad of bacterial, viral, fungal, and opportunistic infections because of the effect of the virus on the immune system. Risk for Fluid-Volume Deficit, Ineffective Thermoregulation, and Ineffective Tissue Perfusion, Peripheral would not be priority problems with this disease process.

A school-age client diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is severely edematous. The primary healthcare provider has placed the child on bed rest. Which nursing intervention is a priority for this client? 1. Reposition the child every 2 hours. 2. Monitor BP every 30 minutes. 3. Encourage fluids. 4. Limit visitors.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A child with severe edema, on bed rest, is at risk for altered skin integrity. To prevent skin breakdown, the child should be repositioned every 2 hours. Vital signs are taken every 4 hours, fluids need to be monitored and should not be encouraged, and the child needs social interaction, so visitors should not be limited.

A nurse is planning care for a pediatric client diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease). Which nursing diagnosis is the priority for this client? 1. Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume 2. Risk for Injury Secondary to Hypertension 3. Acute Pain 4. Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Adrenal insufficiency can cause fluid deficit. The goal of care is to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance while normal levels of corticosteroids and mineral corticoids are established. Therefore, Acute Pain and Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements are not priority nursing diagnoses. A symptom of adrenal insufficiency is hypotension, not hypertension.

A school-age client sustains a basilar skull fracture. Which symptom is a priority for this nurse to assess for when providing care to this client? 1. Cerebral spinal fluid leakage from the nose or ears 2. Headache 3. Transient confusion 4. Periorbital ecchymosis

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Cerebral spinal fluid leakage could be present from the nose or ears and, if it persists, may indicate that surgical repair will be needed. Headache, transient confusion, and periorbital ecchymosis are findings that commonly present with a basilar skull fracture but do not indicate that surgical repair will be needed.

The nurse is caring for a 5-month-old with biliary atresia. The mother asks why the healthcare provider wants her child to take the medication, cholestyramine. What would the nurse's response be? 1. Decrease itching 2. Increase WBCs 3. Decrease use of antibiotics 4. Increase appetite

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Cholestyramine is taken to decrease itching.

A child diagnosed with cancer is prescribed chemotherapy. The latest lab value indicates the WBC count is very low. Which medication order does the nurse anticipate? 1. Filgrastim (Neupogen) 2. Ondansetron (Zofran) 3. Oprelvekin (Neumega) 4. Epoetin alfa (human recombinant erythropoietin)

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Filgrastim (Neupogen) increases production of neutrophils by the bone marrow. Ondansetron (Zofran) is an antiemetic, oprelvekin (Neumega) increases platelets, and epoetin alfa (human recombinant erythropoietin) stimulates RBC production.

The nurse is administering several medications to an infant with neurologic impairment and delay. Which medication is a proton pump inhibitor that is administered for gastroesophageal reflux? 1. Omeprazole 2. Ranitidine 3. Phenytoin 4. Glycopyrrolate

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Omeprazole is the proton pump inhibitor that blocks the action of acid-producing cells and is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux. Ranitidine causes the stomach to produce less acid and may be used to treat gastroesophageal reflux, but it is a histamine-2 receptor blocker. Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used to treat seizures, and glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic agent used to inhibit excessive salivation.

An infant born with an omphalocele defect is admitted to the intensive-care nursery. Which instruction from the nurse manager to the unlicensed assistive personnel is most appropriate? 1. Prepare a warmer. 2. Prepare a crib. 3. Prepare a feeding of formula. 4. Prepare the bilirubin light.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Omphalocele is a congenital malformation in which intra-abdominal contents herniate through the umbilical cord. The infant many lose heat through the viscera; a warmer is indicated to prevent hypothermia. The crib would not provide adequate maintenance of temperature control. The infant is NPO (nothing by mouth) preoperatively and may or may not need a bilirubin light before surgery.

Parents of an infant with slow weight gain ask the nurse if they can feed their baby a highly concentrated formula. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "A higher-concentrated formula could lead to dehydration because of high sodium content; let's discuss other strategies." 2. "An undiluted formula concentrate could be given to help the child gain weight; let's look at brands." 3. "Evaporated milk could be given to the infant instead of the current formula you're using." 4. "A higher-concentrated formula could be given for daytime feedings; let's work on a schedule."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Parents and caregivers of bottle-fed babies should be taught never to give undiluted formula concentrate or evaporated milk due to the high sodium content.

The nurse is working with a child with a chronic condition. The nurse observes that over time, the parents have experienced a pattern of periodic grieving alternating with denial. What are the parents currently experiencing based on this assessment finding? 1. Chronic sorrow 2. Compassion fatigue 3. Dysfunctional parenting 4. Pathological grieving

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Parents experience chronic sorrow as they grieve when their child does not meet developmental milestones or participate in activities of "normal" children. The time between periods of grieving may be times of parental denial, which allows the family to function. Compassion fatigue is experienced by caregivers as their ability to feel compassion is exhausted. Dysfunctional parenting involves inadequately meeting the needs of children. Pathological grieving results when persons do not move through the stages of grief to resolution.

A neonate is fed 20 mL of formula every three hours by orogastric lavage. At the beginning of this feeding, the nurse aspirates 15 mL of gastric residual. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Withhold the feeding and notify the healthcare provider. 2. Replace the residual and continue with the full feeding. 3. Replace the residual but only give 5 mL of the feeding. 4. Withhold the feeding and check the residual in three hours.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Residual of more than half the amount of feeding indicates a feeding intolerance and could be a sign of necrotizing enterocolitis. Early detection of enterocolitis is essential, and aggressive management is required. Therefore, the healthcare provider should be notified of this finding. The amount of residual is too much to replace and continue with the feeding, and waiting for 3 hours to recheck the residual could delay treatment of a serious condition.

The nurse completes parent education related to treatment for a pediatric client with congenital clubfoot. Which statement by the parents indicates the need for further education? 1. "We're happy this is the only cast our baby will need." 2. "We'll watch for any swelling of the feet while the casts are on." 3. "We'll keep the casts dry." 4. "We're getting a special car seat to accommodate the casts."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Serial casting is the treatment of choice for congenital clubfoot. The cast is changed every one to 2 weeks. Parents should be watching for swelling while the casts are on, keeping the casts dry, and using a car seat to accommodate the casts.

A child is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. The parents are unsure how their child contracted the disease. Which explanation by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Both the mother and the father have the sickle cell trait." 2. "The mother has the trait, but the father doesn't." 3. "The father has the trait, but the mother doesn't." 4. "The mother has sickle cell disease, but the father doesn't have the disease or the trait."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disorder; both parents must have the trait in order for a child to have the disease.

While inspecting a 5-year-old child's ears, the nurse notes that the right pinna protrudes outward and that there is a mass behind the right ear. In light of these findings, which vital-sign parameter would the nurse assess on priority? 1. Temperature 2. Heart rate 3. Respirations 4. Blood pressure

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Swelling behind an ear could indicate mastoiditis, and the presence of a fever would indicate a higher index of suspicion for this. There could also be changes in other vital-sign parameters, but they would not be specific for the presence of infection.

The nurse is assessing an infant brought to the clinic with diarrhea. The infant is alert but has dry mucous membranes. Which other sign indicates the infant is still in the early or mild stage of dehydration? 1. Tachycardia 2. Bradycardia 3. Increased blood pressure 4. Decreased blood pressure

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Tachycardia is a sign that indicates mild dehydration. Bradycardia and increased blood pressure are not signs of dehydration. Decreased blood pressure is not a sign of mild dehydration. Decreased blood pressure indicates moderate to severe dehydration.

A 5-year-old sibling of a 9-year-old child with cystic fibrosis tells the nurse, "I wish I had a breathing disease, too." The nurse knows the parents strive to spend quality time with each child and with both children together. What is the sibling currently experiencing? 1. Jealousy 2. Isolation 3. Loneliness 4. Anger

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The child with cystic fibrosis has something the younger child does not have. Cystic fibrosis brings the affected child more attention from others. Even if parents strive to spend more time with siblings of ill children, the well-child will be jealous because the situation can never be equal. The 5-year-old child does not understand the complications of the disease and only sees the 9-year-old child treated differently. Siblings of ill children may experience loneliness, isolation, or anger; but the child's comment does not support these feelings.

A school-age child has epistaxis. Which intervention by the school nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Tilting the child's head forward, squeezing the nares below the nasal bone, and applying ice to the nose 2. Tilting the child's head back, squeezing the bridge of the nose, and applying a warm, moist pack to the nose 3. Lying the child down and applying no pressure, ice, or warm pack 4. Immediately packing the nares with a cotton ball soaked with Neo-Synephrine

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The correct initial treatment for a nosebleed is to tilt the head forward, squeeze the nares below the nasal bone for 10 to 15 minutes, and apply ice to the nose or back of the head. Tilting the child's head back may cause the blood to trickle down the throat. Warmth can cause an increase in bleeding because of vasodilation. Lying the child down without application of pressure to the nares may not stop the bleeding. A cotton ball soaked with Neo-Synephrine would only be used if the bleeding does not stop with pressure and ice.

The nurse prepares a DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis) immunization for a 6-month-old infant. To administer this injection safely, the nurse chooses which needle, size and length, injection type, and injection site? 1. 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle; IM (intramuscular); anterolateral thigh. 2. 22-gauge, 1/2-inch needle; IM (intramuscular); ventrogluteal. 3. 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle; ID (intradermal); deltoid. 4. 25-gauge, 3/4-inch needle; SQ (subcutaneous); anterolateral thigh.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The dose of DTaP is 0.5 cc or 0.5 mL, to be given with a 22 to 25-gauge, 5/8- to 3/4-inch needle; IM (intramuscularly). The only safe intramuscular injection site for a 6-month-old infant is the anterolateral thigh.

A child is diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this child? 1. Position the child with the head elevated 2. Monitor for hematuria 3. Demonstrate the use of a conformer 4. Administer oxygen

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The most common area of the body affected by rhabdomyosarcoma is the bladder. The nursing intervention that is most appropriate is to monitor the child's urine for hematuria. Positioning the child with the head elevated and administering oxygen is appropriate for a child diagnosed with lymphoma. Demonstrating the use of a conformer is appropriate for a child diagnosed with retinoblastoma.

A child with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also has oral candidiasis. Which type of mouth care solution will the nurse teach the child to use? 1. Normal saline 2. Listerine 3. Scope 4. Viscous lidocaine

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The mouth care should be with a non-alcohol base. Normal saline can keep the child's lips and mouth moist. Listerine and Scope are commercial mouth rinses that can have an alcohol base and cause drying of the membranes. Viscous lidocaine causes numbing and could depress the gag reflex in a younger child.

The nurse is providing care for an adolescent client who is experiencing pain related to a sickle cell crisis. Which medication does the nurse prepare to administer to this client? 1. Morphine sulfate 2. Meperidine 3. Acetaminophen 4. Ibuprofen

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The pain during a sickling crisis is severe, and morphine is needed for pain control around the clock or by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Meperidine is not used for pain control for clients with sickle cell pain crisis because it could cause seizures. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is used for mild pain and would not be effective for the severe pain experienced by a child in sickle cell pain crisis.

Parents of a child in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) have been experiencing shock and disbelief regarding their situation. Which statement by the parents indicates they are moving forward into the next stage of coping? 1. "Why not me instead of my child?" 2. "It is hard for me to have others take care of my child." 3. "I feel like life is suspended in time." 4. "I am glad I can help with his care."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The parents initially enter the stage of shock and disbelief. Asking "Why not me instead of my child?" shows they are moving into the next stage, which is anger and disbelief. Having feelings about others caring for their child is the third stage of deprivation and loss. The feeling of being suspended in time is the fourth stage, which is anticipatory guidance.

3) The nurse in a pediatric acute care unit is assigned the following tasks. Which task is not appropriate for the nurse to complete? 1. Diagnose an 8-year-old with acute otitis media and prescribe an antibiotic. 2. Listen to the concerns of an adolescent about being out of school for a lengthy surgical recovery. 3. Provide information to a mother of a newly diagnosed 4-year-old diabetic about local support-group options. 4. Diagnose a 6-year-old with Diversional Activity Deficit related to placement in isolation.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The role of the pediatric nurse includes providing nursing assessment, directing nursing care interventions, and educating client and family at developmentally appropriate levels; client advocacy, case management, minimization of distress, and enhancement of coping. Advanced practice nurse practitioners perform assessment, diagnosis, and management of health conditions.

A child comes to the clinic for an assessment 20 days post-bone marrow transplant. Which system should receive the highest priority during the nursing assessment? 1. Integumentary 2. Gastrointestinal 3. Respiratory 4. Cardiovascular

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The skin is most commonly affected in graft-versus-host disease after a transplant. A pruritic, macular papular rash and a blistering, burning sensation can occur. The other systems are important to assess, but are not the highest priority.

An adolescent client must wear a brace for the correction of scoliosis. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for this client? 1. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity 2. Risk for Altered Growth and Development 3. Risk for Impaired Mobility 4. Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The skin should be monitored for breakdown in any area the brace may rub. The other diagnoses would not be a priority and should be corrected by the wearing of the brace.

The nurse is planning activities for a toddler with a birth injury of a torn brachial plexus that resulted in muscle atrophy and weakness of his right arm. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this client? 1. Offering the toddler a choice of clothing 2. Asking the toddler if he would like to take his medicine 3. Dressing the toddler 4. Feeding the toddler

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Toddlers are developing autonomy, self-control, and independence. Offering the toddler a choice contributes to their sense of autonomy. However, taking medicine is not within the toddler's realm of choice. Dressing and feeding the toddler does not encourage independence and will eventually cause frustration for both parent and toddler. The toddler must learn how to do these activities despite the physical limitations of the right arm.

The nurse is caring for a pediatric client diagnosed with eczema. Which topical medication order does the nurse anticipate for this client? 1. Corticosteroid 2. Retinoid 3. Antifungal 4. Antibacterial

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Topical corticosteroid is used to reduce inflammation when the child has eczema. Topical retinoid is used for acne. Topical antifungal is used for dermatophytoses. Topical antibacterial would be used for problems such as burns.

A child is showing signs of acute respiratory distress. Which position will the nurse place this child? 1. Upright 2. Side-lying 3. Flat 4. In semi-Fowler's

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Upright is correct because it allows for optimal chest expansion. Side-lying, flat, and semi-Fowler's (head up slightly) do not allow for as optimal chest expansion as the upright position.

The school nurse is planning a smoking-prevention program for middle school students. Which intervention is most likely to be effective in preventing middle school children from smoking? 1. Having a local high school basketball star come to talk to the students about the importance of not smoking 2. Having the school's biology teacher demonstrate the pathophysiology of the effects of smoking tobacco on the body 3. Developing colorful posters with catchy slogans and placing them all over the school 4. Having a pledge campaign with prizes awarded, during which students sign contracts saying that they will not use tobacco products

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. While all of the strategies are good, the most effective tip would be to have a local high school basketball star come to talk to the students about the importance of not smoking, because students at this age are more likely to listen to and attempt to emulate someone of their own peer group whom they respect and look up to. Information from adults, posters, and signed contracts are not as likely to influence children of this age more than the pressure of their peers.

A school-age child has been seen in the pediatric clinic three times in the last two months for complaints of abdominal pain. Physical exam and all ordered lab work have been normal. Which question by the nurse would most likely help determine the etiology of the child's abdominal pain? 1. "Have there been any changes in your child's school or home life recently?" 2. "How many meals does your child eat each day?" 3. "Are your child's immunizations up to date?" 4. "Has your child had any fevers or viral illnesses in the last three months?"

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. With a normal exam and lab work there is a high probability that this child's abdominal pain is stress related, and it is most important to identify the possible stressors in this child's life to aid in diagnosis and treatment. The other questions are also important to ask but are not as relevant to this child's symptoms as "Have there been any changes in your child's school or home life recently?"

During a well-child exam, the parents of a preschool-age child inform the nurse that they are thinking of buying a television for their child's bedroom and ask for advice as to whether this is appropriate. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Research has shown that children with a television in their bedroom spend significantly less time playing outside than other children, and physical inactivity in children has been linked to many chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes." 2. "Research has shown that watching educational television shows improves a child's performance in school." 3. "Don't buy a television for your child's room; he is much too young for that." 4. "It is okay for children to have a television in their room as long as you limit the amount of time they watch it to less than two hours per day."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Young children need to be physically active at this age. "Research has shown that children with a television in their bedroom spend significantly less time playing outside than other children, and physical inactivity in children has been linked to many chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes" is the best response because it gives the parents an evidence-based rationale for not placing a television in the child's room. "Don't buy a television for your child's room; he is much too young for that" does not give parents a rationale and may seem opinionated to them. While there may be some truth in the comment "Research has shown that watching educational television shows improves a child's performance in school," this statement may encourage increased television watching by the child, and the child's developmental need for physical activity is greater than the benefit that he may obtain by watching educational programs. "It is okay for children to have a television in their room as long as you limit the amount of time they watch it to less than two hours per day" is correct in that limiting television viewing to less than two hours per day is appropriate, but the probability of this occurring with a television in the child's room is low, and the child will most likely be watching much more than two hours per day.

The nurse is providing care to a toddler client who is diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta. Which nursing intervention is appropriate for this client? 1. Support of the trunk and extremities when moving 2. Traction care 3. Cast care 4. Postop spinal surgery care

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. With osteogenesis imperfecta, nursing care focuses on preventing fractures. Because the bones are fragile, the entire body must be supported when the child is moved. Traction, casts, and spinal surgery are not routinely done for osteogenesis.

The school nurse completes an assessment of a school-age client to determine the services this child will need in the classroom. The client is a newly diagnosed with type I diabetes mellitus. Based on this information, which special healthcare need category is the most appropriate? 1. Dependent on medication or special diet 2. Dependent on medical technology 3. Increase use of healthcare services 4. Functional limitations

Answer: 1 Explanation:1. A child recently diagnosed with type I diabetes mellitus with no other medical diagnoses would be placed in the dependent on medication or special diet category. The other categories of care are not appropriate for this client

A nurse is planning care for a child with hyponatremia. The nurse, delegating care of this child to a new RN on the pediatric unit, cautions the new nurse to be especially alert for which condition in the child? 1. Seizures 2. Bradycardia 3. Respiratory distress 4. Hyperthermia

Answer: 1 Explanation:1. A child with hyponatremia is at risk for seizures. Bradycardia, respiratory distress, and hyperthermia are not risks of hyponatremia

A child diagnosed with a mild traumatic brain injury is being sedated with a mild sedative so that pain and anxiety are minimized. Which nursing interventions are appropriate for this child? Select all that apply. 1. Place a continuous-pulse oximetry monitor on the child. 2. Place the child in a room near the nurse's station. 3. Allow for several visitors to remain at the child's bedside. 4. Use soft restraints if the child becomes confused. 5. Use sedation around the clock to decrease agitation.

Answer: 1, 2 Explanation: 1. When a child is sedated, respiratory status should be monitored with a pulse-oximetry machine. The child should be close to the nurse's station so that frequent monitoring can be done. Several visitors at the bedside would increase the child's anxiety. Soft restraints may increase agitation. Sedation around the clock is not recommended due to the need to evaluate the neurologic system.

The nurse educator is teaching a group of nursing students about the endocrine system. Which statements are appropriate for the educator to include in the teaching session? Select all that apply. 1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH. 2. Growth hormone regulates linear bone growth and growth of all tissues. 3. Antidiuretic hormone regulates urine concentration by the kidneys. 4. Thyroid hormone regulates serum calcium levels and phosphorus excretion. 5. Parathyroid hormone regulates metabolism of cells and body heat production.

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. All statements are correct except the statements regarding the thyroid hormone and the parathyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone regulates metabolism of the cells and body heat production, not the parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium levels and phosphorus excretion.

The school nurse is implementing a program to decrease bullying. Which interventions are appropriate for the school nurse to implement? Select all that apply. 1. Train teachers about the behaviors 2. Ensure adult supervision in the hallways 3. Teach children to report behaviors 4. Ensure that immunizations are up-to-date 5. Set up anti-hazing policies

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Appropriate interventions for the school nurse to implement when dealing with bullying in a school include training the teachers on the signs of bullying; ensuring adult supervision in the hallways, as this is where bullying tends to take place; and teach children to report bullying behaviors. Ensuring that immunizations are up to date is not an intervention aimed at decreasing bullying. Hazing and bullying are two separate problems.

The nurse educator is teaching a group of nursing students how to perform a respiratory assessment for a newborn in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Which normal characteristics of the newborn's respiratory system increase the risk for obstruction? Select all that apply. 1. Shorter and narrower airway 2. Higher trachea 3. Bronchial branching at different angles 4. Inadequate smooth muscle bundles 5. Diaphragmatic breather

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Normal characteristics of the pediatric respiratory system that increase the risk for obstruction include a shorter and narrower airway, a higher trachea, and a different angle for bronchial branching. Inadequate smooth muscle bundles and being diaphragmatic breathers are characteristics that do not increase the risk of obstruction.

The nurse is assessing an infant client during a health supervision visit. Which assessment findings are considered normal variations for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Sucking pads in the mouth 2. A rounded chest 3. Hearing breath sounds over the entire chest 4. Pubertal development 5. Knock-knees

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Normal variations for the infant client include sucking pads in the mouth, a rounded chest, and hearing breath sounds over the entire chest. Pubertal development and knock-knees are not normal variations for the infant client.

The nurse is conducting an admission assessment for a preschool-age client in the emergency department. When using the resiliency theory, which findings place this client at risk? Select all that apply. 1. Loss of health insurance 2. No primary care provider 3. Incomplete immunizations 4. A grandmother who is able to room-in 5. High level language skills from the child

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. When using the resiliency theory, a child and family will have both protective and risk factors. Risk factors include lack of health insurance, not having a consistent care provider, and incomplete immunizations. Protective factors include a parent or family member being able to room-in with the child, a family who is able to stay with the other children in the family, and a child with the ability to communicate needs to the hospital staff.

The nurse is teaching parents how to prevent a sickle cell crisis in the child with sickle cell disease. Which precipitating factors to a sickle cell crisis will the nurse include in the explanation? Select all that apply. 1. Fever 2. Dehydration 3. Regular exercise 4. Altitude 5. Increased fluid intake

Answer: 1, 2, 4 Explanation: 1. Fever, dehydration, and altitude are precipitating factors contributing to a sickle cell crisis. Regular exercise and increased fluid intake are recommended activities for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis.

The nurse is preparing an educational session for sexually active adolescents. Which statements are appropriate for the nurse to include when educating about sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Select all that apply. 1. "Frequently diagnosed STIs include chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis, and syphilis." 2. "Your risk for contracting an STI can be decreased by using a condom when having sex." 3. "Birth control pills are useful in decreasing your risk of contracting an STI." 4. "Risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) include multiple sexual partners, lack of barrier protection during intercourse, and history of an STI." 5. "Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the lower genital tract."

Answer: 1, 2, 4 Explanation: 1. It is appropriate for the nurse to include the frequently diagnosed STIs, the fact that the risk is decreased by using a condom, and the risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease. Birth control pills are useful in decreasing the risk of pregnancy but are not useful for decreasing the risk of contracting an STI. PID is an infection of the upper genital tract, not the lower genital tract.

It is important that parents of adolescents with special needs transition care of the adolescent so they can learn to make good decisions on their own. Which items are considered transitional needs? Select all that apply. 1. Attending school 2. Discussing sexual matters 3. Letting most friends know of the medical condition 4. Socialization beyond the family 5. To write his or her own individualized healthcare plan

Answer: 1, 2, 4 Explanation:1. Transitional needs toward independence include attending school, discussion of sexual matters, and socialization beyond the family. The other areas are not transitional needs

Which of the following are components of family-centered care? Select all that apply. 1. Recognizing and building on family strengths 2. Meeting the emotional, social, and developmental needs of the child and family 3. Respect all parenting practices 4. Support all cultural practices 5. Encourage parent-to-parent support

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. Recognizing and building on family strengths are one of the components of family-centered care.

The nurse is providing education to a group of student nurses regarding disorders of the endocrine system that can cause short stature. Which disorders will the nurse include in the educational session? Select all that apply. 1. Hypothyroidism 2. Turner syndrome 3. Type 1 diabetes mellitus 4. Diabetes insipidus 5. Cushing syndrome

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. There are many disorders of the endocrine system that can cause short stature including hypothyroidism, Turner syndrome, and Cushing syndrome. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are not endocrine disorders that cause short stature.

The nurse educator is describing the pediatric differences associated with the anatomy and physiology of the neurologic system to a group of nursing students. Which statements made by the class indicate appropriate understanding of this topic after the teaching session? Select all that apply. 1. The bones of the cranium are connected by connective tissue to allow for brain growth. 2. The spine of infants is excessively mobile due to immature neck muscles and incompletely developed vertebral bodies. 3. Maturation of the nerves continues until age 10. 4. Myelination is complete at birth, 5. Myelination proceeds in a cephalocaudal direction.

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. There are several pediatric differences associated with the anatomy and physiology of the neurological system and include: the bones of the cranium are connected by connective tissue to allow for brain growth; the spine of infants is excessively mobile due to immature neck muscles and incompletely developed vertebral bodies; and myelination proceeds in a cephalocaudal direction. Maturation of the nerves continues until the age of 4, not 10. Myelination is incomplete at birth.

While the nurse is conducting the history of a school-age child, the parents admit to owning firearms. Which safety measures are appropriate to include in the teaching plan for this family? Select all that apply. 1. Using a gun lock on all firearms in the house 2. Taking the child to a shooting range for lessons on how to use a gun properly 3. Storing the guns and ammunition in separate places 4. Keeping all the guns in a locked cabinet 5. Explaining the dangers of a gun to the child and telling her explicitly to never touch it

Answer: 1, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Over 4000 youth from 10 to 19 years old die from firearm homicides annually, and approximately 1500 additional youth die from firearm suicide. Firearm homicide is the second leading cause of injury death for youth, and firearm suicide is the fifth leading cause of injury death for youth (CDC, 2011c). The safety measures of using a gun lock, keeping the gun and ammunition separate, and putting the guns in a locked cabinet will at least make the guns less accessible. Telling a child that a gun is "dangerous" and not to be touched will probably make it more fascinating. Even with knowledge of the proper use of a firearm, a 10-year-old child's judgment may not be mature enough to prevent misuse of it.

The nurse educator is preparing an in-service on the basic functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Which statements will the nurse educator include in the in-service? Select all that apply. 1. "The GI system is responsible for the ingestion of fluids and nutrients." 2. "The GI system is responsible for the excretion of fluids and nutrients." 3. "The GI system is responsible for the metabolism of nutrients." 4. "As infants grow, their stomach capacity increases, decreasing the frequency with which they need to be fed." 5. "By the second year of life, digestive processes are still developing."

Answer: 1, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. The GI system is responsible for the ingestion of fluids and nutrients as well as the metabolism of nutrients. As infants grow, their stomach capacity increases, which does decrease the frequency with which they need to be fed. The GI system is responsible for the excretion of waste products. By the second year of life, digestive processes are fairly complete.

) A new parent group inquires about the stages through which their children will progress as they grow older. The nurse is discussing Piaget's developmental stages. In what order would the nurse expect the child to progress through Piaget's stages of development? 1. Sensorimotor 2. Formal operational 3. Preoperational 4. Concrete operational

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 2 Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational Explanation: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years), preoperational (2 to 7 years), concrete operational (7 to 11 years), formal operational (11 years to adulthood).

A 2-year-old child is seen in the clinic with swelling in the eyelid, mattering and difficulty opening the eye in the morning, the healthcare provider is ordering an antibiotic for bacterial conjunctivitis. What organisms could be causing this infection? Select all that apply. 1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Pneumococcal pneumoniae 3. Haemophilus influenza 4. Streptococcus pneumoniae 5. Moraxella catarrhalis

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 Explanation:1. Common infectious organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis include: S. aureus, H. influenza, S. pneumonia, and M. catarrhalis

The nurse is planning an in-service for new RNs who will be working on a general pediatric unit. Which statements are appropriate to include when discussing normal acid-base balance? Select all that apply. 1. The lungs are responsible for excreting excess carbonic acid from body. 2. The lungs reabsorb filtered bicarbonate. 3. The kidneys form bicarbonate if needed to restore balance. 4. The liver forms bicarbonate if needed to restore balance. 5. The liver synthesizes proteins needed to maintain osmotic pressure in the fluid compartments.

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Statements that the nurse educator will include in the in-service include: the lungs are responsible for excreting excess carbonic acid from body; the kidneys form bicarbonate if needed to restore balance; and the liver synthesizes proteins needed to maintain osmotic pressure in the fluid compartments. The kidneys, not the lungs, reabsorb filtered bicarbonate. The kidneys, not the liver, form bicarbonate to restore balance, if needed.

A child is admitted with a diagnosis of early localized Lyme disease. Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find on the initial assessment of this client? Select all that apply. 1. Erythema 5 to 15 cm in diameter 2. Hyperactivity 3. Cranial nerve palsies 4. Fever 5. Headache

Answer: 1, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Erythema, fever, and headache are signs/symptoms in the early localized stage of Lyme disease. Cranial nerve palsies are seen in the early disseminated stage of the disease. Malaise, rather than hyperactivity, is seen with this disease.

Match the types of dehydration with their description. A. Isotonic dehydration B. Hypotonic dehydration C. Hypertonic dehydration 1. Occurs when fluid loss is characterized by a proportionately greater loss of sodium than water. 2. Occurs when fluid loss is characterized by a proportionately greater loss of water than sodium. 3. Occurs when fluid loss is not balanced by intake, and the loss of water and sodium are in proportion.

Answer: 1/B, 2/C, 3/A 1. Hypotonic dehydration 2. Hypertonic dehydration 3. Isotonic dehydration Explanation: Isotonic dehydration: occurs when fluid loss is not balanced by intake, and the loss of water and sodium are in proportion. Hypotonic dehydration: occurs when fluid loss is characterized by a proportionately greater loss of sodium than water. Hypertonic dehydration: occurs when fluid loss is characterized by a proportionately greater loss of water than sodium.

A nurse is caring for a toddler client who is diagnosed with scabies and prescribed a 5 percent permethrin lotion. How will the nurse apply this lotion when administering it to the toddler? 1. To the scalp only 2. Over the entire body from the chin down, as well as on the scalp and forehead 3. Only on the areas with evidence of scabies activity 4. Only on the hands

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Treatment of scabies involves application of a scabicide, such as 5 percent permethrin lotion, over the entire body from the chin down. The scabicide is also applied to the scalp and forehead of younger children, avoiding the rest of the face.

In working with parents of children with chronic diseases, the nurse is concerned with helping the parents to protect themselves from compassion fatigue. Which activities are appropriate for the nurse to encourage? Select all that apply. 1. Sleeping more than 9 hours per 24-hour period 2. Exercising 3. Fostering social relationships 4. Developing a hobby 5. Moving away

Answer: 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Exercising, fostering social relationships, and developing a hobby all contribute to physical, spiritual, social, and mental rest and restoration. Sleeping more than the body requires and moving away are avoidance behaviors that do not address exhaustion from overwhelming caregiving responsibilities.

The nurse is caring for a pediatric client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) disorder. Which interventions should the nurse implement for this child? Select all that apply. 1. Encouragement of fluids 2. Strict intake and output 3. Administration of ordered diuretics 4. Specific gravity of urine 5. Weight only on admission but not daily

Answer: 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. SIADH results from an excessive amount of serum antidiuretic hormone, causing water intoxication and hyponatremia. Intake and output should be monitored strictly. Diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) are administered to eliminate excess body fluid, and urine specific gravity is monitored. Fluids are restricted to prevent further hemodilution. Daily weights should be obtained to monitor fluid balance.

The nurse is caring for the newborn with bilateral clubfoot. What nursing diagnoses would the nurse address? Select all that apply. 1. Activity intolerance 2. Impaired physical mobility 3. Risk for impaired skin integrity 4. Ineffective breathing pattern 5. Impaired parenting

Answer: 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Nursing diagnoses that may apply to the newborn with bilateral clubfoot are impaired physical mobility, risk for impaired skin integrity, impaired parenting, and ineffective health maintenance.

The nurse is providing care to a preschool-age client who is diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In planning the client's care, which vaccine is inappropriate for the client to receive? 1. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) 2. Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB conjugate vaccine) 3. Varicella vaccine 4. Hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B)

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. A child with an immune disorder should not be immunized with a live varicella vaccine because of the risk of contracting the disease. DTaP, HIB, and hepatitis B vaccinations are not live vaccines and should be given on schedule.

Two 3-year-olds are playing in a hospital playroom together. One is working on a puzzle while the other is stacking blocks. Which type of play are these children exhibiting? 1. Cooperative play 2. Associative play 3. Parallel play 4. Solitary play

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Parallel play describes when two or more children play together, each engaging in their own activities. Cooperative play happens when children demonstrate the ability to cooperate with others and play a part in order to contribute to a unified whole. Associative play is characterized by children interacting in groups and participating in similar activities. In solitary play, a child plays alone.

The nurse is planning care for a pediatric client diagnosed with adrenal hyperplasia. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for this client? 1. Impaired Social Interaction Related to Unnatural Facial Features 2. Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements due to Nausea and Vomiting 3. Depression Related to Inability to Take in Oral Fluids 4. Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume Related to Failure of Regulatory Mechanisms

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Adrenal hyperplasia alters the regulatory mechanisms, creating a fluid volume deficit. There is no major nutritional deficit, social interaction, or depression related directly to the diagnosis of adrenal hyperplasia.

The nurse is administering a dose of rapid-acting insulin at 0800 to an insulin-dependent pediatric client. Based on when the insulin peaks, when will the client be at greatest risk for a hypoglycemic episode? 1. At about noon 2. Between bedtime and breakfast the next morning 3. Between lunch and dinner 4. Around 0930

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Rapid-acting insulin peaks 30-90 minutes after administration. An injection given at 0800 would peak around 0930.

A nurse is caring for a child who is diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Which goal of therapy is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the plan of care? 1. Reversing the degenerative processes that have occurred 2. Curing the underlying defect causing the disorder 3. Preventing the spread to individuals in close contact with the child 4. Promoting optimum development

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Recognition of the disorder is important so that optimal development can be maintained. Cerebral palsy cannot be reversed or cured. It is not caused by a contagious process, so there is no risk of spread.

Which action by the nurse can assist a child who has a mild hearing loss and reads lips to adapt to hospitalization? 1. Speaking directly to the parents for communication 2. Speaking in a loud voice while facing the child 3. Using a picture board as the main means of communication 4. Touching the child lightly before speaking

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The nurse can facilitate hospital adaptation of a child who has a hearing loss and can lip-read by obtaining the child's visual attention by lightly touching the child before communicating. Speaking to the parents only does not help the child with the hospitalization. Speaking in a loud voice may not promote hearing in the child, and a picture board, while useful, should not be the primary means of communication for a child who reads lips.

The nurse must prepare parents to see their adolescent daughter in the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU). The child arrived by life flight after experiencing multiple traumas in a car accident involving a suspected drunk driver. At this time, which statement by the nurse to the family is the most appropriate? 1. "Don't worry; everything will be okay. We will take excellent care of your child." 2. "You should press charges against the drunk driver." 3. "Your child's leg was crushed and may have to be amputated." 4. "Your child's condition is very critical; her face is swollen, and she may not look like herself."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The priority is to prepare the parents for the child's changed appearance. The nurse must not offer false reassurance nor project future stressful events. Truthful statements about the child's condition can be introduced after the parents have seen the child and grasped the situation. The nurse supports the family but remains nonjudgmental about accident details.

While trying to inform a young school-age client about what will occur during an upcoming CT scan, the nurse notices that the child is engaged in a collective monologue, talking about a new puppy. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate in this situation? 1. "Please stop talking about your puppy. I need to tell you about your CT scan." 2. Ignore the child's responses and continue discussing the procedure. 3. "I'll come back when you are ready to talk with me more about your CT scan." 4. "You must be so excited to have a new puppy! They are so much fun. Now, let me tell you again about going downstairs in a wheelchair to a special room."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. When a child becomes engaged in a collective monologue, it is best to respond to the content of his or her conversation and then attempt to reinsert facts about the content that needs to be covered.

A child returns from spinal-fusion surgery. Which item is the priority assessment for this child? 1. Increased intracranial pressure 2. Seizure activity 3. Impaired pupillary response during neurological checks 4. Impaired color, sensitivity, and movement to lower extremities

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. When the spinal column is manipulated, there is a risk for impaired color, sensitivity, and movement to lower extremities. The other signs are neurological impairment and are not high risk with spinal surgery.

A nurse is assessing a neonate. Which assessment finding indicates that the neonate's respiratory status is worsening? 1. Acrocyanosis 2. Arterial CO2 of 40 3. Periorbital edema 4. Grunting respirations with nasal flaring

Answer: 4 Explanation:1. Grunting respirations with nasal flaring indicates respiratory status is becoming worse. Acrocyanosis (cyanosis of the extremities) is a normal finding in a neonate. CO2of 40 is within a normal range. Periorbital edema does not necessarily mean deterioration in respiratory status

A school-age client is transported to the emergency department by ambulance from the scene of a car accident. The client is alert and oriented × 3; pulse, respirations, and blood pressure are stable; and the neck and back are immobilized on a backboard. The nurse sees no obvious bleeding. The client states, "I can't feel or move my legs." Which injury does the nurse suspect? 1. Traumatic brain injury 2. Ruptured spleen 3. Traumatic shock 4. Spinal cord injury

Answer: 4 Explanation:1. Spinal cord injury results in paralysis and anesthesia of the affected body parts below the level of the lesion. Altered levels of consciousness may indicate traumatic brain injury. The child may have a ruptured spleen, but it is not evident from the data given. Traumatic shock results in initially increasing then decreasing pulse and respirations, and falling blood pressure

What level of prevention is a depression screening? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary

B) Secondary

What level of prevention is vision and hearing screenings? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary

B) Secondary

What is the age of majority in Washington state? A) 16 B) 15 C) 18 D) 13

C) 18

What level of prevention is physical therapy post fracture? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary

C) Tertiary

The nurse is planning care for pediatric clients who have diagnoses that impact the endocrine system. Which changes occurring during the school-age and adolescence have a direct impact on the endocrine system? Select all that apply. 1. Puberty 2. Adrenarche 3. Menarche 4. Sexual exploration 5. Risk-taking behavior

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Puberty, adrenarche, and menarche are all changes that occur during the school age and adolescence that have a direct impact on the endocrine system. Sexual exploration and risk-taking behaviors do not have a direct impact on the endocrine system.

The nurse is conducting a health promotion class for adolescents. In counseling an adolescent about lifestyle choices, what should the adolescent eliminate in order to decrease the risk of the most preventable cause of adult death? 1. Alcohol use 2. Obesity 3. Tobacco use 4. Cocaine use

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Although all of these factors are preventable causes of mortality in the United States, tobacco use accounts for 438,000 deaths annually and is the most preventable cause of adult death.

A 3-day-old preterm infant is diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis. The nurse plans care around the frequent radiographs. How frequently should the nurse anticipate that the radiology staff will bring the portable machine to the nursery? 1. Every 6 hours 2. Every 12 hours 3. Every 24 hours 4. Every 48 hours

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Radiographs are done every 6 hours to evaluate for perforation.

The school-age child is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. The child weighs 30 pounds. The physician orders: 50 mL/kg 0.9 percent NSS with 5 percent dextrose IV over 4 hours. Calculate the IV pump to infuse 50 mL/kg/4hrs. Supply on hand: 1000 mL 0.9 percent NSS/2.5 percent dextrose

Answer: 170.4 mL/hr

12) A child with asthma will be receiving an oral dose of prednisone. The order reads prednisone 2 mg/kg per day. The child weighs 50 lbs. The child will receive ________ milligrams daily. (Round the answer.) Round the answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 45.5 = 46 Explanation: 22.7 × 2 = 45.5 (46)

A child is being treated for dehydration with intravenous fluids. The child currently weighs 13 kg and is estimated to have lost 7 percent of the normal body weight. The nurse is double-checking the IV rate the practitioner has ordered. The formula the practitioner used was for maintenance fluids: 1000 mL for 10 kg of body weight plus 50 cc for every kg over 10 for 24 hours. Replacement fluid is the percentage of lost body weight × 10 per kg of body weight. According to the calculation for maintenance plus replacement fluid, this child's hourly IV rate for 24 hours should be ________ mL. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 86 Explanation: Maintenance need for 13 kg is 1000 + (50 × 3), or 1150 mL/24 hours. Add to this the replacement-fluid loss = 7 (percent of total body weight lost) × 10 = 70 mL/kg/24 hours (70 × 13 = 910). 1150 + 910 = 2060 for 24 hours. 2060/24 = 86 mL per hour.

The nurse is providing care to an adolescent client who is dying. Which assessment findings indicate the client is experiencing a decrease in peripheral circulation? Select all that apply. 1. Cool skin 2. Mottled appearance 3. Cheyne-Stokes respirations 4. Increased agitation 5. Increased urine output

Explanation: 1. A client who is experiencing decreased peripheral circulation will have cool, mottled skin. While Cheyne-Stokes respirations may indicate death is approaching, this is not indicative of a decrease in peripheral circulation. Increased agitation indicates decreased perfusion to the brain. A client will not experience increased urine output near the end life.

A nurse working in a pediatric clinic is responsible for monitoring and maintaining the vaccinations on site. Which actions are appropriate for this nurse to implement? Select all that apply. 1. Fluctuate refrigerator and freezer temperatures each day. 2. Store vaccines in the center of the unit. 3. Check and record the temperature of the unit twice each day. 4. Have a plan for power outages. 5. Place bottles of water in each unit to help keep temperatures consistent. Answer: 2, 3, 4, 5

Explanation: 1. Appropriate interventions for the nurse to implement in order to maintain the potency of vaccines include storing the vaccines in the center of the unit, checking and recording the temperature of the storage unit twice a day, having a plan for power outages, and placing bottles of water in each unit to help keep temperatures consistent. The temperature of the refrigerator and freezer should be consistent and not fluctuate.

While assessing the development of a 9-month-old infant, the nurse asks the mother if the child actively looks for toys when they are placed out of sight. Which developmental task is the nurse assessing this infant for? 1. Object permanence 2. Centration 3. Transductive reasoning 4. Conservation

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. A child who has developed object permanence has the ability to understand that even though something is out of sight, it still exists. In centration, a child focuses only on a particular aspect of a situation. Transductive reasoning happens when a child connects two events in a cause-effect relationship because they have occurred at the same time. Conservation describes when a child knows that matter is not changed when its form is altered.

The nurse is working with a school-age child who is hospitalized. Which action by the nurse will promote a sense of industry in this child? 1. Allow the child to assist with her care. 2. Encourage parents to participate in the child's care. 3. Give the child a detailed scientific explanation of the illness. 4. Speak to the child in a high-pitched voice.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Allowing the child to participate in her care will decrease the sense of loss of control and increase a sense of industry. While parents can certainly participate in their child's care, it does not increase the child's sense of control. School-age children in general will not understand detailed scientific explanations. Change in voice tone is appropriate when talking to very young children.

The nurse is assigned to a child in a spica cast for a fractured femur suffered in an automobile accident. The child's teenage brother was driving the car, which was totaled. The nurse learns that the father lost his job three weeks ago and the mother has just accepted a temporary waitress job. Which nursing diagnosis will the nurse use when planning care for this child and family? 1. Compromised Family Coping Related to the Effects of Multiple Simultaneous Stressors 2. Impaired Social Interaction (Parent and Child) Related to the Lack of Family or Respite Support 3. Interrupted Family Processes Related to Child with Significant Disability Requiring Alteration in Family Functioning 4. Risk for Caregiver Role Strain Related to Child with a Newly Acquired Disability and the Associated Financial Burden

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Compromised Family Coping Related to the Effects of Multiple Simultaneous Stressors best fits the multiple crises to which this family is responding. The spica cast may require alteration in family functioning; however, fractures are generally not considered a significant long-term disability. Lack of family members and lack of respite support was not mentioned in the scenario.

A nurse is working with a pediatric client. When obtaining an accurate family assessment, which initial step is the most appropriate? 1. Establish a trusting relationship with the family. 2. Select the most relevant family-assessment tool. 3. Focus primarily upon the mother, while learning her greatest concern. 4. Observe the family in the home setting, since this step always proves indispensable.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Establishment of a trusting relationship between the family and the nurse is the essential preliminary step in obtaining an accurate family assessment. There is benefit when the tool used matches the family's strengths and resources; however, selecting the most relevant family-assessment tool is not indispensable to accuracy in the assessment. Focusing primarily upon the mother while learning her greatest concern is counterproductive and prevents the nurse from acknowledging multiple perceptions held by the family's members. Observing the family in the home setting is only recommended in some cases.

The nurse is counseling the parents of a 6-1/2-month-old infant. Which age-appropriate toy is most appropriate for the nurse to suggest to these parents? 1. Soft, fluid-filled ring that can be chilled in the refrigerator 2. Colorful rattle 3. Jack-in-the-box toy 4. Push-and-pull toy

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Teething toys would be appropriate for this age. The rattle might be better enjoyed by a 3- to 6-month-old infant, and the jack-in-the-box and push-and-pull toys are better suited for a 9- to 12-month-old child.

A supervisor is reviewing documentation of the nurses in the unit. Which client documentation is the most accurate and contains all the required part for a narrative entry? 1. "2/2/05 1630 Catheterized using an 8 French catheter, 45 mL clear yellow urine obtained, specimen sent to lab, squirmed and cried softly during insertion of catheter. Quiet in mother's arms following catheter removal. M. May RN" 2. "1/9/05 2 pm nasogastric tube placement confirmed and irrigated with 30 ml sterile water. Suction set at low, intermittent. Oxygen via nasal canal at 2 L/min. Nares patent, pink, and nonirritated. K. Earnst RN" 3. "4:00 tracheostomy dressing removed with dime-size stain of dry serous exudate. Site cleansed with normal saline. Dried with sterile gauze. New sterile tracheostomy sponge and trach ties applied. Respirations regular and even throughout the procedure. F. Luck RN" 4. "Feb. '05 Port-A-Cath assessed with Huber needle. Blood return present. Flushed with NaCl solution, IV gamma globulins hung and infusing at 30 cc/hr. Child smiling and playful throughout the procedure. P. Potter, RN"

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The client record should include the date and time of entry, nursing care provided, assessments, an objective report of the client's physiologic response, exact quotes, and the nurse's signature and title.

The telephone triage nurse at a pediatric clinic knows each call is important. Which call would require attentiveness from the nurse because of an increased risk of mortality? 1. A 3-week-old infant born at 35 weeks' gestation with gastroenteritis 2. A term 2-week-old infant of American Indian descent with an upper respiratory infection 3. A postterm 4-week-old infant non-Hispanic black descent with moderate emesis after feeding 4. A 1-week-old infant born at 40 weeks' gestation with symptoms of colic

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The leading causes of death in the neonatal period (birth to 28 days of age) are short gestation, low birth weight, and congenital malformations. The preterm infant experiencing gastroenteritis at 3 weeks of age is at the greatest risk for mortality; therefore, would require extra attentiveness from the registered nurse.

The nurse is working with a hospitalized preschool-age child. The nurse is planning activities to reduce anxiety in this child. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Provide the child with a doll and safe medical equipment. 2. Read a story to the child. 3. Use an anatomically correct doll to teach the child about the illness. 4. Talk to the child about the hospitalization.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Therapeutic play is a means of anxiety reduction in the hospitalized child. Allowing the child to play with safe medical equipment is an age-appropriate method through which the child can express her feelings, thereby reducing anxiety. Anatomically correct dolls are not age appropriate. Reading a story to the child does not allow for expression of feelings. Talking to the child may be beneficial, but it does not allow for active release of frustration and anxiety as active play does.

The nurse is assessing a toddler's development of communication skills. The nurse recognizes that a toddler communicates in what ways? Select all that apply. 1. Expressive jargon 2. Interpersonal skills and contact with other children 3. Uses all parts of speech 4. Temper tantrums 5. Enjoys talking

Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Toddlers use expressive jargon as a communication skill. 2. Toddlers learn interpersonal skills while being in contact with other children. 3. Preschool-age children can use all parts of speech with frequent errors. 4. Toddlers use temper tantrums occasionally as a communication skill. 5. Toddlers enjoy talking.

The nurse is conducting a health surveillance visit with a 6-month-old infant. Which methods are appropriate to monitor the infant's growth pattern since birth? Select all that apply. 1. Weight the infant twice and average together 2. Measure the infant's height 3. Measure the infant's head circumference 4. Determine the infant's body mass index 5. Plot the infant's growth on appropriate chart

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. In order to determine the infant's growth pattern, the nurse will obtain two weights and average them together, measure the infant's head circumference, and obtain the infant's length, not height. After the measurements have been obtained the nurse will plot the measurements on the appropriate growth chart and monitor the infant's growth pattern. Body mass index is not determined during infancy.

The nurse is performing an assessment of the ecological systems of childhood. What will the nurse include when assessing mesosystems? Select all that apply. 1. Parental involvement in school 2. Local political influences 3. Libraries in the community 4. Influences of the religious community 5. Age of each family member

Answer: 1, 4 Explanation: 1. When assessing a child's mesosystem, the nurse will assess parental involvement in school and the influences of the religious community on the child and family. Local political influences and the libraries in the community are assessed in an exosystem assessment. The age of each family member is assessed during chronosystem assessment.

4) A 7-year-old child is admitted for acute appendicitis. The parents are questioning the nurse about expectations during the child's recovery. Which information tool would be most useful in answering a parent's questions about the timing of key events? 1. Healthy People 2020 2. Clinical pathways 3. Child mortality statistics 4. National clinical practice guidelines

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Clinical pathways are interdisciplinary documents provided by a hospital to suggest ideal sequencing and timing of events and interventions for specific diseases to improve efficiency of care and enhance recovery. This pathway serves as a model outlining the typical hospital stay for individuals with specified conditions. Healthy People 2020 contains objectives set by the U.S. government to improve the health and reduce the incidence of death in the twenty-first century. Child mortality statistics can be compared with those from other decades for the evaluation of achievement toward health-care goals. National clinical practice guidelines promote uniformity in care for specific disease conditions by suggesting expected outcomes from specific interventions.

A nurse caring for a school-age client notices some swelling in the child's ankles. The nurse presses against the ankle bone for five seconds, then releases the pressure and notices a markedly slow disappearance of the indentation. Which priority nursing assessment is appropriate? 1. Skin integrity, especially in the lower extremities 2. Urine output 3. Level of consciousness 4. Range of motion and ankle mobility

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Dependent, pitting edema, especially in the lower extremities, can be a symptom of both kidney and cardiac disorders. Decreases in urine output can also indicate compromise in both the renal and cardiac systems. Changes in level of consciousness, if present, would more than likely be a later effect in this situation. While ankle edema could lead to both decreased ankle mobility and compromise in skin integrity, diagnosing and treating the underlying cause of the edema is most important.

The parents of a critically injured child wish to stay in the room while the child is receiving emergency care. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Escort the parents to the waiting room and assure them that they can see their child soon. 2. Allow the parents to stay with the child. 3. Ask the physician if the parents can stay with the child. 4. Tell the parents that they do not need to stay with the child.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Parents should be allowed to stay with their child if they wish to do so. This position is supported by the Emergency Nurses Association and is a key aspect of family-centered care.

When assessing the cognitive development, which technique would be appropriate to test the remote memory of a 5-year-old? 1. Say the name of an object and after 5 minutes ask the child to tell you what you said the object was. 2. Ask the child to repeat his address. 3. Ask the child to say a poem and listen to the child's speech articulation. 4. Have the child point to various parts of the body as you name them.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Repeating the name of an object after 5 to 10 minutes is assessing recent memory. Asking the child to repeat his address is assessing remote memory. Listening to speech articulation and pointing to body parts both assess communication skills.

The nurse is working on parenting skills with a group of mothers. Which mother would need the fewest discipline-related suggestions? 1. Authoritarian 2. Authoritative 3. Indifferent 4. Permissive

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The parental style that results in positive outcomes for the behavior and learning of its children is the authoritative style. Nurses have observed that children from homes using this parental style more frequently have personalities manifesting self-reliance, self-control, and social competence. These parents should be praised for using the preferred approach. Children in the authoritarian parenting family are denied opportunity to develop some skills in the areas of self-direction, communication, and negotiation. Under the permissive parental style, children do not learn the socially acceptable limits of behaviors. The indifferent parental style results in children who often exhibit destructive behaviors and delinquency.

14) There are several tools that help with obtaining a cultural assessment of a client and his family. Which tool would be appropriate to gather 12 major concepts of cultural assessment? 1. Sunrise enabler 2. Model for cultural competence 3. Transcultural assessment model 4. Health traditions model

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. The sunrise enabler examines influences on care and culture. The model for cultural competence will gather information on 12 major concepts. The transcultural assessment model is based on 6 phenomena. The health traditions model is predicated on holistic health.

The child was just transferred to the postanesthesia unit (PACU) and report given. The nurse has performed baseline vital signs, the child is stable and pain is under control. What should the nurse do next? 1. Document 2. Allow the parents to visit the child 3. Discharge the child 4. Look for signs of infection 5. Offer clear liquids

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. This is not the next task the nurse should perform. 2. If the child is stable and pain is under control, the nurse should allow the parents to visit with the child. 3. The child has just come to the PACU, the normal amount of time in the PACU is at least one hour. 4. The vital signs and operative area will be monitored throughout the child's time in PACU. 5. The child has just been transferred to PACU, the child will be offered liquids when fully awake.

The nurse recognizes that the pediatric client is from a cultural background different from that of the hospital staff. Which goal is most appropriate for this client when planning nursing care? 1. Overlook or minimize the differences that exist. 2. Facilitate the family's ability to comply with the care needed. 3. Avoid inadvertently offending the family by imposing the nurse's perspective. 4. Encourage complementary beneficial cultural practices as primary therapies.

Answer: 2 Explanation:1. The incorporation of the family's cultural perspective into the care plan is most likely to result in the family's ability to accept medical care and comply with the regimen prescribed. Since culture develops from social learning, attempts to ignore or minimize cultural consideration will result in mistrust, suspicion, or offenses that can have negative effects upon the health of children by reducing the resources available to promote health and prevent illness.

The nurse is counseling the parents of a 13-year-old regarding the behaviors they may encounter after telling the child about their plans to divorce. Which behaviors could the child demonstrate? Select all that apply. 1. Sorrow 2. Skipping school 3. Risk-taking 4. Withdraw from friends and activities 5. Temper tantrums

Answer: 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Preschool behaviors include: fear, anxiety, worry, self-blame, sorrow, grief, anger, regression, searching and questioning, temper tantrums, crankiness and aggression, loneliness, unhappiness, and depression. 2. Adolescent behaviors include: panic, fear, depression, guilt, risk-taking, fear of loneliness and abandonment, denial, anger, sadness, aggressiveness, skipping or dropping out of school, use of drugs and alcohol, and sexual acting out. 4. School age behaviors include: worry, anxiety depression, sadness, insecurity, fantasy, grief, guilt, self-blame, inability to concentrate on schoolwork, lower academic achievement, regression, aggression, confusion, anger resentment, behavioral problems at school and home, manipulation of parents, withdrawal from friends and activities, fear, and loneliness.

The nurse is planning care for a school-age client and family who have expressed wanting to use complementary and alternative modalities (CAM) in the treatment plan. Which interventions can the nurse safely implement into the plan of care? Select all that apply. 1. Substituting an herbal remedy for a prescribed medication 2. Encouraging the parents to share which modalities they would like to implement 3. Educating on the benefits and risks for each modality 4. Using essential oils to decrease nausea 5. Discouraging the use of faith-based therapies

Answer: 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Appropriate interventions for this client and family include encouraging the parents to share which modalities they want to implement, educating about the risks and benefits of each modality, and using modalities that are safe, such the use of essential oils to decrease nausea. An herbal remedy should not be substituted for a prescribed medication, but can be used if deemed safe with the prescribed medication. Discouraging the use of faith-based therapies does not support the client and family who want to use CAM in the treatment plan.

A nurse and the family of an 8-year-old with acute renal failure are reviewing family strengths helpful in managing stressors. Which family strengths should the nurse recommend this family utilize? Select all that apply. 1. Meeting member needs 2. Support by extended family 3. Effective communication 4. Receiving and giving love 5. Prior life experiences

Answer: 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Meeting member needs is one of the roles of a family. Strengths that enable families to develop and adapt to stressors include: education, prior experiences, finances, effective communication, collaborative problem solving, emotional awareness, emotional stability and developing shared meaning about the experience. 2. Support by extended family is one of the family strengths. 3. Effective communication is one of the family strengths. 4. Receiving and giving love is one of the roles of a family. Strengths that enable families to develop and adapt to stressors include: education, prior experiences, finances, effective communication, collaborative problem solving, emotional awareness, emotional stability and developing shared meaning about the experience. 5. Prior life experiences are one of the family strengths.

A child with hives weighing 40 pounds is prescribed diphenhydramine (Benadryl), 5 mg/kg/day in four divided doses. How many milligrams should the nurse give for each dose?

Answer: 22.75 mg/dose Explanation: Convert 40 pounds to kilograms (18.18) multiply by 5 mg = 90.9 divided by 4 doses = 22.75 mg/dose

The nurse is working in an adolescent medical clinic. What can the nurse anticipate when comparing adolescents in the clinic with chronic conditions to their peers? 1. A high level self-esteem 2. A concern for their parents 3. An altered body image 4. A decreased concern about their appearance

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. As adolescents develop a sense of identity, they are focused on themselves and the present. They have a heightened concern about their appearance but may have inaccurate assessments of their body image and low self-esteem when comparing their bodies with those of their peers.

During an examination, a nurse asks a 5-year-old child to repeat his address. What is the nurse evaluating with this action? 1. Recent memory 2. Language development 3. Remote memory 4. Social-skill development

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Asking children to remember addresses, phone numbers, and dates assesses remote-memory development. To evaluate recent memory, the nurse would have the child name something and then ask him to name it again in 10 to 15 minutes. Listening to how the child talks and his sentence structure evaluates the child's language development, and assessing how he interacts with others evaluates social-skill development.

The nurse is taking a health history from a family of a 3-year-old child. Which statement by the nurse would most likely establish rapport and elicit an accurate response from the family? 1. "Does any member of your family have a history of asthma, heart disease, or diabetes?" 2. "Hello, I would like to talk with you and get some information on you and your child." 3. "Tell me about the concerns that brought you to the clinic today." 4. "You will need to fill out these forms; make sure that the information is as complete as possible."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Asking the parents to talk about their concerns is an open-ended question and one which is more likely to establish rapport and an understanding of the parent's perceptions. Giving the family a list of items to answer at once may be confusing to the parents. Giving an introduction before asking the parents for information is likely to establish rapport, but giving an explanation of why the information would be needed would be even more effective at establishing rapport and also for getting more accurate, pertinent information. Simply asking the parents to fill out forms is very impersonal, and more information is likely to be obtained and clarified if the nurse is directing the interview.

A 12-year-old child is admitted to the unit for a surgical procedure. The child is accompanied by two parents and a younger sibling. What is the level of involvement in treatment decision making for this child? 1. Emancipated minor 2. Mature minor 3. Assent 4. None

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Assent requires the ability to generally understand what procedure and treatments are planned, to understand what participation is required, and to make a statement of agreement or disagreement with the plan. Usually, in Piaget's stage of formal operations, 11- to 13-year-olds should be able to problem solve using abstract concepts and are able to give valid assent when parents sign the informed consent. An emancipated minor is a self-supporting adolescent who is not subject to the control of a parent or guardian. A mature minor is a 14- or 15-year-old whom the state law designates as being able to understand medical risks and who is thus permitted to give informed consent for treatment.

Cultures have many different childrearing practices. Which culture is known to value the male child more than the female child, and often teaches children to avoid displaying emotion? 1. Mexican 2. Amish 3. Chinese 4. Navajo

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The Chinese culture values the male child more than the female child, and often teaches children to avoid showing emotion. The other cultures do not have this component.

A new mother is worried about a "soft spot" on the top of her newborn infant's head. The nurse informs her that this is a normal physical finding called the anterior fontanel. At what age will the nurse educate the mother that the soft spot will close? 1. 2 to 3 months of age 2. 6 to 9 months of age 3. 12 to 18 months of age 4. Approximately 2 years of age

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The anterior fontanel is located at the top of the head and is the opening at the intersection of the suture lines. As the infant grows, the suture lines begin to fuse, and the anterior fontanel closes at 12 to 18 months of age.

A mother of a school-age client who recently had surgery for the removal of tonsils and adenoids complains that the child has begun sucking his thumb again. Which coping mechanisms is the child using to cope with the surgery and hospitalization? 1. Repression 2. Rationalization 3. Regression 4. Fantasy

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The correct answer is regression, which is a return to an earlier behavior. Repression is the involuntary forgetting of uncomfortable situations, rationalization is an attempt to make unacceptable feelings acceptable, and fantasy is a creation of the mind to help deal with an unacceptable fear.

Which nursing intervention is most appropriate when providing education to the pediatric client and family? 1. Giving primary care for high-risk children who are in hospital settings 2. Giving primary care for healthy children 3. Working toward the goal of informed choices with the family 4. Obtaining a physician consultation for any technical procedures at delivery

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The educator works with the family toward the goal of making informed choices through education and explanation.

The parents of an 8-year-old state that their son seems very interested in trying new activities. When the parents ask for suggested activities for this age child, the nurse recommends scouts as an activity that will foster growth and development. In which stage of Erikson's "psychosocial stages of development" is this child? 1. Trust versus mistrust 2. Initiative versus guilt 3. Industry versus inferiority 4. Identity versus role confusion

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)—The task of the first year of life is to establish trust in the people providing care. Trust is fostered by provision of food, clean clothing, touch, and comfort. If basic needs are not met, the infant will eventually learn to mistrust others. Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years)—The young child initiates new activities and considers new ideas. This interest in exploring the world creates a child who is involved and busy. Constant criticism, on the other hand, leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose. Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years)—In adolescence, as the body matures and thought processes become more complex, a new sense of identity or self is established. The self, family, peer group, and community are all examined and redefined. The adolescent who is unable to establish a meaningful definition of self will experience confusion in one or more roles of life. Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years)—The middle years of childhood are characterized by development of new interests and by involvement in activities. The child takes pride in accomplishments in sports, school, home, and community. If the child cannot accomplish what is expected, however, the result will be a sense of inferiority.

The nurse can instruct parents to expect children in which age group to begin to assume more independent responsibility for their own management of a chronic condition, such as blood-glucose monitoring, insulin administration, intermittent self-catheterization, and appropriate inhaler use? 1. Toddlers 2. Preschool-age 3. School-age 4. Adolescents

Answer: 3 Explanation:1. School-age children are developing a sense of industry and can begin assuming responsibility for self-care. Toddlers and preschool-age children do not have the cognitive and psychomotor skills for these tasks. Adolescents should already be well accomplished at self-care

A child is being prepared for an invasive procedure. The mother of the child has legal custody but is not present. After details of the procedure are explained, who can provide legal consent on behalf of a minor child for treatment? 1. The divorced parent without custody 2. A cohabitating boyfriend of the child's mother 3. A grandparent who lives in the home with the child 4. A babysitter with written proxy

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. A parent may grant proxy consent in writing to another adult so that children are not denied necessary healthcare. In the case of divorced parents, the parent with custody may be the only parent allowed by some states to give informed consent. Residence in the same household with a child does not authorize an adult to sign consent for treatment.

A young school-age client is in the playroom when the respiratory therapist arrives on the pediatric unit to give the child a scheduled breathing treatment. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Reschedule the treatment for a later time. 2. Show the respiratory therapist to the playroom so the treatment may be performed. 3. Escort the child to his room and ask the child-life specialist to bring toys to the bedside. 4. Assist the child back to his room for the treatment but reassure the child that he may return when the procedure is completed.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. Procedures should not be performed in the playroom. Scheduled respiratory treatments should be performed on time; however, the child should be allowed to return to the playroom as soon as the procedure is completed.

A new pediatric hospital will open soon. While planning nursing care, the hospital administration is considering two models of providing healthcare: family-focused care and family-centered care. Which action best demonstrates family-centered care? 1. Telling the family what must be done for the family's health 2. Assuming the role of an expert professional to direct the healthcare 3. Intervening for the child and family as a unit 4. Conferring with the family in deciding which healthcare option will be chosen

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The benefit of employing the family-centered-care philosophy is that the priorities and needs as seen by the family are addressed as a partnership between a family and a nurse develops. In family-focused care, the healthcare worker assumes the role of professional expert while missing the multiple contributions the family brings to the healthcare meeting.

An infant has been NPO for surgery for 4 hours and does not have an intravenous line. The nurse receives a call from the operating room with the information that the surgery has been postponed due to an emergency. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Feed the infant 4 ounces of formula. 2. Reassure the parents that it will not be much longer before surgery. 3. Allow the parents to feed the infant an ounce of oral rehydration solution. 4. Call the physician to see if the infant needs to have an intravenous line started

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. The infant who is NPO is at high risk for dehydration. The nurse does not know how much longer it will be before surgery. The nurse cannot independently make the decision to feed the infant. Feeding the infant could further postpone the surgery, should an operating room become available sooner than expected. It is best to keep the infant NPO and consult the physician to see if an intravenous line is needed.

The charge nurse is concerned with reducing the stressors of hospitalization. Which nursing intervention is most helpful in decreasing the stressors for the toddler-age client? 1. Assign the same nurse to the toddler as much as possible. 2. Let the child listen to an audiotape of the mother's voice. 3. Place a picture of the family at the bedside. 4. Encourage a parent to stay with the child.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. While all of the interventions are appropriate for the hospitalized toddler, presence of a parent is most important. Separation from parents is the major stressor for the hospitalized toddler.

A three-week-old infant is returned post-pyloromyotomy three hours ago. The father is refusing pain medication for the infant and states, "The baby is hungry. Can I give the baby a bottle?" How should the nurse best advocate for the infant? Select all that apply. 1. Call the physician to ask if the child can feed yet. 2. The FLACC scale rating is 8 out of 10; try swaddling and rocking the infant. 3. Ask the parent to obtain a FLACC scale rating and let the nurse know what rating they get. 4. Educate the parent about the surgery and why the infant should not have anything by mouth. 5. Inform the parent about the meaning of the pain scale and the need for pain medication.

Answer: 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Calling the physician to ask if the infant can feed yet is not the best way to advocate for the infant. 2. Swaddling and rocking the infant may calm the child but is not the best way to advocate for the infant. 3. Asking the parent to obtain a FLACC scale rating and let the nurse know what rating they get. This is not the parents' duty. It is the nurse's responsibility to assess pain. 4. Educating the parent about the surgery and why the infant should not have anything by mouth is a good way to advocate for the infant. 5. Informing the parent about the meaning of the pain scale and the need for pain medication is a good way to advocate for the infant.

A neonatal nurse who encourages parents to hold their baby and provides opportunities for Kangaroo Care most likely is demonstrating concern for which aspect of the infant's psychosocial development? 1. Attachment 2. Assimilation 3. Centration 4. Resilience

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between a parent and child that forms the foundation for the fulfillment of the basic need of trust in the infant. Assimilation describes the child's incorporation of new experiences, centration is the ability to consider only one aspect of a situation at a time, and resilience is the ability to maintain healthy function even under significant stress and adversity.

The nurse is working with an adolescent client who will be admitted to the hospital in two days. Which nursing approach is most appropriate to prepare this client for hospitalization? 1. Have teens who have had similar experiences talk to the adolescent about hospitalization. 2. Provide an opportunity for the child to talk with an adult who has had a similar experience. 3. Teach parents what to expect so the information can be shared with the adolescent. 4. Provide an opportunity for the teen to try on surgical attire.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Adolescents benefit from a different approach than younger children when being prepared for hospitalization. Written materials, anatomically correct dolls, and talking to peers who have had similar experiences are all appropriate for the adolescent. The adolescent should be taught first-hand what to expect during the hospitalization. Dressing up in surgical attire is appropriate for the younger child.

The nurse is measuring an abdominal girth on a child with abdominal distension. Identify the area on the child's abdomen where the tape measure should be placed for an accurate abdominal girth. 1. Just above the umbilicus, around the largest circumference of the abdomen 2. Below the umbilicus 3. Just below the sternum 4. Just above the pubic bone

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. An abdominal girth should be taken around the largest circumference of the abdomen, in this case, just above the umbilicus. The circumference below the umbilicus or just below the sternum would not be an accurate abdominal girth.

The nurse is assessing a family's effective coping strategies and ineffective defensive strategies. Which family-social-system theory is the nurse using in this assessment of the family? 1. Family-stress theory 2. Family-development theory 3. Family-systems theory 4. Family life-cycle theory

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Family-stress theory indicates an array of coping strategies that effectively help reduce stress, in contrast with the defensive strategies of dysfunctional families. Family-development theory suggests developmental tasks for families in each stage. Family-systems theory looks at the relationships among and between family members and the environment. The family life cycle is not a family social system theory.

Several children arrived at the emergency department accompanied by their fathers. Which father may legally sign emergency medical consent for treatment? 1. The divorced one from the binuclear family 2. The stepfather from the blended or reconstituted family 3. The divorced one when the single-parent mother has custody 4. The nonbiologic one from the heterosexual cohabitating family

Answer: 1 Explanation:1. The divorced father from the binuclear family may sign informed consent because he has equal legal rights with the mother under joint-custody arrangements. The nonbiologic stepfather from the blended or reconstituted family, the divorced biologic father when the single-parent mother has custody, and the nonbiologic father from the heterosexual cohabitating family are without legal authority to seek emergency medical care for the child

A 7-year-old child presents to the clinic with an exacerbation of asthma symptoms. On physical examination, the nurse would expect which assessment findings? Select all that apply. 1. Wheezing 2. Increased tactile fremitus 3. Decreased vocal resonance 4. Decreased tactile fremitus 5. Bronchophony

Answer: 1, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Wheezing is caused by air passing through mucus or fluids in a narrowed lower airway, which is a condition present in asthma exacerbations. The air trapping in the lungs that occurs in asthma causes a decrease in the sensation of vibrations felt, not an increase in tactile fremitus, which is indicative of pneumonia. Bronchophony is an increase in the intensity and clarity of transmitted sounds. This is also indicative of pneumonia but not asthma, which causes a decrease in vocal resonance.

) While in the pediatrician's office for their child's 12-month well-child exam, the parents ask the nurse for advice on age-appropriate toys for their child. Based on the child's developmental level, which types of toys would the nurse suggest? Select all that apply. 1. Soft toys that can be manipulated 2. Small toys that can pop apart and go back together 3. Jack-in-the-box toys 4. Toys with black and white patterns 5. Push-and-pull toys

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Both gross and fine motor skills are becoming more developed, and children at this age enjoy toys that can help them refine these skills. They tend to enjoy more colorful toys at this age and are more mobile and thus have less interest in placing toys in their mouths and more interest in toys that can be manipulated.

Match the behaviors with its stage of separation anxiety the child may exhibit. A. Protest B. Despair C. Denial 1. Withdrawal or compliant behavior 2. Appearance of being happy and content with everyone 3. Clinging to parents 4. Lack of protest when parents leave 5. Screaming and crying 6. Sadness

Answer: 1/B, 2/C, 3/A, 4/C, 5/A, 6/B 1. Despair 2. Denial 3. Protest 4. Denial 5. Protest 6. Despair Explanation: The stages of separation anxiety include: Protest-Screaming, crying, clinging to parents, and may resist attempts by other adults to comfort them. Despair-Sadness, quiet, appear to have "settled in," withdrawal or compliant behavior, and crying when parents return. Denial-Lack of protest when parents leave, appearance of being happy and content with everyone, show interest in surroundings, and close relationships not established.

The nurse must assess each of the 2-year-olds listed below. Which one should be evaluated first? 1. A child with a temperature of 101 degrees F 2. A child who has stridor 3. A child who has absent Babinski sign 4. A child who has a pot belly appearance

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. A child with stridor is at risk for airway compromise; a child with a temperature of 101 degrees F, while sick, is not as ill as the child with stridor; and the child with an absent Babinski sign and the pot-bellied child are normal.

A school-age client tells you that "Grandpa, Mommy, Daddy, and my brother live at my house." Which type of family will the nurse identify in the medical record based on this description? 1. Binuclear family 2. Extended family 3. Gay or lesbian family 4. Traditional nuclear family

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. An extended family contains a parent or a couple who share the house with their children and another adult relative. A binuclear family includes the divorced parents who have joint custody of their biologic children, while the children alternate spending varying amounts of time in the home of each parent. A gay or lesbian family is comprised of two same-sex domestic partners; they may or may not have children. The traditional nuclear family consists of an employed provider parent, a homemaking parent, and the biologic children of this union.

Pediatric nurses have foundational knowledge obtained in nursing school and add specific competencies related to the pediatric client. Which would be considered an additional specific expected competency of the pediatric nurse? 1. Physical assessment 2. Anatomical and developmental differences 3. Nursing process 4. Management of healthcare conditions

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Assessing anatomical and developmental differences would be a specific expected competency for the pediatric nurse that would not be learned in nursing school. Physical assessment, nursing process, and management of health conditions are all foundational knowledge learned in nursing school.

The nurse, talking with the parents of a toddler who is struggling with toilet training, reassures them that their child is demonstrating a typical developmental stage. According to Erikson, which developmental stage will the nurse document in the medical record for this toddler? 1. Trust versus mistrust 2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt 3. Initiative versus guilt 4. Industry versus inferiority

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Erikson's stage of "autonomy versus shame and doubt" marks a period of time when the toddler is trying to gain some independence while still wanting to please adults.

A 12-year-old pediatric client is in need of surgery. Which member of the healthcare team is legally responsible for obtaining informed consent for an invasive procedure? 1. Nurse 2. Physician 3. Unit secretary 4. Social worker

Answer: 2 Explanation: 1. Informed consent is legal preauthorization for an invasive procedure. It is the physician's legal responsibility to obtain this, because it consists of an explanation about the medical condition, a detailed description of treatment plans, the expected benefits and risks related to the proposed treatment plan, alternative treatment options, the client's questions, and the guardian's right to refuse treatment.

2) A nurse is working with pediatric clients in a research facility. The nurse recognizes that federal guidelines are in place that delineate which pediatrics clients must give assent for participation in research trials. Based upon the client's age, the nurse would seek assent from which children? Select all that apply. 1. The precocious 4-year-old commencing as a cystic fibrosis research-study participant. 2. The 7-year-old leukemia client electing to receive a newly developed medication, now being researched. 3. The 10-year-old commencing in an investigative study for clients with precocious puberty. 4. The 13-year-old client commencing participation in a research program for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) treatments.

Answer: 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Federal guidelines mandate that research participants 7 years old and older must receive developmentally appropriate information about healthcare procedures and treatments and give assent.

The nurse is planning care for an adolescent client who will be hospitalized for several weeks following a traumatic brain injury. Which interventions will enhance family-centered care for this client and family? Select all that apply. 1. Making all ADL decisions for the adolescent and family 2. Asking the adolescent what foods to include during meal time 3. Allowing the family time to pray each day with the adolescent 4. Encouraging the adolescent's friends to visit during visiting hours 5. Leaving all questions for the healthcare provider

Answer: 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Interventions that will enhance family-centered care for this client and family include asking the adolescent to be an active member of care by making food choices, allowing the family to pray each day with the adolescent, and encouraging the adolescent's friends to visit during visiting hours. These interventions each promote the concepts of family-centered care. Making all decisions for the adolescent and family and leaving all questions for the healthcare provider do not promote the concepts of family-centered care.

The nurse is assessing a school-age child's extraocular movements. The nurse recognizes which cranial nerves that involve testing extraocular movements? Select all that apply. 1. VII 2. III 3. IV 4. XII 5. VI

Answer: 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. VII is the facial nerve and is not involved in testing extraocular movements. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI dominate eye movements and pupil constriction. Cranial nerve VII dominates the person's ability to smile and frown and cranial nerve XII dominates tongue movements.

The parents of a 1-year-old infant are concerned that this baby seems more shy and scared of new situations than their other child and ask the nurse if this is normal. The nurse knows that the infant is exhibiting a characteristic of the "slow-to-warm-up." Which statement to the parents is most appropriate by the nurse? 1. "Your infant is showing a regularity in patterns of eating." 2. "Your infant displays a predominately negative mood." 3. "Your infant initially reacts to new situations by withdrawing." 4. "Your infant has intense reactions to the environment."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. "Slow-to-warm-up" children adapt slowly to new situations and initially will withdraw. Showing regularity in patterns of eating is a characteristic of an "easy" child, and displaying a predominately negative mood and commonly having intense reactions to the environment are characteristics of "difficult" children.

The nurse needs to administer a medication to a preschool-age child. The medication is only available in tablet form. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Place the tablet on the child's tongue and give the child a drink of water. 2. Break the tablet in small pieces and ask the child to swallow the pieces one by one. 3. Crush the tablet and mix it in a teaspoon of applesauce. 4. Crush the table and mix it in a cup of juice.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. A 4-year-old is not mature enough to swallow a pill or pieces of a pill. The medication should be crushed and mixed with a very small amount of food, not juice.

The nurse is caring for a newly-admitted infant diagnosed with "failure to thrive." The nurse begins to implement the healthcare provider prescribed orders by taking blood pressures in all four extremities. Which congenital cardiac defect does the nurse anticipate based on the prescribed order? 1. Tetralogy of Fallot 2. Pulmonary atresia 3. Coarctation of the aorta 4. Ventricular septal defect

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Normally, blood pressures in the lower extremities are the same as or higher than upper-extremity blood pressures. But in coarctation of the aorta, the narrowing of the aorta causes decreased blood flow to the lower extremities and thus lower-extremity blood-pressure readings are significantly lower than upper-extremity readings. There are minimal differences between upper and lower blood-pressure readings in tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and ventricular septal defect.

The nurse is working on parenting skills with a mother of three children. The nurse demonstrates a strategy that uses reward to increase positive behavior. Which strategy will the nurse document in the medical record based on this description? 1. Time out 2. Reasoning 3. Behavior modification 4. Experiencing consequences of misbehavior

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Behavior modification identifies and gives rewards for desired behaviors. Time out and experiencing consequences of misbehavior show the child that unacceptable behavior brings undesirable outcomes. Reasoning attempts to use explanation to end misbehavior.

The nurse is assessing a group of children attending summer camp. The nurse will expect which children to most likely have problems perceiving a sense of belonging? 1. Children whose parents divorced recently 2. Children who gained a stepparent recently 3. Children recently placed into foster care 4. Children adopted as infants

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Children in foster care are more likely to have problems perceiving a sense of belonging. Children whose parents divorce often fear abandonment. Children who gain a stepparent may have problems trusting the new parent. Infants who are adopted at birth can have minimal problems with acceptance when parents follow preadoption counseling about disclosure.

A nurse is assessing language development in all the infants presenting at the doctor's office for well-child visits. At which age range would the nurse expect a child to verbalize the words "dada" and "mama"? 1. 3 and 5 months 2. 6 and 8 months 3. 9 and 12 months 4. 13 and 18 months

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Children should be able to verbalize "mama" or "dada" to identify their parents by 1 year of age.

The nurse is caring for a client in the pediatric intensive-care unit (PICU). The parents have expressed anger over the nursing care their child is receiving. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate based on the situation? 1. Ask the physician to talk with the family. 2. Explain to the parents that their anger is affecting their child so they will not be allowed to visit the child until they calm down. 3. Acknowledge the parents' concerns and collaborate with them regarding the care of their child. 4. Call the chaplain to sit with the family.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Hospitalization of the child in a pediatric intensive-care unit is a great stressor for parents. If the parents feel that they are not informed or involved in the care of their child, they may become angry and upset. Calling the physician or chaplain may be appropriate at some point, but the nurse must assume the role of supporter in this situation to promote a sense of trust. Telling the parents that they cannot visit their child will only increase their anger.

7) Despite the availability of Children's Health Insurance Programs (CHIP), many eligible children are not enrolled. Which nursing intervention would be the most appropriate to help children become enrolled in CHIP? 1. Assess details of the family's income and expenditures 2. Case management to limit costly, unnecessary duplication of services 3. Advocate for the child by encouraging the family to investigate SCHIP eligibility 4. Educate the family about the need for keeping regular well-child-visit appointments

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. In the role of an advocate, a nurse will advance the interests of another; by suggesting the family investigate its CHIP eligibility, the nurse is directing their action toward the child's best interest. Financial assessment is more commonly the function of a social worker. The case-management activity mentioned will not provide a source of funding nor will the educational effort describe.

The nurse in the pediatric clinic observes a parental lack of warmth and interest toward the child. Which parental style will the nurse most likely document in this situation? 1. Authoritarian 2. Authoritative 3. Indifferent 4. Permissive

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Parents displaying the indifferent parental style fail to demonstrate consistent warmth and interest in their children. Parents who favor the authoritarian style may exhibit a punitive attitude toward the child who is misbehaving but are not disinterested. Parents employing the authoritative style and the permissive style have children who report that "my parent loves me and shows affection regularly."

A preschool-age client is seen in the clinic for a sore throat. In this child's mind, what is the most likely causative agent for the sore throat? 1. Was exposed to someone else with a sore throat. 2. Did not eat the right foods. 3. Yelled at his brother. 4. Did not take his vitamins.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Preschool-age children understand some concepts of being sick but not the cause of illness. They are likely to think that they are sick as a result of something that they have done. They will frequently view illness as punishment. A child of this age does not yet understand that he can become sick from exposure to someone else who is sick. The other two answers, while not causes of sore throat, can be factors in some illnesses but are beyond the thinking of a 4-year-old.

A toddler recently diagnosed with a seizure disorder will be discharged home on an anticonvulsant. Which action by the mother best demonstrates understanding of how to give the medication? 1. Verbalizing how to give the medication 2. Acknowledging understanding of written instructions 3. Drawing up the medication correctly in an oral syringe and administering it to the child 4. Observing the nurse draw up the medication and administering it to the child.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. Verbalization of how to give the medication and acknowledging understanding of written instructions are methods that might be used, but they do not actually demonstrate understanding. Observing the nurse draw up and administer the medication may be used in the teaching process. The best way for the mother to demonstrate understanding is to actually draw up and give the medication.

Which statement by the nurse is most appropriate prior to giving an intramuscular injection to a 2-1/2-year-old child? 1. "We will give you your shot when your mommy comes back." 2. "This is medicine that will make you better. First we will hold your leg, then I will wipe it off with this magic cloth that kills the germs on your leg right here, then I will hold the needle like this and say 'one, two, three . . . go' and give you your shot. Are you ready?" 3. "It is all right to cry, I know that this hurts. After we are done you can go to the box and pick out your favorite sticker." 4. "This is a magic sword that will give you your medicine and make you all better."

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The most appropriate response would be to acknowledge the child's feelings and give her something to look forward to (picking out a sticker). Waiting for the mother to come back would be inappropriate because toddlers do not have an understanding of time. Giving elaborate descriptions and using colorful language are inappropriate. The instructions should not end with a "are you ready" statement because the toddler will say no. You also don't want to frighten and/or confuse the child by using statements such as use of a magic sword.

The community health nurse is assessing several families for various strengths and needs in regard to after-school and backup childcare arrangements. Which family type will benefit the most from this assessment and subsequent interventions? 1. The binuclear family 2. The extended family 3. The single-parent family 4. The traditional nuclear family

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. The single-parent family most typically lacks social, emotional, and financial resources. Nursing considerations for such families should include referrals to options that will enable the parent to fulfill work commitments while providing the child with access to resources that can support the child's growth and development. The binuclear family, the extended family, and the traditional nuclear family generally have at least two adults who can share in the care and the nurturing of its children.

While assessing a 10-month-old African American infant, the nurse notices that the sclerae have a yellowish tint. Which organ system should the nurse further evaluate to determine an ongoing disease process? 1. Cardiac 2. Respiratory 3. Gastrointestinal 4. Genitourinary

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. This infant's sclerae are showing signs of jaundice, which most likely is secondary to a failure or malfunction of the liver in the gastrointestinal system. Cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes is generally a sign of problems with the cardiac and/or respiratory system. Tenting of the skin and dry mucous membranes could be a sign of dehydration, and edema could be a sign of fluid overload. Both of these conditions could be secondary to problems with functioning of the genitourinary system.

A child is being discharged from the hospital after a 3-week stay following a motor vehicle accident. The mother expresses concern about caring for the child's wounds at home. She has demonstrated appropriate technique with medication administration and wound care. Which nursing diagnosis is the priority in this situation? 1. Knowledge Deficit of Home Care 2. Altered Family Processes Related to Hospitalization 3. Parental Anxiety Related to Care of the Child at Home 4. Risk for Infection Related to Presence of Healing Wounds

Answer: 3 Explanation: 1. While all of the diagnoses might have been appropriate at some point, the current focus is the mother's anxiety about caring for the child at home. The priority of the nurse is relieving this anxiety.

The nurse is providing care to a school-age client who is admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle accident. Which interventions are appropriate to prepare this client and family for their hospital stay? Select all that apply. 1. A hospital tour 2. A health fair brochure 3. An orientation to the unit 4. An age-appropriate explanation of procedures 5. A child life program consultation

Answer: 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Interventions that are appropriate for this client and family are those that occur as the result of an unplanned hospital admission. The nurse would orient the client and family to the unit and provide age-appropriate explanation for all procedures. It is also appropriate for the nurse to consult with the child life program. A hospital tour and a health fair brochure are appropriate interventions for a planned hospitalization.

The nurse educator is presenting a lecture about risks to developmental progression. Which items will the educator include in the lecture? Select all that apply. 1. Family support 2. Access to the Internet 3. Recent loss of employment 4. Terminal illness of a family member 5. Hazards within the home environment

Answer: 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Risk factors that can inhibit developmental progression include financial problems, stresses and worries, family and job instability, neighborhood and home hazards, and lack of resources. Family support and access to the Internet are both considered protective factors.

While being comforted in the emergency department, a young school-age sibling of a pediatric trauma victim blurts out to the nurse, "It's my fault! When we were fighting yesterday, I told him I wished he was dead!" Which response is most appropriate by the nurse? 1. Asking the child if she would like to sit down and drink some water 2. Sitting the child down in an empty room with markers and paper so that she can draw a picture 3. Calmly discussing the catheters, tubes, and equipment that the patient requires and explaining to the sibling why the patient needs them 4. Reassuring the child that it is normal to get angry and say things that we do not mean but that we have no control over whether or not an accident happens

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. "Magical thinking" is the belief that events occur because of one's thoughts or actions, and the most therapeutic way to respond to this is to correct any misconceptions that children may have and reassure them that they are not to blame for any accidents or illness.

The nurse must perform a procedure on a toddler. Which technique is the most appropriate when performing the procedure? 1. Ask the mother to restrain the child during the procedure. 2. Ask the child if it is okay to start the procedure. 3. Perform the procedure in the child's hospital bed. 4. Allow the child to cry or scream.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 1. While the toddler will need to be restrained, the parent should not be the one to do this. The nurse should avoid giving the child a choice if there is no choice. The treatment room should be utilized for the procedure so that the hospital bed remains a safe place. The child should be allowed to cry or scream during the procedure.