PEDS fun

What is the nursing care of a patient with pertussis?

-apnea monitor, close to nurses station -IV hydration/feeding assistance (w/ extreme caution) -Oxygen -Nasal suctioning -ABX erythromycin

What type of rash presents with Rubella (german measles)?

-discrete pin-head sized macular rash -begins on face and then progresses to trunk & extremities

What task could a 5 y.o. boy with diabetes expect to accomplish by himself?

-think about growth and development... -let him choose the injection site! this gives the child a sense of control (autonomy)

What happens in the acute phase of Kawasaki?

--Fever more then 5 days., not treatable. --Strawberry tongue--and conjuctival redness. --Red, swollen feet and hands

Multiple problems result from the exocrine dysfunction?

--Lung problems is most critical problem. --Pancreatic problems. --Increased loss of sodium and chloride in sweat.

What is the pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta?

--Narrowing of the aorta; commonly near aortic valve or ductus arteries.

What is a clinical manifestation of PDA?

--Pulmonary hypertension. --Indomethacin med to close PDA or and Surgery.

Cyanotic heart defects.

--Tetralogy of Fallot, --TA/ Truncus arteriosus --Transposition of the great vessels (TGV). --Right to left shunt or decrease pulmonary blood flow. --Mixed blood flow.

cerebral palsy assessment

--Tongue Thrust --Poor sucking. --inventory movement. --seizers.

What are some home care practices for asthma?

--Using MDIs. --Monitoring peak expiratory flow. --Breathing exercises.

Communicable diseases of childhood nursing intervention

--private room during communicability. --Treat fever with non aspirin. Prevent child from scratching skin by cut nail, apply mittens-gloves, and soothing bath. --Diphenhydramine for itching.

What are the theories of growth & development?

-Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development -Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development -Kohlberg's Moral Development -Tanner's Stages of Secondary Sex Characteristics

State the three main gals in providing nursing care for a child experiencing a seizure

maintain patent airway, protect form injury and observe carefully

Patho of vesicoureteral reflex

malfunction of valves at end of uterus, allowing urine to reflux out of bladder into ureters and possible into kidneys

What should the nurse monitor for with NG tube insertion

monitor HR, may increase b/c it causes the patient to vagal

when assisting in a lumbar puncture

monitor for cardiorespiratory status at all times ABC's diapers needs to be rolled down and out of the way.

describe developmental factors that would impact the school-age child with diabetes

need to be like peers; assuming responsibility for own care; modification of diet; snacks and exercise in school

lupus

need to have a low-salt diet, killed-virus vaccines, systemic corticoidsteriods, antimalarials

When does the nurse need to give prophylactic antibiotics for a patient at risk for endocarditis (valve issue)

needs to be given prior to any dental work or invasive procedures E.X. urinary catheterization

the term that is commonly defined ad stiffness of the neck

nuchal rigidity

A nurse notes that a client's eyes are continuously moving back and forth within the eye sockets. The nurse documents in the medical record that the client has: a. ataxia b. nystagmus c. pronator drift d. hyperreflexia

nystagmus

Piaget's cognitive stage

occurs b/n 12-24 months and os a time when cognitive development occurs rapidly.

Primary physiologic reason for hypoproteinemia in nephrosis?

occurs bc glomeruli permeable to serum proteins

Signs of cystic Fibrosis

--Pulmonary congestion. --Steatorrhea (fat in stool). --Delayed growth and poor weight gain. --Taste "salty".

Treatment is highly Important. Tonsillitis can lead to which heart or renal defect?

--Rheumatic heart disease. --Acute glomerulonephritis.

Which of the following assessments would be the priority for a 2-year-old child after a bronchoscopy? 1. Cardiac rate. 2. Respiratory quality. 3. Sputum color. 4. Pulse pressure changes.

2.

crying with fear begins at what age?

8 months

when does the child sit unsupported

8 months

3 to 5 Toddler

80 to 130 pulse. 20 to 30 respiratory rate.

Describe scissoring

A common characteristic of spastic cerebral palsy in infants; legs are extended and crossed over each other, feet are plantar flexed

6. Asthma is now classified into four categories: mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, and severe persistent. Clinical features used to differentiate these categories include (select all that apply): A. lung function. B. age of the child C. associated allergies. D. frequency of symptoms. E. frequency and severity of exacerbations.

A. lung function. D. frequency of symptoms. E. frequency and severity of exacerbations.

19. An early sign of congestive heart failure is: A. tachypnea. B. bradycardia. C. inability to sweat. D. increased urine output.

A. tachypnea. Tachypnea is one of the early signs that should be identified. Tachycardia at rest, dyspnea, retractions, and activity intolerance are other physical signs and symptoms. B. bradycardia. Tachycardia, not bradycardia, is one of the symptoms suggestive of congestive heart failure. C. inability to sweat. The child may be diaphoretic. D. increased urine output. Urine output usually will be decreased.

Compare s/s acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) with nephrosis

AGN: gross hematuria, recent STREP infection, HTN, mild edema Nephrosis: severe edema, MASSIVE proteinuria, frothy appearing urine, anorexia

compare the signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) with those of nephrosis

AGN: gross hematuria, recent strep infection, hypertension and mild edema Hephrosis: severe edema, massive protinuria, frothy-appearing urine, anorexia

Ulcerative Colitis

Area involved: -Large intestine/rectum -Mucosal layer only -Continuous lesions Clinical Manifestations -Bloody diarrhea -Crampy LLQ pain MGMT -Nutrition -Pharmacologic Surgery Curative

Cystic fibrosis

Autosomal recessive Absence of pancreatic enzymes Greasy stool Chronic pulmonary infections High sweat test Pancreatic enzymes with meals

A clinic nurse assesses the communication patterns of a 5-month-old infant. The nurse determines that the infant is demonstrating the highest level of developmental achievement expected if the infant: A) Uses simple words such as "mama" B) Uses monosyllabic babbling C) Links syllables together D) Coos when comforted

B. Using monosyllabic babbling occurs between 3 and 6 months of age. Using simple words such as "mama" occurs between 9 and 12 months. Linking syllables together when communicating occurs between 6 and 9 months. Cooing begins at birth and continues until 2 months.

1. Apnea of infancy has been diagnosed in an infant who will soon be discharged with home monitoring. Part of the discharge teaching by the nurse for the parents includes: A. administration of IV fluids. B. cardiopulmonary resuscitation. C. reassurance that the infant cannot be electrocuted during monitoring. D. advisement that the infant not be left with other caretakers, such as babysitters.

B. cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR is essential for parents and caregivers to know. A. administration of IV fluids. Most likely, the child will not have venous access, so home IV therapy is not necessary. C. reassurance that the infant cannot be electrocuted during monitoring. The monitor is insulated and grounded. D. advisement that the infant not be left with other caretakers, such as babysitters. The parents should arrange for other caregivers to help out. All need to be taught how to use the monitoring equipment and how to perform CPR.

A 3-week-old infant is referred to an orthopedic clinic because the pediatrician heard a click when flexing the child's right hip during a routine physical examination. The orthopedic physician suspects that the child might have developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The parents ask the nurse to identify risk factors commonly associated with DDH. Which response is accurate?

Breech presentation

12. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is decreased in children with cystic fibrosis; therefore supplementation of which vitamins is necessary? A. C, D B. A, E, K C. A, D, E, K D. C, folic acid

C. A, D, E, K A, D, E, and K are the fat-soluble vitamins that need to be supplemented. A. C, D C is not one of the fat-soluble vitamins. B. A, E, K D also needs to be supplemented. D. C, folic acid C and folic acid are not fat-soluble.

What are the metabolic effects of PKU?

CNS damage, mental retardation and decreased melanin

A 4-year-old boy was admitted to the emergency room with a fractured right ulna and a short arm cast is applied. When preparing the parents to take the child home, which discharge instruction has the highest priority?

Call the healthcare provider immediately if his nail beds appear blue.

16. The beneficial effect of performing surgery for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is to prevent which complication? A. Pulmonary infection B. Right-to-left shunt of blood C. Decreased workload on left side of heart D. Increased pulmonary vascular congestion

D. Increased pulmonary vascular congestion A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) allows blood to flow from the aorta (high pressure) to the pulmonary artery (low pressure). If the PDA stays open, increased pulmonary congestion can occur. A. Pulmonary infection The increased pulmonary vascular congestion is the primary complication. B. Right-to-left shunt of blood The blood is shunted left to right. C. Decreased workload on left side of heart The increased pulmonary vascular congestion is the primary complication.

3. A child with acute streptococcal pharyngitis should be treated with antibiotics to prevent: A. otitis media. B. diabetes insipidus. C. nephrotic syndrome. D. acute rheumatic fever.

D. acute rheumatic fever. Children with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) infection are at risk for acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. A. otitis media. Otitis media is not a sequela to GABHS. B. diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is not a sequela to GABHS. C. nephrotic syndrome. Children are at risk for glomerulonephritis, not nephrotic syndrome.

What nursing interventions increase ICP

Suctioning Positioning Turning

Burns are classified as minor, moderate, or major?

True

scarlet fever

bacterial disease w/ a sandpaper rash

The nurse is caring for a 12 year-old w/ Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). This child should be carefully assessed for which complication?

changes in LOC

What is the most common cause of seizure activity

medication noncompliance

What is the age of assent for making medical decisions in adolescents?

ranges from 7-14 y.o. -parents consent is also needed for treatment

Head lice( Pediculosis Captis)

small nits, itching. Treat with 1% permethrin shampoo, remove nits with comb, repeat 7days, wash all bedding and cloths. Sever: use malathion 0.5% isopropanol

A client is taking albuterol (Ventolin) by inhalation but cannot cough up secretions. The nurse teaches the client to do which of the following to best help clear the bronchial secretions? a. administer an extra dose before bedtime b. take in increased amounts of fluids every day c. get more exercise each day d. Use a dehumidifier in the home

take in increased amounts of fluids every day

What should be focused on when teaching adolescents?

the here and now "how will this affect me today?"

What measurements reflect present nutritional status?

weight, skin-fold thickness, and arm circumference

are babies thoracic breathers?

yes

HESI HINT: Teach proper cooking and storage methods to preserve potency

- cook vegetable in small amounts of liquid - store milk in opaque container

obtain biochemical analysis

- plasma, blood cells, urine, or tissues from liver, bone, hair, or fingernails can be used to determine nutritional status - laboratory tests: Hgb, Hct, albumin, creatinine, and nitrogen are commonly used to determine nutritional status

Iron

- signs of deficiency: anemia; pale conjunctiva; pale skin color; atrophy of papilllae on tongue; brittle, ridged, spoon-shaped nails; thyroid edema - food sources: iron-fortified formula; infant high-protein cereal; infant rice cereal; liver; beef; pork; eggs

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

- signs of deficiency: redness and fissuring of eyelid corners, burning, itching, tearing eyes, photophobia; magenta-colored tongue, glossitis; seborrheic dermatitis, delayed wound healing - food sources: prepared infant formula; liver; cow's milk; cheddar cheese; some green leafy vegetables, broccoli, green beans, spinach; enriched cereals

The vitamins most often consumed in less than appropriate amounts by preschool and school-age children are:

- vitamin A - vitamin C - vitamin B6 - vitamin B12

What is the virus that is responsible for epiglottis?

---Haemophilus influenza. ---Epiglottis is sever life threatening infection of epiglottis that my obstruct airway.

What are signs of respiratory distress?

---Restlessness. ---Increased respiratory rate. ---Increased pulse rate. ---Diaphoresis (sweating)

muscle dystrophy Signs

---welding gait. ---lordosis. ---gowers sign --pseudohypertopy due to fat deposits. --Elevated CPK, ALT, AST --Prevent respiratory infection.

Signs of tonsillitis?

--Fever, --Difficulty swallowing, --Enlarged tonsils --Throat culture is needed. --May lead to Airway Obstruction because tonsils touching --AKA kissing tonsils.

Clinical manifestations of otitis media?

--Fever, --enlarge lymph node. --Pain and infect may pulling at ear due to pain. --Discharge from ear if drum is rupture. --Vomitiing and diarrhea. --May have respiratory symptoms.

What are the signs of tonsillectomy postoperative bleeding?

--Frequent swallowing. --Blood in emesis. --Clearing the throat.

What is asthma?

--Inflammatory reactive airway disease that is commonly chronic. --Airway become edematous, congested with mucus. --Air trapping occur in the alveoli.

What is administered to manage Kawasaki?

--Intravenous immunoglobulin IVIG. --Acetaminophen and aspirin for fever.

CHF nursing plan

--Maintain hydration--Polycythemia increases risk for thrombus formation. --Neutral Thermal. --frequent rest. --CHF is A-cyanotic.

nursing Assessment Cystic fibrosis

--Mostly white. --Meconium ileus may occur. --recurrent respiratory infection. --Steatorrhea--fat in stool, smelly. --delay growth and skin taste like salt. --Lat stages--cyanosis, nail-bed clubbing, CHF.

What are manifestations of CHD

--Murmur tril no rub. --Cyanosis, clubbing after age 2. --Poor feeding, --failure to thrive (FTT), --activity intolerance, --Regurgitation. --

What is the pathophysiology of Aortic stenosis. ?

--Narrowing of the aortic valve. --its obstructive leads to Low cardiac output. --Need surgical correction.

What happens in the subacute phase of Kawasaki?

--Peeling of the hands and feet

A mother who brings her 4-month-old infant to the clinic for a regular checkup is concerned that her infant is not developing appropriately. When assessing the infant, which of the following should the nurse expect to find? 1) Sitting up with support. 2) Finger-to-thumb grasping. 3) Reaching for a toy. 4) Saying "mama" or "dada."

1. Typically a 4-month-old should be able to sit with support from a person holding the infant lightly in the area of the hips or lower chest.

Describe Piaget's Preoperational Stage.

2-7 y.o. -Egocentrism -intuitive (e.g. reasoning = stars have to go to bed just as they do); -transducive (because two events occur together, they cause each other—e.g. all women w/ big bellies have babies).

A 16-year-old girl comes to the school nurse complaining of cramps, backache, and nausea with her periods. The nurse most likely would interpret these symptoms as which of the following? 1. Pathologic. 2. Physiologic. 3. Psychogenic. 4. Psychosomatic.

2.

A 6-month-old infant has a high fever and cold symptoms. She is pulling at her left ear. She is schedule to receive her 6-month immunizations. The mother asks the nurse if she will receive them. The nurse's best response would be: 1. She will receive just the hepatitis immunization today because she is so sick. 2. She can have them when she returns to have her ear rechecked. 3. She must be free of infection for 6 months before she can resume her immunizations. 4. She should have a pneumonia shot today instead.

2.

A mother expresses concern that picking up the infant whenever he cries will spoil him. What is the nurse's best response? 1. Allow him to cry for no longer than 45 minutes, then pick him up. 2. Babies need comforting and cuddling; meeting these needs will not spoil him. 3. Babies this young cry when they're hungry, try feeding him when he cries. 4. If it seems as if nothing is wrong, don't pick him up; the crying will stop eventually.

2.

At the day care center, one of the toddlers bites another child. Which of the following actions by the teacher would be most appropriate? 1. Bite the child who did the biting. 2. Place the child who did the biting in "time-out." 3. Spank the child who did the biting. 4. Call the parents to pick up the child who did the biting.

2.

As part of the annual health screening, the nurse visits the eight-grade physical education classes and asks each student to bend forward at the waist with the back parallel to the floor and the hangs together at midline. For which of the following is the nurse assessing? 1. Slipped epiphysis. 2. Developmental dysplasia of hip. 3. Idiopathic scoliosis. 4. Physical dexterity.

3.

A mother calls the clinic to talk to the nurse. The mother states that a physician described her daughter as having 20/60 vision and she asks the nurse what this means. The nurse responds based on the interpretation that the child is experiencing which of the following? 1) A loss of approximately one-third of her visual acuity. 2) Ability to see at 60 feet what she should see at 20 feet. 3) Ability to see at 20 feet what she should see at 60 feet. 4) Visual acuity three times better than average.

3. A child with 20/60 vision sees at 20 feet what those with 20/20 vision see at 60 feet.

Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage:

7-11 y.o. -Conservation (realize that physical factors such as volume, weight, & number remain the same even though outward appearances are changed); -Inductive (based on evidence, conclusion is probably true).

When does an infant develop stranger anxiety?

7-9 months

6 to 10 school age

70 to 110 pulse. 18 to 20 respiratory rate.

Patent ductus closes when?

72 hours after birth

20. As part of the treatment for congestive heart failure, a child is taking the diuretic furosemide (Lasix). As part of the discharge teaching plan the nurse explains that furosemide (Lasix) functions as: A. a diuretic. B. a beta blocker. C. an ACE inhibitor. D. a form of digitalis.

A. a diuretic. Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic used to eliminate excess water and salt to prevent reaccumulation of the fluid. B. a beta blocker. Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic. C. an ACE inhibitor. Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic. D. a form of digitalis. Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic.

8. A 4-year-old child needs to use a metered-dose inhaler to treat asthma. The child cannot coordinate her breathing to use it effectively. The appropriate intervention by the nurse is to use a: A. spacer. B. nebulizer. C. peak expiratory flow meter. D. trial of chest physiotherapy.

A. spacer. The medication in a metered-dose inhaler is sprayed into the spacer. The child can then inhale the medication without having to coordinate the spraying and breathing. B. nebulizer. A nebulizer is a mechanism used to administer medications, but it cannot be used with metered-dose inhalers. C. peak expiratory flow meter. This is a measure of pulmonary function not related to medication administration. D. trial of chest physiotherapy. This is unrelated to medication administration.

A parent brings a 6-month-old infant to the pediatric clinic for her well-baby examination. Her birth weight was 8 pounds, 2 ounces. The nurse weighing the infant today would expect her weight to be at least _____ pounds. a. 12 b. 16 c. 20 d. 24

ANS: B Birth weight is usually doubled by 6 months of age.

A-cyanotic vs Cyanotic

Acyanotic: Abnormal circulation; however, all blood entering the system circulation with oxygenated blood . Cyanotic: Abnormal circulation with with un-oxygenation blood entering circulation.

When providing postoperative care for the child with a cleft palate, the nurse should position the child in which of the following positions? a.Supine b. Prone c. In an infant seat d. On the side

Answer B. Postoperatively children with cleft palate should be placed on their abdomens to facilitate drainage.If the child is placed in the supine position, he or she may aspirate. Using an infant seat does not facilitate drainage. Side-lying does not facilitate drainage as well as the prone position

Chron's Disease

Area involved -Mouth to anus -Transmural -Intermittent lesions Clinical Manifestations -Watery diarrhea -RLQ pain -Perianal disease MGMT: -Nutritional -Pharmacologic Surgery treats complications

A hospitalized 16 yr old male refuses all visits fr. his classmates because he is concerned about his distorted appearance. To increase the clients social interaction, what intervention is best for the nurse to initiate?

Arrange for an internet connection in the client's room for email communication

Cystic fibrosis is considered?

Autosomal recessive disease that causes dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Both parent have the CF gene.

Cleft Lip & Palate

Embryonic failure fusion of maxillary processes at lip 5-8 wks or palate 7-12 wks gestation -Occasionally associated with a syndrome -Decreasing incidence: ? due to maternal folic acid intake -Unilateral or bilateral Cleft lip -Visable at birth -Repair first Cleft palate -Opening in hard &/or soft palate -not necessarily visible at birth: sign is regurgitation of fluids Parental Concerns -Bonding & loss of "perfect baby"

The nurse admits a child to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acquired aplastic anemia. What is the most common cause of this type of anemia?

Exposure to certain drugs Rationale: Aplastic anemia often follows exposure to certain drugs such as chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and phenylbutazone (Butazolidin), insecticides such as DDT, and chemicals, especially, benzene.

During discharge teaching of a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the nurse should stress to the parents the importance of obtaining which diagnostic testing?

Eye exams.

When admitting a child in the acute phase of glomerulonephritis (AGN), the nurse should expect the urinalysis to show which of the following? Bacteria and hematuria Hematuria and proteinuria Bacteria and increased specific gravity Proteinuria and increased specific gravity

Hematuria and proteinuria

What is the most common postoperative complication following a tonsillectomy? Describe the signs and symptoms of this complication

Hemorrhage frequent swallowing, vomiting fresh blood, and clearing throat

What is important to monitor in a patient with bacterial Meningitis

Hydration status and IV therapy - with meningitis there may be inappropriate ADH secretions causing fluid retention (cerebral edema) and dilutional hyponatremia

What is a clinical manifestation of coarctation of the aorta?

Hypertension in the upper extremities due to pressure. Arm BP high. Leg BP low.

"Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) is prescribed for a 10-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the nurse provides instructions to the mother about administration of the medication. The nurse determines that the mother understands the instructions when the mother states:" a. I will give my child the medication at bedtime so that he will be rested and alert for school the next day b. I will give my child the medication after meals to obtain the full effects of the medication c. I will give my child the medication at breakfast and lunch to prevent insomnia d. I will give my child the medication with water to prevent kidney damage

I will give my child the medication at breakfast and lunch to prevent insomnia

Nursing care for scorpions

Position site in dependent position. Keep child calm, give antivenom, pain meds, admit to ICU

Brudzinski sign

Positive when neck flexion causes abduction and flexion movements of lower extremities

Assessment FTT

Prenatal/birth Hx Current concern Growth chart Dietary Hx Voiding/stools Vomiting Developmental assessment Family/home assessment

Priorities for a client with a wilms tumor?

Protect child from injury to the encapsulated tumor. Prepare family and child for surgery*

During administration of a blood transfusion, a child complains of chills, headache, and nausea. Which action should the nurse implement?

Stop the infusion immediately and notify the healthcare provider

During administration of a blood transfusion, a child complains of chills, headache, and nausea. Which action should the nurse implement?

Stop the infusion immediately and notify the healthcare provider.

The nurse is preparing a health teaching program for parents of toddlers and preschoolers and plans to include information about the prevention of accidental poisonings. It is most important for the nurse to include which instruction?

Store all toxic agents and medicines in locked cabinets. Rationale: The only reliable way to prevent poisonings in young children is to make the items inaccessible

Why are IV fluids important for a child with an increased respiratory rate?

The child is at risk for dehydration and acid-base imbalances

Kernig's sign

The child is not able to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip.

Differentiate between right-to-left and a left-to-right shunt in cardiac disease

a right-to-left shunt bypasses the lungs and delivers unoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation causing cyanosis a left-to-right shunt moves oxygenated blood back through the pulmonary circulation

A 6-month-old infant w/ congestive heart failure (CHF) is receiving digoxin elixir. Which observation by the nurse warrants immediate intervention?

a. A- Apical heart rate of 60 a.i. A heart rate of 60 is much lower than normal for a 6-month old and warrants immediate intervention. The normal heart rate for a 6 month old is 80-150 when awake, and a rate of 70 while sleeping is considered w/in normal limits.

Which behavior should the nurse expect a two-year-old child to exhibit?

a. C- display possessiveness of toys a.i. Two year old children are egocentric and unable to share w/ other children and behaviors of a preschooler.

An 18 month old is admitted to the hospital w/ possible Hirschsprung's disease. When obtaining a nursing hx the nurse asks about bowel habits. What description of the disease?

a. D- Ribbon-like and brown a.i. Hirschsprung's disease is a mechanical obstruction caused by inadequate motility in a part of the intestines. The condition results fr. failure of ganglion cells to migrate craniocaudally along the GI tract during gestation. The lack of peristalsis in the affected bowel segment causes constripation and smaller diameter, brown colored stools

What antibiotics are usually prescribed for bacterial meningitis?

ampicilin, ceftriazzone, chloramphenicol

Why is genetic counseling important for the family of a child with cystic fibrosis?

because the disease is autosomal recessive in its genetic pattern

what is compartment syndrome?

damage to nerves and vasculature of an extremity due to compression

Children with chronic otitis media are at risk for developing what problem?

hearing loss

What teaching should parents of a newly shunted child receive?

information about signs of infection and increased ICP; understanding that shunt should not be pumped and that child will need revisions with growth; guidance concerning growth and development

Erickson's stage 3-6 preschool child

initiative vs. guilt -- these kids are establishing a sense of initiative.

most common malignancy in the US for children

leukemia

A nurse is teaching the client taking medications by inhalation about the advantages of a newly prescribed spacer device. The nurse determines the need for further teaching if the client states that the spacer device: a. reduces the frequency of medication to only once per day b. reduces the chance of yeast infection because large drops arn't deposited on the oral tissues c. disperses medication more deeply and uniformly d. reduces the need to coordinate timing between pressing the inhaler and inspiration

reduces the frequency of medication to only once per day

describe why a barium enema is used to treat intussusception

reduces the telescoping of the intestine through hydrostatic pressure without surgical interventions

List seven signs of respiratory distress in a pediatric client

restlessness tachycardia tachypnea diaphoresis flaring nostrils retractions grunting

When can we begin to screen for TB?

12 months

When does birth length increase by 50%?

12 months (1 year)

When does birth weight triple?

12 months (1 year)

what is the most common chronic disorder of childhood

cerebral palsy

When do the anterior fontanels close?

12-18 months

When does a child speak 2-3 word sentences?

2 Yeears

Rubeola

Highly contagious viral infection can lead to neurologic problems or death. Transmitted via direct contact with droplets mainly during prodromal period /fever and UR symptoms

What are the characteristic symptoms of Rubeola? (Measles!!)

The 3 C's!! -conjunctivitis, cough, coryza (head cold) +photophobia, koplik spots (white spots inside cheeks of mouth)

Kernig's sign

The inability to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip

What is the rooting reflex and when does it disappear?

Baby turns toward stimulus when cheek or corner of lip touched -disappears around 4 months

Whend oes a child tie his/her shoes?

5 years

When does visual acuity reach 20/20?

Around preschool age - 3-6 y.o.

What antecedent event occurs with AGN?

Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Acne

Familial, hormonal balance, topical...Psychosocial problems for teens-self esteem issues and body image concerns.

Does Hodgkin's or Non-Hodgkin's have reed-sternburg cells?

Hodgskins

What is a high risk factor for Cerebral Palsy

Low birth weight

Nursing care for ticks

Pull straight up with steady even pressure w/tweezers to remove tick, and rest parts with sterile needle, Cleanse site with soap and disinfectant

A 6-month old male is at his well-child visit. The nurse weighs him, and his mom ask if his weight is normal for his age. The nurse's best response is?

"At 6 months his weight should be approximately twice his birth weight."

Following the administration of immunizations to a 6-month-old girl, the nurse provides the family with home care instructions. Which statement by the mother indicates that further teaching is needed?

"I will give her a baby aspirin every 4 hours as needed for fever." Rationale: Although fever may occur, non-aspirin-containing medications should be used because of the risk of Reye's syndrome

A bottle-fed infant, age 3 months, is brought to the ped. office for well child visit. At previous visit, nurse taught mom about nutritional needs. Which statement by the mother during the current visit indicates effective teaching?

"I'm giving my baby iron-fortified formula and a flouride supplement because our water isn't flouridated."

A 7-month-old male infant diagnosed with spastic cerebral palsy is seen by the nurse in the clinic. Which statement by the parent warrants immediate intervention by the nurse?

"My son often chokes while I am feeding him." Rationale: Airway obstruction is always a priority when caring for any client

What are medications that are used to relieve asthma?

--Bronchodilators-- --corticosteriods --Beta-adrenergic agonist

A 3yo female is hospitalized for an ASD repair. Her parents have decided to go home for a few hours to spend time with her siblings. The child asks when her mommy and daddy will be back. The nurse's best response is:

"Your mommy and daddy will be back after your nap."

What type of stools will you see with intussusception?

"current jelly" stools or stools containing mucus/blood

A home care nurse is providing instructions to a child with cystic fibrosis about how to perform the "huff" maneuver; the child asks the nurse about the purpose of this type of breathing. The nurse makes which response to the child? a. "this type of breathing is used to mobilize secretions so that they can be easily coughed out" b. "this type of breathing prolongs inspiration time" c. "this type of breathing moves air out of the lower lungs" d. "this type of breathing moves air through the lungs"

"this type of breathing is used to mobilize secretions so that they can be easily coughed out"

How would nurse notice asthma in her patient?

--Chest tightness and diameter enlarged. --Expatory Wheezing, rales, crackles

Who is at risk for otitis media?

--Children attending daycare. --Children exposed to secondhand smoke. --Teach parents to monitor hearing loss. --Bottle feeding in supine position can cause infection.

What is one intervention for a child with CHF? (decreased cardiac demands)

--Clustered care

determine dietary history

- 24 hour recall: ask family to recall all food and liquid intake during the past 24 hours - food diary: ask family to keep a 3-day record (2 weekdays and 1 weekend) of all food and liquid intake - food frequency record: provide a questionnaire and ask family to record information regarding the number of times per day, weeks, or month a child consumes items from the four food groups

What type of rash presents with rubeola (measles)?

-confluent maculopapular rash (so many lesions they seem to bleed into each other) -fine desquamation

what are the nursing implications of a hospitalized adolescent?

-disrupts school & peer activities; they need to maintain contact with both -they should share a room with other adolescents -illnesses, treatments, & procedures that alter the adolescents body image can be viewed as devastating -teaching about procedures should include time without parents being present. it is important to direct questions to the adolescent when the parents are present. -for prolonged hospitalizations, adolescents need to maintain identity (have their own clothing, posters, & visitors) Take them to the teen room! -adolescents parents should be discouraged to room-in.

How would you describe to a toddler he/she is getting a procedure?

-give simple, brief explanations before procedures

Ampicillin, 75 mg/kg, is prescribed for a 22-lb child. It is available in a solution that contains 250 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters should the nurse administer in one dose?

15 Rationale: Take 22lbs / 2.2 = 10kg 10kg X 75mg/kg = 750mg 750/250 mg = 3mg X 5mL = 15

When does a child appear to be bowlegged and potbellied?

1-3 years

When does a child throw a ball overhand?

18 months

when does the child throw a ball over hand?

18 months

Food and Drug allergies

1st encounter. Rashes most common symptom could be immediate or delayed. Cutaneous reaction discontinue drug/food. Urticaria eruptions(antihistamines), Sever( corticosteroids) PREVENT ANAPHLAXIS, epi pen

Lidocaine is contraindicated for patients under the age of _____?

2

infants should ride in a REAR facing care seat until the age of:

2

The nurse is teaching an adolescent with asthma how to use an inhaler. In which order should the nurse instruct the client to follow the steps? 1) Inhale through an open mouth. 2) Breathe out through the mouth. 3) Hold the breath for 5 to 10 seconds. 4) Press the canister to release the medication.

2, 1, 4, 3.

A 10-month-old child with bronchiolitis is taken out of the 30% oxygen tent for breakfast because he refuses to eat unless in a high chair. During the feeding, the nurse notes that the child's respiratory rate has increased, he is becoming more irritable, and he is using accessory muscles to breathe. The first action of the nurse should be to: 1. Discontinue the feeding and place the child back in the tent. 2. Assess the pulse rate and respirations and notify the physician. 3. Perform postural drainage and then complete the feeding. 4. Suction the child's nose with a bulb syringe.

1.

A community health nurse has taught a parent in the clinic about the ages that children receive immunizations and the reason why certain immunizations, such as the measles, mumps, rubella and polio vaccines, are given at different times. The nurse should judge the teaching as successful when she overhears this parent tell another parent: 2. My 6-month-old child will have to wait for the MMR vaccine. 2. My child has a cold and will have to wait 2 weeks to receive immunizations. 3. Children must wait 2 months between the MMR and polio vaccines. 4. Children receive their MMR vaccine and then have to wait 1 month for the tuberculin skin test.

1.

The nurse should explain that the most common cause for the unhappiness some children experience when first entering school is due to which of the following? 1. Feelings of insecurity. 2. Social isolation. 3. Emotional maladjustment. 4. Poor language development.

1.

When performing a physical assessment on an 18-month old child, which of the following would be best? 1. Have the mother hold the toddler on her lap. 2. Assess the ears and mouth first. 3. Carry out the assessment from head to toe. 4. Assess motor function by having the child run and walk.

1.

Increased intracranial pressure is suspected in a 4-year-old child exhibiting a decreased level of consciousness. Which of the following assessment findings should also be of most concern to the nurse? 1. Blood pressure of 122/74. 2. Pulse of 86 beats/minute. 3. Respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute. 4. Temperature of 100.2 F

1. A blood pressure of 122/74 is above the 95th percentile for a 4-year-old child. Increased blood pressure is a common sign of increased intracranial pressure.

A nurse is performing a Denver Developmental Screening Test (Denver II) on a 4-year old. The nurse determines that the test has resulted in a caution score when there are: 1. Failed or refused items intersected by the age line between the 25th and 75th percentiles. 2. A large number of refusals to the right of the age line. 3. More failures than passes along the age line. 4. Passed or failed items intersected by the age line in the 25th and 75th percentiles.

1. A caution score is given when there are failed or refused items intersected by the age line between the 25th and 75th percentiles.

In the initial assessment, which sign should the nurse expect as typical of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula? 1. Continuous drooling. 2. Diaphragmatic breathing. 3. Bloody emesis. 4. Large amounts of frothy meconium.

1. Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula may occur together or separately. Esophageal atresia prevents the passage of swallowed mucus and saliva into the stomach.

Which of the following statements by an aolescent receiving gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin) should the nurse interpret as indicating drug toxicity? 1. I'm feeling dizzy. 2. I have no appetite. 3. I urinate a lot now. 4. I haven't moved my bowels in 3 days.

1. Gentamicin sulfate is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Manifestations of ototoxicity include hearing problems and vestibular disturbances, such as dizziness.

What antibiotics are usually prescribed for bacterial meningitis

Ampicillin Ceftriaxone Chlorampenicol

What are two nursing priorities for a newborn with myelomeningocele (form of Spina Bifida)

1. Prevention of infection of the sac 2. Monitoring for Hydrocephalus (measure head circumference, check fontanel, assess neurological functioning). 3. Neurog

The nurse is conducting an initial admission assessment of a 12-month-old child in celiac crisis. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?

Assess the child's mucous membranes and skin turgor Rationale: An infant having a celiac crisis has severe diarrhea and is at high risk for fluid volume deficit. The nurse should first assess for indications of fluid volume deficit

What are the two objectives in treating CHF?

1. Reduce workload of the heart. 2. increase cardiac output

A child is rescued from a burning house and brought to the emergency room with partial-thickness burns on the face and chest. Which action should the nurse implemented first?

Assess the child's respiratory status

For a child receiving steroids in therapeutic doses over a long period, the nurse should: 1. Monitor the child's serum glucose level. 2. Decrease the child's ingestion of potassium-rich foods. 3. Give the drug on an empty stomach. 4. Monitor the child's temperature to asses for infection.

1. Steroid use tends to elevate glucose levels. The child should be monitored for increases.

A mother has heard that several children have been diagnosed with mononucleosis. She asks the nurse what precautions should be taken to prevent this from occurring in her child. Which of the following should the nurse advise the mother to do? 1) Take no particular precautionary measures. 2) Sterilize the child's eating utensils before they are reused. 3) Wash the child's linens separately in hot, soapy water. 4) Wear masks when providing direct personal care.

1. The cause of infectious mononucleosis is thought to be the Epstein-Barr virus. It is believed to be spread only by direct intimate contact.

A parent reports that his 2-year-old child often falls when running. The nurse interprets this as indicating which of the following as a normal aspect of a toddler's vision? 1. Nearsightedness. 2. Farsightedness. 3. Binocular vision. 4. Strabismus.

1. Until age 7 years, children are normally myopic (nearsighted).

An 11yo male is being evaluated in the ER for an inguinal hernia. Which statement accurately describes how the nurse should approach him for his physical assessment?

The nurse should explain to the child what the nurse will be doing in basic understandable terms.

The parents of an infant with congenital defects tell the nurse they will not come back to take their baby home. Which of the following actions should the nurse take next? 1. Determine why the parents will not pick their baby up. 2. Notify the physician so the physician can contact the parents. 3. Call the police to report an abandoned infant. 4. Refer the family to a social service agency.

1. The first action by the nurse would be to determine why the parents stated they would not pick up their baby.

A parent asks the nurse about head lice (pediculosis capitis) infestation during a visit to the clinic. Which of the following symptoms should the nurse tell the parent is most common in a child infected with head lice? 1) Itching of the scalp. 2) Scaling of the scalp. 3) Serous weeping on the scalp surface. 4) Pinpoint hemorrhagic spots on the scalp surface.

1. The most common characteristic of head lice infestation is severe itching.

A mother brings her 2-year-old adopted Korean child to the clinic for an initial checkup. The child has been living with the adopted family for several weeks. The nurse notes an irregular area of deep blue pigment on the child's buttocks extending into the sacral area. The nurse should: 1. Do nothing concerning this finding. 2. Ask the mother in private how the bruise occurred. 3. Notify social services of a case of possible child abuse. 4. Question the mother about the family's discipline style.

1. This lesion is a mongolian spot, which is common in children of Asian or African American heritage.

What are the S/S of the three stages of kawasaki disease?

1. acute --> will see high fever for 5 days that is not cured w/ Tylenol but only responds to aspirin, conjunctival redness, strawberry tongue, red swollen hands and feet 2. sub acute --> peeling of the hands and feet (b/c swelling) 3. convalescence --> starts when the signs and symptoms subside and ends when the labs have returned to normal

Care for child with a fever

1. adminsister medications 2. remove excess clothing and blankets 3. can use tepid went cloths to put on the patient, not cold b/c it can cause the patient to shiver which is counter productive

S/S of shunt malfunction

1. emesis/lethargy (ICP) 2. change in the neurological behavior (ICP and shunt malfunction) 3. fever, irritability (infection) 4. redness along the shunt system (infection)

At 8 a.m. the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) informs the charge nurse that a female adolescent client with acute glomerulonephritis has a blood pressure of 210/110. The 4 a.m. blood pressure reading was 170/88. The client reports to the UAP that she is upset because her boyfriend did not visit last night. What action should the nurse take first?

Administer PRN prescription of nifedipine (Procardia) sublingually.

assimilating an adopted child into the family

1. learn as much as possible about the child before adoption 2. expect the child to have some conflict with cultural differences and age 3. discuss openly about their birth family 4. setting clear behavioral expectations for the child will aid in the assimilation into the family

Nursing care for Folliculitis

Assess: Redness, swelling, pain, fever? Give Antibiotics Route depends on severity...Warm moist compressess. Prevention: Change razors as needed, sanitary hot tubs, treat acne

When can a baby wave "bye-bye"?

10 months

A parent whose family drinks low-fat milk asks if her child can begin to drink low fat milk. The AAP recommends that children can begin to drink low fat milk at what age?

2 years

When can a child feed him/herself with a spoon and cup

2 years

When does a child achieve 50% of adult height?

2 years

When does a child kick a ball?

2 years

When does a child speak 2-3 word sentences?

2 years

When does a child smile and make "cooing" sounds

2 months

when does the child achieve 50% of adult height

2 years

when does the child speak two-to three-word sentences

2 years

The nurse is teaching the parents of a 5-year-old child who has just received diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; inactivated polio; and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines about commonly expected adverse effects. What should be included? Select all that apply. 1. Fever of 103 F. 2. Redness at the injection site. 3. Rash. 4. Anorexia. 5. Prolonged crying. 6 Diarrhea.

2, 3, 4.

The nurse is planning the care of a 2 year old w/ severe eczema on the face, next, and scalp fr. scratching the affected areas. Which nursing intervention is most effective in preventing further excoriation due to the purities?

place elbow restraints on the child's arms.

In developing a teaching plan for a 5 year old child w/ diabetes, which component of diabetic management should the nurse plan for the child to manage first?

process of glucose testing

The mother of a preschooler reports that her child creates a scene every night at bedtime. The nurse and the mother decide that the best course of action would be to do which of the following? 1) Allow the child to stay up later one or two nights a week. 2) Establish a set bedtime and follow a routine. 3) Encourage active play before bedtime. 4) Give the child a cookie if bedtime is pleasant.

2. Bedtime is often a problem with preschoolers. Recommendations for reducing conflicts at bedtime include establishing a set bedtime, having a dependable routine, such as story reading; and conveying the expectation that the child will comply.

After uncomplicated abdominal surgery, which of the following would be most appropriate when determining if an alert school-aged child is ready to drink oral fluids? 1. Ask if the child wants something to drink. 2. Auscultate the child's abdomen for bowel sounds. 3. Determine that the child has a gag reflex. 4. Palpate the epigastric area for discomfort.

2. Before giving fluids, the nurse needs to auscultate the child's abdomen for bowel sounds, which indicate the return of peristalsis and a functioning GI tract.

The nurse is preparing a teaching plan for the mother of a child who has been diagnosed with celiac disease. Choosing which lunch will be within the therapeutic management of a child with celiac disease?

Baked chicken, coleslaw, soda, and frozen fruit dessert Rationale: A child with celiac disease is managed on a gluten-free diet, which eliminates food products containing oats, wheat, rye, or barley

Which of the following actions would be most appropriate for a charge nurse to take first when finding that nurse who is caring for a very sick infant is making inappropriate remarks and acting in a bizarre manner? 1. Report this nurse to the supervisor. 2. Remove this nurse from the client assignment. 3. Call the nurse's family to have someone take the nurse home. 4. Talk with the nurse to determine why this behavior is occurring.

2. Because client safety is the priority, the most appropriate first action by the charge nurse would be to remove the nurse who is acting bizarrely from the client assignment.

Which of the following suggestions would be most helpful to the parents of a 2-year-old child when managing separation anxiety during hospitalization? 1. Leave while the child is sleeping. 2. Bring the child's favorite toys from home. 3. Tell the child the time they are leaving and returning. 4. Keep the visit time short.

2. Bringing a child's favorite toys, security blanket, or familiar objects from home can make the transition from home to hospital less stressful.

A 10-year-old child proudly tells the nurse that brushing and flossing her teeth is her responsibility. The nurse interprets this statement as indicating which of the following about the child? 1) She is too young to be given this responsibility. 2) She is most likely capable of this responsibility. 3) She should have assumed this responsibility much sooner. 4) She is probably just exaggerating the responsibility.

2. Children are capable of mastering the skills required for flossing when they reach 9 years of age. At this age, many children are able to assume responsibility for personal hygiene.

A parent groupis discussing different types of punishment. The parents ask the nurse to discuss corporal punishment. The nurse tells the group that corporal punishment: 1. Does not physically harm the child. 2. Can result in children becoming accustomed to spanking. 3. Reinforces the idea that violence is not acceptable. 4. Can be beneficial in teaching children what they should do.

2. Corporal punishment is an aversion technique that teaches children what not to do.

The nurse explains to the mother of a child receiving digoxin (Lanoxin) that which of the following is the primary reason for giving this drug? 1. To relax the walls of the heart's arteries. 2. To improve the strength of the heartbeat. 3. To prevent irregularities in ventricular contractions. 4. To decrease inflammation of the heart wall.

2. Digitalis prepariations such as digoxin act to improve and strengthen the heartbeat.

Assessment of a 6-week-old infant reveals weight and length in the 50th percentile for his age and a head circumference at the 95th percentile. What should the nurse do first? 1. Assess motor and sensory function of the legs. 2. Examine the fontanels and sutures. 3. Advise the mother of the need for follow-up in 1 month. 4. Obtain a written consent for transillumination.

2. Head circumference usually parallels the percentile for length. The discrepancy found requires close and immediate attention because it could indicate hydrocephalus with its potential for brain damage.

The nurse notes that an infant stares at an object placed in her hand and takes it to her mouth, coos and gurgles when talked to, and sustains part of her own weight when held in a standing position. The nurse correctly interprets these findings as characteristics of an infant at which of the following stages? 1) 2months 2) 4 months 3) 7 months 4) 9 months

2. Holding the head erect while sitting, staring at an object placed in the hand,taking the object to the mouth, cooing and gurgling, and sustaining part of her body weight when in a standing position are behaviors characteristic of a 4-month-old infant.

A 2-year-old child brought to the clinic by her parents is uncooperative when the nurse tries to look in her ears. Which of the following should the nurse try first? 1) Ask another nurse to assist. 2) Allow a parent to assist. 3) Wait until the child calms down. 4) Restrain the child's arms.

2. Parents can be asked to assist when their child becomes uncooperative during a procedure. The child will feel more secure with a parent present.

Parents of a 15-year-old state that he is moody and rude. The nurse should advise his parents to: 1) Restrict his activities. 2) Discuss their feelings with their child. 3) Obtain family counseling. 4) Talk to other parents of adolescents.

2. Parents need to discuss with their adolescent how they perceive his behavior and how they feel about it.

The mother tells the nurse that her 8--year-old child is continually telling jokes and riddles to the point of driving the other family members crazy. The nurse should explain this behavior is a sign of what? 1) Inadequate parental attention. 2) Mastery of language ambiguities. 3) Inappropriate peer influence. 4) Excessive television watching.

2. School-age children delight in riddles and jokes. Mastery of the ambiguities of language and of sentence structure allows the school-age child to manipulate words, and telling riddles and jokes is a way of practicing this skill.

A mother asks the nurse, "How did my children get pinworms?" The nurse explains that pinworms are most commonly spread by which of the following when contaminated? 1) Food. 2) Hands. 3) Animals. 4) Toilet seats.

2. The adult pinworm emerges from the rectum and colon at night onto the perianal area to lay its eggs. Itching and scratching introduces the eggs to the hands, from where they can easily reinfect the child or infect others.

After teaching the mother of a toddler with iron deficiency anemia about diet modifications, the nurse determines that the teaching was initially effective when the mother verbalizes dietary changes involving which of the following? 1. Ingestion of equal amounts of iron-rich solids and milk products. 2. Increased intake of iron-rich solids and decreased milk intake. 3. Provision of several meals per day to the child. 4. Twice-daily offerings of dairy food snacks to the child.

2. The child's intake of iron-rich solids needs to be increased, while the intake of milk, which is low in iron, needs to be decreased to 1 quart per day.

The mother of a 6-month-old states that she has started her infant on 2% milk. which of the following should be the nurse's best response? 1) Your baby will probably be fine with this milk. 2) The baby should be switched to whole milk. 3) You need to keep the infant on formula. 4) You need to switch to formula right now.

2. The mother has already changed the infant from formula to cow's milk, so she probably will not change the infant back to formula. Therefore, the best the nurse can hope for is that the mother will switch to whole milk.

The parents of a neonate with a cleft lip are shocked when they see their child for the first time. Which of the following nursing actions should the nurse include in the neonate's plan of care to help the parents accept their infant's anomaly? 1. Encouraging the parents to visit more frequently. 2. Reassuring them that surgery will correct the defect. 3. Showing them pictures of babies before and after corrective surgery. 4. Allowing them to complete their grieving process before seeing the infant again.

3.

After having a blood sample drawn, a 5-year-old child insists that the site be covered with an adhesive bandage strip. When the mother tries to remove the bandage before leaving the office, the child screams that all the blood will come out. The nurse interprets this behavior as indicating a fear of which of the following? 1) Injury. 2) Compromised body integrity. 3) Pain. 4) Loss of control.

2. The preschool-age child does not have an accurate concept of skin integrity and can view medical and surgical treatments as hostile invasions that can destroy or damage the body. The child does not understand that exsanguination will not occur form an injection site.

What is appropriate to include in a teaching plan for a 9-year-old child who has had diabetes for several years? 1. Beginning to recognize the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. 2. Learning to measure insulin accurately in a syringe. 3. Beginning to be able to self-administer injections with adult supervision. 4. Assuming responsibility for self care.

3.

Which of the following would be best to help prepare a preschool-aged child for an injection? 1. Having an older child explain that shots do not hurt. 2. Helping the child to imagine she is in a different place. 3. Giving the child a play syringe and a bandage to give a doll injections. 4. Giving the child a pounding board to encourage expressions of anger.

3.

How many stages does Kawasaki have?

3. Acute phase. subacute phase. Convalescent phase.

What two formulas are prescribed for infants with PKU?

Lofenalac Phenex-1

Will a Milwaukee brace cure spinal curvature?

NO

Is the common cold a contraindication for immunization?

NO!

When does the head turn to locate sounds?

3 months

Describe Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt

3 to 6 y.o. (preschool) -Magical Thinking!! -Belief that thoughts are all powerful (if sister gets sick, they will feel its their fault for "wishing" it) -Develop conscience *Direction & Purpose

when are 3-4 word sentences spoken

3 years

When assessing a 2-year-old child brought by his mother to the clinic for a routine checkup, which of the following should the nurse expect the child to be able to do? 1) Ride a tricycle. 2) Tie his shoelaces. 3) Kick a ball forward. 4) Use blunt scissors.

3. A 2-year old child usually can kick a ball forward.

A mother brigs her child to the emergency department after the child has taken "some white pills just a short while ago." What should lead the nurse to determine that the pills taken were most probably acetaminophen? 1. Nosebleed. 2. Seizure activity. 3. Nausea and vomiting. 4. Deep, rapid respirations.

3. Acetaminophen is a common drug poisoning agent in children. Symptoms seen in the first 4 hours include nausea and vomiting, anorexia, malaise, and palor.

A 13-month-old child has just been placed in a plaster hip spica cast to correct a congenital anomaly. Which nursing actions should be included in the plan of care? 1. Turn the child no more than every four hours to minimize manipulation of the wet cast. 2. Use only fingertips when moving the child to prevent indentations in the cast. 3. Assess and document neurovascular function at least every two hours. 4. Use a hair dryer to speed the cast-drying process.

3. Assess and document neurovascular function

To encourage autonomy in a 4 year-old, the nurse should instruct the mother to: 1) Discourage the child's choice of clothing. 2) Button the child's coat and blouse. 3) Praise the child's attempts to dress herself. 4) Tell the child when the combination of clothes is not appropriate.

3. At age 4, the child should be learning to dress without supervision. A child will feel more autonomous if allowed to try to take on tasks herself. Such attempts should be encouraged to increase self-esteem. Allowing choices encourages the child's capacity to control her behavior.

The nurse asks a 9-year-old child and her mother about the child's best friend to assess which of the following about the child? 1) Language development. 2) Motor development. 3) Neurologic development. 4) Social development.

4. During the school-age years, a child learns to socialize with children of the same age. Therefore, the nurse is assessing the child's social development.

After the nurse instructs the parents of a 5-month-old infant about the purpose of the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST), which of the following statements by the parents about what the test measures would indicate that the teaching was effective? 1. This test measures a child's IQ. 2. This test measures a child's emotional development. 3. This test measures a child's social and physical abilities. 4. This test measures a child's potential for future development.

3. DDST measures a child's social, language, and fine and gross motor skills by testing abilities that usually occur at a given age.

Contact dermatitis(allergy)Vesicles, Bullae

Inflammatory reaction: Hypersensitivity, Direct irritant, pruritic. Treat: Pinpoint cause, prevent exposure, relieve itching, decrease inflammation, drying

When discussing the onset of adolescence with parents, the nurse explains that it occurs at which of the following times? 1) Same age for both boys and girls. 2) 1 to 2 years earlier in boys than in girls. 3) 1 to 2 years earlier in girls than in boys. 4) 3 to 4 years later in boys than in girls.

3. Girls experience the onset of adolescence about 1 to 2 years earlier than boys.

A child with Down syndrome has an IQ of about 40. The nurse should expect which of the following as the type of environment and interdisciplinary program to most likely benefit this child? 1. Custodial. 2. Institutional. 3. Task analysis. 4. Vocational training.

3. Habit-training task analysis, a step-by-step process in which each step is taught before moving onto the next step, would be most beneficial.

What teaching should parents with a newly shunted child receive

Information about signs of infection and increased ICP Understanding that the shunt should not be pumped The child will need shunt revisions with growth Guidance concerning G&D

Several high-school seniors are referred to the school nurse because of suspected alcohol misuse. When the nurse assesses the situation, what would be most important to determine? 1) What they know about the legal implications of drinking. 2) The type of alcohol they usually drink. 3) The reasons they choose to use alcohol. 4) When and with whom they use alcohol.

3. Information about why adolescents choose to use alcohol or other drugs can be used to determine whether they are becoming responsible users or problem users.

Which of the following is appropriate language development for an 8-month old? The child should be: 1) saying "dada" and "mama" specifically ("dada" to father and "mama" to mother). 2) saying three other words besides "mama" and "dada." 3) saying "dada" and "mama" nonspecifically. 4) saying "ball" when parents point to a ball.

3. It is important for the nurse to assist parents in assessing speech development in their child so that developmental delays can be identified early. At 8 months of age, the child should say "mama" and "dada" nonspecifically and imitate speech sounds.

After teaching the parents of an infant who has had a pyloromyotomy about proper postoperative feeding techniques, the nurse determines that they have understood the teaching when they position the infant in the crib after feeding with head elevated and lying on: 1. Left side. 2. Abdomen. 3. Right side. 4. Back.

3. Positioning the infant on the right side with the head elevated facilitates passage of food through the pyloric sphincter in to the intestine.

A mother asks the nurse when she should wean her 4-month-old infant from breast feeding and begin using a cup. What should the nurse explain as the best indication of the infant's readiness to be weaned? 1. Taking solid foods well. 2. Sleeping through the night. 3. Shortening the nursing time. 4. Eating on a regular schedule.

3. Readiness for weaning is an individual matter but is usually indicated when an infant begins to decrease the time spent nursing.

When completing an assessment of a healthy adolescent client, which of the following would be most appropriate? 1. Obtain a detailed account of the adolescent's prenatal and early developmental history. 2. Discuss sexual preferences and behaviors with the parents present for legal reasons. 3. Discuss the client's smoking with parents present in the room. 4. Gather information from the parents and adolescent; then assess the adolescent in private.

4.

A 6 month old returns fr. surgery w/ elbow restraints in place. What nursing care should be included when caring for any restrained child?

remove restraitnts one at a time and provide range of motion exercises

When does a child use scissors?

4 years

when does the child use scissors

4 years

A young child who has undergone a tonsillectomy refuses to let the nurse look at the tonsillar beds to check for bleeding. To assess whether the child is bleeding from the tonsillar beds, which of the following would be most appropriate? 1. Assess capillary refill. 2. Force open the mouth with a tongue blade. 3. Monitor for decreased blood pressure. 4. Observe for frequent swallowing.

4. Blood will go down the back of the throat causing the child to swallow frequently.

A nurse working in the nursery identifies a goal for a mother of a newborn to demonstrate positive attachment behaviors upon discharge. Which intervention would be least effective in accomplishing this goal? 1) Provide opportunities for the mother to hold and examine the newborn. 2) Engage the mother in the newborn's care. 3) Create an environment that fosters privacy for the mother and newborn. 4) Identify strategies to prevent difficulties in parenting.

4. Identifying ways to prevent difficulties in parenting would be helpful in reducing the incidence of child abuse and reducing the stress of child rearing.

When observing the parent instilling prescribed ear drops ordered twice a day for a toddler, the nurse decides that the teaching about positioning of the pinna for instillation of the drops is effective when the parent pulls the toddler's pinna in which of the following directions? 1) Up and forward. 2) Up and backward. 3) Down and forward. 4) Down and backward.

4. In a child younger than 3 years of age, the pinna is pulled back and down, because the auditory canals are almost straight in children.

A nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 10-year old. What is the expected behavior of this child? 1) Enjoys physical demonstrations of affection. 2) Is selfish and insensitive to the welfare of others. 3) Is uncooperative in play and school. 4) Has a strong sense of justice and fair play.

4. School-age children are concerned about justice and fair play.

Which of the following demonstrates the nurse's compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and prevention guidelines concerning sterile glove use? 1. As an optional precautionary measure. 2. When delivering care involving touching a child. 3. Upon entering a child's room. 4. When giving direct care to burned areas.

4. Sterile gloves must be worn when giving any care to a burn area.

A 5-year-old child asks the nurse if it will hurt to have his tonsils and adenoids taken out. Which of the following responses by the nurse would be best? 1. It won't hurt because we put you to sleep. 2. It won't hurt because you're such a big boy. 3. It will hurt because of the incisions made in the throat. 4. It will hurt, but we have medicine to help you feel better.

4. Truthful but simple explanations will minimize distorted fears and reduce anxiety.

A parent seems concerned about the fact that the infant's soft spot is still open. Which of the following should the nurse include when explaining about the usual age for closure of the soft spot near the front of the infant's head. 1) 2-4 months 2) 5-8 months 3) 9-11 months 4) 12-18 months

4. The anterior fontanel, the soft spot near the front of the infant's head, usually closes between 12-18 months.

decerebrate posturing

Rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs

A nurse is teaching new parents about normal development. Voluntary grasp is usually present at what age?

5 months

when does the child tie his or her own shoes

5 years

What is the SDR for ibuprofen?

5-10mg/kg/dose every 6-8 hours ONLY FOR THOSE OVER 6 MONTHS

What is cerebral palsy

A chronic disability characterized by impaired muscle movement and posture

Surgery is being delayed for an infant with undescended testes. In collaboration with the healthcare provider and the family, which prescription should the nurse anticipate

A trial of human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone

Which stage of development is most unstable and challenging regarding development of personal identity? A) Adolescence B) Toddler hood C) Childhood D) Infancy

A) Adolescence

The nurse is aware that the earliest age at which the infant should be able to walk independently is _____ months. a. 8 to 10 b. 12 to 15 c. 15 to 18 d. 18 to 21

ANS: B For the majority of children, the milestone of walking alone is achieved between 12 and 15 months.

What (if any) medication is administered after immunization?

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) -orally q4-6h (10-15mg/kg/dose)

Pertussis/ Whooping Cough

Acute bacterial respiratory infection via direct contact or droplet or freshly contaminated objects. prolong cough, whooping on inspiration.

3yo is hospitalized for femur fracture. As her nurse, what nursing action would help foster the child's sense of autonomy?

Allow the child to administer her own Keflex (cehphalexin) via oral syringe.

A 6-month-old infant w/ congestive heart failure (CHF) is receiving digoxin elixir. Which observation by the nurse warrants immediate intervention?

Apical heart rate of 60

How would the nurse conduct a scoliosis screening?

Ask the child to bend forward form the hips, with arms hanging free. Examine the child for a curve in the spine, a rib hump, and hip asymmetry

Ticks

Attaches to skin, firm, discrete, pruritic, nodule at site, possible urticaria or persistent edema.

Describe Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust stage

Birth to 1 y.o. -Basic trust; exists only in relation to something or someone, therefore consistent loving care is essential. *faith & optimism

Ecchymosis

Bruising

When does birth length double?

By 4 years

what tests are done if pt is 30% or more burned?

CBC, serum electroytes, Bun, ABG's, fasting blood glucose, random glucose, urinalysis, clotting studies

Cellulitis(spider bite)

Caused by lesions or breaks in the skin. Skin and soft tissue infection with pain, swelling, fever and redness. Rest, elevation. Treatment: Warm compress, Clinical trials IV Dexamethasone 1st in 48 hrs, MRSA

A 4-year-old girl continues to interrupt her mother during a routine clinic visit. The mother appears irritated with the child and asks the nurse, "Is this normal behavior for a child this age?" The nurse's response should be based on which information?

Children need to retain a sense of initiative without impinging on the rights and privileges of others.

Who does Kawasaki disease affect?

Children under 5 years old

What are the clinical manifestations of RHD?

Chorea. Rash. Carditis. SOB. Chest pain. Joint pain. Tachycardia even during sleep. fever.

How so you feed a child with Down Syndrome

Feed to the back and side of the mouth

What do skin folds thickness measure?

Fat content

What vitamins will you administer for a child with Cystic fibrosis?

Fat soluble vitamins - A,D,E,K. Administer oxygen . ---Oxygenhood for infant. ---Nasal prongs --low to moderate O2. ---Tent: Mist and O2---monitor P temp.

Preschool

Favorite word is why Sentences of 5-8

Pharmacologic Therapy for IBD

Corticosteroids -Oral prednisone -IV methylprednisolone Sulfasalazine: aminosalicylate- containing, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in colon Antibiotics -Metronidazole -Ciprofloxacin Immunosuppressive/ Immunomodulating agents Methotrexate: steroid-sparing, reduce inflammation and maintain remission Biologics -Remicade IV

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Crohn's Disease & Ulcerative Colitis Pathophysiology: -Defective regulation of intestine's immune-mediated response to environmental trigger- varying degrees of injury to inner lumen, inflammation GI tract RF: Genetic, immunologic, environmental factors Sx: Delayed growth, anorexia, wt loss, vit/minearl deficiencies, arthritis, arthralgias, oral ulcerations Prognosis: dep on type, severity, extent of disease, response to therapy

Where is the most common site of osteosarcoma?

Femur

Describe the signs and symptoms of a child with meningitis

Fever Irritability Vomiting Neck stiffness Opisthotonos Positive Kernig sign Positive Brudzinski sign *Infant may no show all classic signs even though very ill

What are side effects of Dilantin

Gingival hyperplasia Dermatitis Ataxia GI distress

Rheumatic heart disease is caused by what bacteria?

Group A Beta-hemolytic streptoccoci

Resp distress infants

Increase rr axillAry muscles for breathing Restlessness Nasal flaring Tripod Grunting Cyanotic

What is "Gowers" sign

Indicator of muscular dystrophy; to stand, the child has to "walk" hands up legs

Treat moderate and major burns

MONITOR for septic shock, altered LOC, Increased cap fill, spiking fever, Decreased bowel sounds, Decreased urine output, Notify doc of findings, manage pain(no subQ or IM's) monitor resp depression, give meds before dressing changes, PREVENT infection(standard precautions wound care), no plants and flowers, change positions alot, limit visitors, give tetanus & antibiotics, use only their cuffs. PROVIDE Nutrition: increase calorie intake(TPN if needed), Give A, C, and zinc to produce growth of cells.RESTORE mobility: Maintain correct body alignment, splint extremities, change positions prevent contractures, ROM, help w/ambulation, apply pressure dressing, monitor for sores. PROVIDE: support for their age, assist w/coping, use family centered approach, make referrals. MEDICATIONS: topical agents(Silvadene on 2nd and 3rd degree burns) & apply to clean dry burns, use gloves, apply 1/16th inch on burn, Bactracin to prevent infection. Morphine sulfate(give in bolus before procedure) & monitor res rate & pain relief.

When caring for a child with congenital heart disease and polycythemia, which nursing intervention has the highest priority?

Maintaining adequate hydration Rationale: The key word in this question is polycythemia. Hydration decreases blood viscosity and the risk for thrombus formation, the most common complication of polycythemia.

What is the alternative name for Rubeola? Is it contagious? If so, for how long? How is it transmitted? What are the symptoms?

Measles -> can lead to neurologic problems or death. Highly contagious viral disease. Mainly during prodromal period, which is characterized by fever & upper respiratory symptoms. Transmitted by direct contact w/ droplets Sx: photophobia, Koplik spots on buccal mucosa, confluent rash that begins on the face & spreads downward.

What are the outcomes of untreated congenital hypothyroidism?

Mental retardation and growth failure

A nurse provides the parents with information on health maintenance for their child with sickle cell disease. Which information reflected by the parents indicates understanding of the child's care?

Plenty of fluids should be consumed daily.

How would you feed an infant with Cerebral Palsy

Prevent aspiration; sit the child upright and support the lower jaw

Nutritional Assessment Description

Profile of the child's and family's eating habits.

Food frequency record

Provides a questionnaire and ask family to record information regarding the number of times per day, week, or month a child consumes items from the four food groups

What is the pathophysiology of truncus arteriosus?

Pulmonary artery and aorta does not separate

When evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve the nutritional status of an infant with gastro-esophageal reflux, which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?

Record weight daily.

Impetigo

Reddish macule becomes vesicular, erupts easy leaving moist erosion on skin and forms crust. Pruritis, honey colored exudate. Spread peripherally and by direct contact

A child with cystic fibrosis is having stools that float and are foul smelling. Which descriptive term should the nurse use to document the finding?

Steatorrhea.

A premature newborn girl, born 24 hours ago, is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and placed under an oxygen hood at 35%. The parents visit the nursery and ask to hold her. Which response should the nurse provide to the parents?

The oxygen hood is holding the baby's oxygen level just at the point which is needed. You may stroke and talk to her.

an infant is placed in a pavlik harness for developmental dysplasia of the hip . which of the following statements made by a parent indicates correct knowledge of the care of this infant? The straps of the harness should be placed next to the skin The harness should be worn for 6 hours a day It will take a long time for my child to walk and crawl I can move my child around on a large skateboard.

The straps of the harness should be placed next to the skin***

How do you differentiate signs of increased ICP and Shock

They are opposite! Shock: increased pulse, decreased B/P Increased ICP: decreased pulse, Increased B/P

The clinic nurse is taking the hx for a new 6-month-old client. The mother reports that she took a great deal of aspirin while pregnant. Which assessment should the nurse obtain?

Type of reaction to loud noises

What causes Kawasaki disease?

Unknown

list the four defects associated with tetralogy of fallot

VSD overriding aorta pulmonary stenosis right ventricular hypertrophy

What is the most important assessment(s) for a child with a heart defect?

Weight and I/O's diapers--1 g = 1ml. 1. Blood pressure. 2. Weight. 3. Intake and output. 4. Temperature.

What is the Palmar Grasp and when does it disappear?

When hand placed in infant's palm, newborn will curl his/her fingers around examiner's finger. -Disappears around 3-4 months

What is the Stepping reflex and when does it disappear?

When infant is held in upright position with feet touching a hard surface, walking motions are made -disappears around 3-4 months

Anovulatory

Women who have menstrual periods more often than every 21 days.

muscle dystrophy

X link recessive. appear by 3 to 5 and rapidly progress causing respiratory or cardiac complications and death, usually by 25 years of age.

What are the signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome?

abnormal neurovascular assessment; cold extremity, severe pain, inability to move the extremity and poor capillary refill

When can a child begin to remember pain?

after 6 months

All of the following interventions can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing and medical interventions used to treat diarrhea. Which intervention is least useful in the nurse's evaluation of a 20 month old child?

assessing fontanels

A nurse is preparing a plan of care for a child being admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). The nurse avoids including which of the following in the plan? a. limiting the time the child is allowed to bottle-feed b. elevating the head of the bed c. walking the child for feeding to ensure adequate nutrition d. providing oxygen during stressful periods

c. walking the child for feeding to ensure adequate nutrition

Hint what is the first sign of renal failure

decreased urinary output

Pertussis/ Whooping Cough Treatment

erythromycin

what would indicate the thyroid hormone therapy for a 4- month- old

has steady head control (indicates normal growth and development is occurring).

what position would best relieve the child experiencing a tet spell?

knee-chest position or squatting

What are the symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism in early infancy?

large, protruding tongue; coarse hair; lethargy; sleepiness and constipation

What nutritional support should be provided for a child with cystic fibrosis?

pancreatic enzyme replacement, fat-soluble vitamins, and moderate to low carbohydrates, high protein, moderate to high fat diet

The nurse is planning care for school-aged children @ a community care center. Which activity is best fo the children?

playing follow the leader

Pertussis/ Whooping Cough can cause

pneumonia, hemorrhage ans seizer .

what is commonly associated with cyanotic defects?

polycythemia - Increased circulating level of RBC

Molluscum Contagiosum(pox virus)

resolves in 6-9 months, spreads easy

Atrial septal defect

splitting s2 heart sound heard in an otherwise healthy child. This is when there is a hole in the atria (oxygenated blood from the left atria is shunted to the right atria which is delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs)

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_ball_pedianurs_4/65/16689/4272478.cw/content/index.html

study also

What nursing interventions increase intracranial pressure?

suctioning and positioning, turning

Which class of antiinfective drugs is contraindicated for use in children under 8 yrs of age?

tetracyclines

what ages does iron deficiency occur most often?

12-36 months, in adolescent females and in females during their childbearing years.

To take the VS of a 4 month old child, which order provides the most accurate results?

respiratory rate, heart rate, then rectal temperature

The physician orders 250mg of an antibiotic every 6 hours for a child weighing 25kg who had infected burns. The normal dosage for this antibiotic and condition is 20 to 50 mg/kg per 24 hours. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate? 1. Carry out the order because the ordered dose is acceptable. 2. Give the dose recommended by the pharmacy reference material. 3. Question the order because the dose is too low. 4. Question the order because the dose is a toxic amount.

1. The ordered dose equals 1000 mg in 24 hrs. The recommended dose is 500 to 1250 mg in 24 hrs.

A nurse compares a child's height and weight with standard growth charts and finds the child to be in the 50th percentile for height and in the 45th percentile for weight. The nurse interprets these findings as indicating that the child is: 1) Average height and weight. 2) Overweight for height. 3) Underweight for height. 4) Abnormal in height.

1. The values of height and weight percentiles are usually similar for an individual child. Measurements between 5th and 95th percentiles are considered normal.

what are the five things that will show in a lumbar puncture

increase WBC, decreased glucose, elevated protein, increased ICP, positive culture for meningitis

A child is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. The nurse analyzes the laboratory results and determines that which of the following findings would confirm the likelihood of acute rheumatic fever? a. increased leukocyte count b. decreased hemoglobin count c. increased antibody level d. decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate

increased antibody level

A child is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. The nurse reviews the blood laboratory findings knowing that which of the following will confirm the likelihood of this disorder? a. increased leukocyte count b. decreased hemoglobin count c. increased antistreptolysin-O (ASO) d. decreased erthrocyte sedimentation rate

increased antistreptolysin-O (ASO)

A 2-year-old child is admitted to the hospital with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). During the focused assessment, the nurse makes it a priority to note the presence of which of the following?" a. increased irritability and the child's insistence to be carried out b. complaints of joint stiffness c. history of daily temperature elevations d. description of how difficult it is to move around after periods of inactivity

increased irritability and the child's insistence to be carried out

cerebral palsy spastic

legs are extended and cross; feet are plantar flexed. AKA Scissoring leg.

what task could a 5 year old boy with DM accomplish by himself?

let him choose the injection site

pediculosis

lice--mainly on head--small white flakes along the shaft and hair. use hair product containing permethrin or pyrethrin.

Describe the postoperative nursing care for an infant with pyloric stenosis

maintain IV hydration and provide small, frequent feedings of glucose or electrolyte solutions or both within 4 to 6 hours. Gradually increase to full-strength formula Position infant on right side in semi-fowler position after feeding

What nursing actions are initiated for the newborn with suspected esophageal atresia with TEF?

maintain NPO immediately and suction secretions

what are the priorities for a child undergoing abdominal surgery?

maintain fluid balance (I/O, NG suction, monitor electrolytes); monitor vital signs; care for drains; if present assess bowel function; prevent infection of incision area and other postoperative complications; and support child and family with appropriate teaching

Wilms Tumor

malignant renal tumor, with appropriate treatment the prognosis is good and the nurse will feel a mass in the flank area.

What does the newborn screening test for?

phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism --> this is screened for in ALL states. The newborn screening test screens for many congenital disorders but the individual states determine what is screened for during this test

list three classic signs and symptoms of measles

photophobia confluent rash that begins on the face and spreads downward Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa

A preschool-aged child who is hospitalized fy hypospadias repair is most strongly influenced by which behavior?

the preschoolers major stressor is concern for his body integrity.

What behavior would indicate that thyroid hormone therapy for a 4-month-old is effective?

think about milestones..what happens at 4 months? -head control if baby has head control, the therapy is appropriate for adequate growth

Theophylline

this is a bronchodilator used for respiratory distress. theraputic range is 10-20 mcg/dL

Hodgkin's Disease

this is a lymphoblast cancer that most often affects adolescent boys. Moveable, painless and firm adenopathy (this is the enlargement of lymph nodes) in the cervical or supraclavicular areas. another specific symptom is abdominal pain d/t the enlargement of lymphnodes in the retroperitoneal space.

deferoxamine

this is a medication that is use for chelation therapy to prevent to much iron. serves as the antidote to iron.

Varicella (chicken pox)

Highly contagious, symptomatic care. Treat: with Acyclovir shortens duration of pox symptoms if given withing the day of their appearance. Risk for scratching. Ulcer, blister, papule are found.

Digoxin therapy in kids

Hold infants <100, kids <80 Don't skip or make up dose Give 1-2 hrs before meals S/s over dose: vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, drowsiness

The nurse received a lab report stating a child w/ asthma has theophyline level of 15 mcg/dl. What action will the nurse take?

Hold the next dose of theophylline a.i. Therapeutic levels of theophylline is 10-10 mcg/dl, so the child's level is w/in the therapeutic rage.

Patent ductus arterious

Hole between aorta and pulmonary artery Acyanototic So are coarctation of aorta and aortic stenosis

Atrial septal defect

Opening in atria Acyanotic

Candidiasis(yeast)

Oral(thrush), Treat: nystatin drops and treat mom also if breastfeeding. Diaper area: antifungal cream. Risk in skin folds and corticosteroid inhaler use

Pathophysiology FTT

Organic: depends on cause Non-organic: -Maternal characteristics -Infant/child characteristics Maternal-infant interaction

Pediculosis capitis

S/S 1. crawling insects 2. nits attached close to the scalp (especially around the ears, nape of the neck, and close to the hair shaft) 3. inflammatory papules (often from itching and scratching the scalp)

Vitamin C

S/S - Scurvy, receding gums that are spongy, and prone to bleeding, dry, rough skin, petechiae, decreased wound healing, increased susceptibility to infection, irritability, anorexia, irritability, apprehension food sources - strawberries, oranges and orange juice, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach

post concussion syndrome

S/S include: sweating, irritability, and pallor. may see symptoms within hours or even mins after concussion has been determined.

Iron

S/S of deficiency - anemia, pale conjunctiva, pale skin, atrophy of papillae on tongue, brittle rigid or spoon shaped nails, thyroid edema Food sources - Iron-fortified formula, Infant high-protein cereal, infant rice cereal, liver, beef, pork, eggs.

vitamin B6

S/S- scaly dermatitis, weight loss, anemia, irritability, convulsions, peripheral neuritis food sources - meats (especially liver), cereals (wheat and corn), yeast, soybeans, peanuts, tuna, chicken, bananas.

Describe the signs and symptoms of a child with meningitis

fever, irritability, vomiting, neck stiffness, opisthotonos, positive Kernig sign, positive brudzinski signs; infant may not show all

In a clinic, the mother of an 8-month old asks the nurse what to feed her infant because she wants to stop breast feeding. The nurse recommends :

formula

A toddler is admitted to the hospital for fever of unknown origin. The mother's time at the hospital is limited to the hours that her other children are in school. The nurse shows an understanding of a toddler's psychosocial development by making which statement to the mother? a. it is better to leave without saying good-bye, so your child will not be upset b. your child is too old to be having separation anxiety. Crying is just a way for children to control parents c. your child is egocentric, which allows a child to self comfort d. games like peek-a-boo and hide and seek will help your child understand that you will return

games like peek-a-boo and hide and seek will help your child understand that you will return

posture of newborn with downs

hypotonic (floppy, limp)

5 mm or more if a positive TB skin test result in what population?

immunocompromised

list two contraindications to live virus immunization

immunocompromised child a child in a household with an immunocompromised individual

what type of room/precaution should you place a child w/ bronchiolitis

in an isolation or a room w/ another child who has RSV and need to maintain contact precautions

Treat minor burns

in clinic setting

Treat moderate burns

in hospital w/expertise in burn care

Black Widows

mild sting leads to transient erythema and to blister. Dizziness, weakness and abdominal pain, possible delirium, paralysis, seizures, and death

What are toys for hospitalized infants?

mobiles rattles squeaking toys picture books balls colored blocks activity boxes

describe the care of a child in a mist tent

monitor child's temperature, keep tent edges tucked in, keep clothing dry, assess respiratory status, look at child inside tent

How can the nurse best evaluate the adequacy of fluid replacement in children?

monitoring urine output

Vent septal defect

Abnormal opening between ventricles Acyanotic

Is pertussis viral or bacterial?

bacterial!

The nurse is taking the family history of a 2-year-old child with atopic dermatitis (eczema). Which statement by the mother is most important in formulating a plan of care for this child?

"My husband and our daughter are both lactose-intolerant." Rationale: Environmental exposure to allergens (milk) and a positive family history for milk allergies are important data in planning care of the child with atopic dermatitis because milk allergies can contribute to the child's outbreaks.

The nurse is assessing a male adolescent client's knowledge of contraception. The teen states, "I have all the info I need." What is the best response by the nurse?

"Tell me what you know about birth control." Rationale: Teens often obtain information from peers, which may not be accurate. Knowing the source of the information may assist the nurse in evaluating the information that the teenager has regarding contraception

A woman whose first child died at 6 weeks of age because of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is being discharged following the birth of her second child. The mother tells the nurse that she is fearful that this infant will also develop SIDS. Which response is best for the nurse to provide this woman?

"The fear of losing another child to SIDS is very realistic. Have you thought about what support you may need?" Rationale: The most effective way to provide emotional support is to acknowledge what clients may be feeling, be a sounding board for them so they can listen to themselves, and allow them to discover their own solutions

perform clinical examination

- assess skin, hair, teeth, gums, lips, tongue, and eyes - use anthropometry: measurement of height, weight, BMI, head circumference in young children, proportion, skinfold thickness, and arm circumference (Height and head circumference reflect past nutrition. Weight, skinfold thickness, and arm circumference reflect present nutritional status; especially protein and fat reserves. Skinfold thickness provides a measurement of the body's fat content; one-half of the body's total fat stores are directly beneath the skin

what causes increase in pulmonary blood flow

--ASD.Autism spectrum disorder. --VSD. ventricular septal defect. --PDA. Patent ductus arteriosus.

What are interventions of otitis media?

--Administer antibiotics. --Position child on affected side. --Decrease temperature by tepid bath or and tylenol. --warm compress on affected site.

What is cerebral palsy risk factors

--Anoxic/ hypoxic brain injury, before, during and after birth. --Maternal infection. --kernicterus. --Low birth weight is a major risk.

Administration of what helps epiglottis?

--Antibiotics. --HIb vaccine for prevention. --High Fowler position.

What foods should be avoided after a tonsillectomy? Why?

--Any foods that are red because can resemble blood. --Promote soft food and oral fluids. --Ice Collar for pain and vasoconstriction. .

What medication would you give for CHD/CHF

--Digoxin, diuretics. --Prophylactic antibiotic prior to dental or invasive procedures. --Check apical pulse --0.8-2 --! hour before or 2 hours after meal. --Vomiting early sign or Digoxin and anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal pain. fatigue, drowsiness.

What are some other signs of respiratory distress?

--Grunting, flaring of nostrils, cyanosis, use of accessory muscles, head bobbing. --Pediatric patient goes into respiratory failure before cardiac failure.

What is the pathophyisology of otitis media?

--Inflammation of the middle ear. --Anatomic structure increase of having infection. --If untreated may cause conductive hearing/middle ear - ear drum or ossicles.

Tonsillitis

--Inflammation of the tonsils viral or bacterial.

What is the best choice for a child with RSV/Respiratory syncytial virus? Airway is priority

--Isolation--Private room. --Droplet isolation--PPE--glove, gown and mask. --Observe for hypoxia. --Maintain hydration and O2 as order. --suctioning--bulb syringe. --Palivizumab-- to provide passive immunity against RSV.

Signs of bronchiolitis

--Proxysmal coughing. --Poor eating, --nasal congestion, --nasal flaring, --irritable, --distressed infant. --wheezing, rales. --Deteriorating ---shallow rapid respiration.

What are the four defects of Tetralogy of fallot?

--Pulmonary stenosis. --VSD/ventricular septal defect. --Right ventricular hypertrophy --overriding aorta/ Aorta placed over ventricular septum. --Need surgery to fix.

Bronchiolitis is caused by which viral infection?

--RSV/ Respiratory syncytial virus; by close contact. --Mainly occur in Infant.

Signs of epiglottis DO NOT EXAMINE THE THROAT due to risk for obstruction.

--Sudden onset, --Fever, --Dysphagia, --Drooling, --Tripod position because having hard time breathing. --Tongue protruding. --Muffled voice.

what causes decrease in pulmonary blood flow

--Tetralogy of fallat, Trucus aterious and Transposition of the great vessels.

What is the surgery done for tonsillitis?

--Tonsillectomy. --Check PT, PTT prior to tonsillectomy. --HX--of bleeding or bleeding disorder because if patient bleed after surgery, which can cause airway obstruction/ aspiration.

Acyanotic heart defects.

--VSD /ventricular septal defect --ASD/ Autism spectrum disorder. --PDA/ Patent ductus arteriosus. --AS/ Aortic stenosis. --Left to right shunt. --Obstructive defects. --small hole closes spontaneously. --Large holes---may cause Eisenmenger syndrome. CHF.

Rubella/ German measles

--Viral via droplet and direct contact. --Rash from face to body and disappears within 3 days. --Teratogenic--keep expected mother away from Rubella.

What are the stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

-Infancy: Birth to 1 y.o. -- Trust vs. Mistrust -Toddlerhood: 1 y.o. to 3 y.o. -- Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt -Preschool: 3 to 6 y.o. -- Initiative vs. Guilt -School Age: 6 to 12 y.o. -- Industry vs. Inferiority -Adolescent: 12 to 18+ y.o. -- Identity vs. Role Confusion

How is tuberculosis screened?

-Mantoux Test w/ PPD: intradermal injection on forearm - identifies mycobacterium TB. Subcutaneous injection, rather than ID injection, invalidates the Mantoux test. -Tine test: 4 prongs pressed into forearm UNRELIABLE

What are Piaget's Cognitive Theories?

-Sensorimotor: Birth - 2 y.o. -Preoperational: 2-7 y.o. -Concrete Operational: 7-11 y.o. -Formal Operational: 11-15 y.o., adulthood

What are physical features of a child with Down Syndrome

-Simian creases in palms -Hypotonia -Protruding tongue -Upward-outward slant of eyes. --Short neck

What are the nursing implications of taking care of a hospitalized toddler?

-enforced separation from parents is greatest THREAT to toddlers psychological & emotional integrity -Security objects or favorite toys from home should be provided -Teach parents to explain their plans to the child in detail ("I will be back after your nap) -Expect regression (bed-wetting) -provide guided choices when appropriate to support autonomy

List the signs and symptoms in increased ICP in older children

-irritability -change in LOC -motor dysfunction -headache -vomiting -unequal pupil response -seizures

What are NORMAL side effects of DTaP and IPV admin?

-irritability -fever (<102 F) -redness and soreness at injection site for 2-3 days

nursing care for children with communicable diseases

-isolate child during period of communicability -tx fever with NONASPIRIN products -report occurrence to the health department -prevent child from scratching skin (cut nails, apply mittens, & provide soothing baths) -admin benadryl (diphenhydramine) as prescribed for itching -WASH HANDS after caring for child & handling secretions or child's articles.

which diseases are vaccine preventable?

-measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) -diptheria, pertussis, tetanus (DTaP) -polio (inactive polio vaccine/IPV) -epiglottitis, bacterial meningitis, septic arthritis (haemophilus influenzae type B/Hib) -hepatitis A & B -chickenpox (varicella) -flu -Pneumococcal -Rotavirus

What are the nursing implications for a hospitalized school age child?

-need more support from parents than child wishes to admit. -Maintaining contact with peers & school activities is important -explanation of all procedures are important & should be respected during hospitalization (close curtains during procedures; allow privacy during baths) -participation in care with staff fosters a sense of involvement & accomplishment

When should parents call the HCP after immunization?

-seizures -high fever -high-pitched cry

What is a method of decreasing soreness at injection site?

-warm washcloth on thigh injection site -bicycling the legs w/ each diaper change

A simple fracture is a fracture of the bone across its entire shaft with some possible displacement but without breaking the skin. A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture that occurs through only a part of the cross section of the bone; one side of the bone is fractured, and the other side is bent. A compound fracture, also called an open or a complex fracture, is one in which the skin or mucous membrane has been broken, and the wound extends to the depth of the fractured bone. A comminuted fracture is a complete fracture across the shaft of the bone with splintering of the bone fragments.

.

ephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, elevated serum lipids, anorexia, and pallor. The child gains weight.

.

Glomerulonephritis is a term that refers to a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammatory injury in the glomerulus. In glomerulonephritis, activity is limited, and most children, because of fatigue, voluntarily restrict their activities during the active phase of the disease.

...

Iron deficiency occurs most commonly in children 12-36 months old, in adolescent females, and in females during their childbearing years.

...

the nurse is concerned with prevention of communicable disease. Primary prevention results from which of following immunization early diagnosis strict isolation treatment of disease

...

the nurse practicioner is giving an inservice on infectious diseases and explains that the time interval between early manifestations of the disease incubation—how long takes to establish infection prodromal

...

Describe Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

1 to 3 y.o. (Toddlerhood) -Childs ability to control their bodies, themselves, and their environment. -Learning through imitation -Children are made to feel small and self conscious when their choices are disastrous or they're forced to be dependent. *Self-control & willpower.

Which development is necessary for toilet training readiness for a 2-year-old? Select all that apply. 1) Adequate neuromuscular development for sphincter control. 2) Appropriate chronological age. 3) Ability to communicate the need to use the toilet. 4) Desire to please the parent. 5) Ability to play with other 2-year-olds.

1, 3, 4. Readiness for toilet training is based on neurological, psychological, and physical developmental readiness. The nurse can introduce concepts of readiness for toilet training and encourage parents to look for adaptive and psychomotor signs such as the ability to walk well, balance, climb, sit in a chair, dress oneself, please the parent, and communicate awareness of the need to urinate or defecate.

The parents of a preschooler ask the nurse how to handle their child's temper tantrums. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. 1) Putting the child in "time-out." 2) Telling the child to go to his bedroom. 3) Ignoring the child. 4) Putting the child to bed. 5) Spanking the child. 6) Trying to reason with the child.

1, 3. Some parents find that putting the child in time-out until control is regained is very effective. Others find that ignoring the behaviors works just as well with their child.

A 7-month-old female infant is admitted to the hospital with a tentative diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. When obtaining the infant's initial health history from the parents, which of the following statements made by the mother would be most important? 1. She gets constipated often. 2. Sometimes she gets colds. 3. She spits up occasionally. 4. Her rectal temperature is 99.4

1.

A child is receiving methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) I.V. as treatment for a severe asthmatic attack. The nurse closely monitors the flow rate of the I.V. infusion to prevent the development of which of the following? 1. Hypertension. 2. Nausea. 3. Flushing of the skin. 4. Seizures.

1.

When teaching a group of parents of school-age children about growth and development, which of the following characteristics about children of this age should the nurse include? 1. Desire to carry a task to completion. 2. Ability to imagine possibilities. 3. Feeling that others are focused on them. 4. Ability to consider hypothetical risks and benefits.

1.

When the nurse asks a child suspected of being physically abused how his shoulder was hurt, he replies "it was my fault. I was bad." What would be the nurse's best response? 1. Perhaps it wasn't your fault. Can we talk about what happened? 2. Tell me what you did that made your father hurt you. 3. We'll make you better and we won't let your father do this to you again. 4. You'll have to behave better so this won't happen again.

1.

Which of the following information during a health history should the nurse correlate as consistent with the diagnosis of failure to thrive in an infant? 1. Fussiness during feedings. 2. Fear of strangers. 3. Being quiet when held. 4. Needing to be awakened for feedings.

1.

Which of the following should the nurse do next after noting that an 8-month-old child's posterior fontanel is slightly open? 1. Check the child's head circumference. 2. Document this as a normal finding. 3. Question the mother about the child's delivery. 4. Schedule an x-ray of the child's head.

1.

While attending a support group, the parents of a child with hemophilia become concerned because several of the families have had older children who have died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They ask the nurse how these children got the AIDS virus. The nurse bases the response on which of the following as the most likely route of transmission of AIDS to these children? 1. Contamination of the factor VIII replacement received during bleeding episodes. 2. Casual contact with a child testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus. 3. Use of a contaminated needle to obtain a blood sample for type and crossmatching. 4. Exposure in the waiting room to children with AIDS attending the same hematology clinic.

1.

A parent asks why it is recommended that the second dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine be given at 4 to 6 years of age? The nurse should explain to the parent that the second dose is given at this age for what reason? 1) If the child reaches puberty and becomes pregnant when receiving the vaccine, the risks to the fetus are high. 2) The change of contracting the disease is much lower at this age. 3) The dangers associated with a strong reaction to the vaccine are increased at this age. 4) A serious complication from the vaccine is swelling of the joints.

1. After receiving the MMR vaccine, the person develops a mild form of the disease, stimulating the body to develop an immunity. Administration to a pregnant adolescent early in pregnancy puts the fetus at risk for deformity or spontaneous abortion.

The parents report that the child has a runny nose, fever, and cough and is irritable and constantly rubbing his ears. How should the nurse expect the child's tympanic membrane to appear? 1. Bulging and red. 2. Clear and inverted. 3. Pearly gray. 4. Scarred.

1. Based on the report of the child's signs and symptoms, the nurse should suspect otitis media.

A child with rheumatic fever has chorea. Which of the following actions should the nurse consider to be most important? 1. Explain to the child and family that the chorea will disappear over time. 2. Institute measures to keep the child in a warm environment. 3. Perform neurologic checks every 4 hours until the chorea subsides. 4. Encourage ambulation by giving aspirin 30 minutes before walking.

1. Because the clumsiness and uncontrolled actions can be upsetting to both the child and family, they need to understand that chorea associated with rheumatic fever is not permanent.

After teaching a group of parents about temper tantrums, the nurse knows the teaching has been effective when one of the parents states which of the following? 1) I will ignore the temper tantrum. 2) I should pick up the child during a tantrum. 3) I'll talk to my daughter during the tantrum. 4) I should put my child in time out.

1. Children who have temper tantrums should be ignored as longs as they are safe. They should not receive either positive or negative reinforcement to avoid perpetuating the behavior.

A child with leukemia has petechiae; gums, lips, and nose that bleed easily; and bruising on various parts of her body. Which of the following laboratory test results should the nurse correlate with these findings? 1. Platelet count of 80. 2. Serum calcium level of 5 3. Fibrinogen level of 75. 4. Partial thromboplastin time of 38 seconds.

1. In leukemia, megakaryocytes, from which platelets are derived, are decreased. Normal counts range from 150 to 300.

When assessing the child with asthma for allergic rhinitis, which of the following should the nurse expect to find? 1. Nasal crease. 2. Abdominal pain. 3. Fever. 4. Mouth breathing.

1. In the child with asthma and allergic rhinitis, the allergic reaction to inhaled particles generally causes frequent nose rubbing, subsequently leading to a nasal crease.

The parents of a 9-month-old bring the infant to the clinic for a regular checkup. The infant has received no immunizations. Which of the following would be appropriate for the nurse to administer at this visit? 1) Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP); Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib); inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV); and purified protein derivitive (PPD). 2) DTaP, Hib, oral polio vaccine (OPV), and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). 3) PPD, MMR, hepatitis B (hepB), and OPV 4) HepB, IPV, Hib, and varicella.

1. Infants that are delayed in receiving their immunizations or have not started their series by 9months of age begin with DTaP, Hib, IPV, and PPD.

Sate the three main goals in providing nursing care for a child experiencing a seizure

1. Maintain patent airway 2. Protect from injury 3. Observe carefully

A mother states that she thinks her 9-month-old "is developing slowly." When assessing the infant's development, the nurse is also concerned because the infant should be demonstrating which of the following characteristics? 1) Vocalizing single syllables. 2) Standing alone. 3) Building a tower of two cubes. 4) Drinking from a cup with little spilling.

1. Normally a 9-month-old infant should have been voicing single syllables since 6 months of age.

Why do children have a higher morbidity risk than adults?

1. scar more easily 2. delay growth 3. immature immune system puts the child at risk for developing infections 4. increased risk for protein and calorie deficiency b/c of their smaller muscle mass and less body fat than adults 5. greater central body surface area 6. greater fluid volume 7. less effective cardiovascular response to fluid volume shifts

Piaget's stages

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operartion

innocent murmur

1. short induration 2. loudest in the pulmonic region 3. grade 3 or less

T&A

1. some secretions may be blood tinged 2. limit coughing 3. run a cool-mist vaporizer in the bedroom 4. pain relief should be provided Q4 hours.

When can an infant crawl?

10 months

When can a baby walk with assistance?

10-12 months

When does the fine pincer grasp appear?

10-12 months

What is the SDR for acetaminophen?

10-15mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours -MAX 4000mg/day

1 month to 11 months pulse and respiratory rate

100 to 150 pulse. 23 to 35 respiratory rate.

New born pulse and respiratory rate

100 to 160 pulse. 30 to 60 respiratory rate

Describe Piaget's Formal Operational Stage:

11 - 15 y.o., adulthood -Adaptability & flexibility. -Abstract thinking.

When does a baby say a few words in addition to "mama" and "da-da"?

12 months

The mother of a 6-month-old asks the nurse when her baby will get the first measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Based on the recommended childhood immunization schedule published by the Centers for Disease Control, which response is accurate?

12 to 15 months

Describe Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion

12 to 18 y.o.+ (Adolescence) -Rapid & marked physical changes -Preoccupied by perception of others -inability to solve core conflict results in role confusion *Devotion & fidelity

A nurse is doing discharge teaching. She explains that the anterior fontanel normally closes between ages:

12-18 months

A nurse who is working in the Poison Control Center receives several telephone calls from parents whose children have ingested possible poisons. The nurse should recommend inducing vomiting for which child?

16-month old who drank 2 ounces of acetaminophen (Tylenol) elixir.

A father asks the nurse how he would know if his child had developed mononucleosis. The nurse explains that in addition to fatigue, which of the following would be most common? 1) Liver tenderness. 2) Enlarged lymph glands. 3) Persistent nonproductive cough. 4) A blush-like generalized skin rash.

2. Mononucleosis usually has an insidious onset with fatigue and the inability to maintain usual activity levels as the most common symptoms. The lymph nodes are typically enlarged and the spleen also may be enlarged.

Which of the following should the nurse do first when a neonate with myelomeningocele experiences urine retention with overflow incontinence? 1. Apply pressure to the suprapubic area. 2. Initiate an intermittent clean catheterization program. 3. Insert an indwelling urinary catheter. 4. Collect a urine specimen.

2. Overflow incontinence with constant dribbling is common in neonates with myelomeningocele.

When does a child achieve 50% of adult height?

2 years old

Toddlers

2-3 word sentences at 2 Ritualistic

An abused child is admitted to the hospital, and the nurse is aware that a court appearance may be necessary. To plan for this eventuality, what should be the priority? 1. Remembering the parent's and child's behavior when the child was admitted. 2. Documenting physical findings and behaviors observed during the child's admission. 3. Formulating subjective opinions about the cause of any injuries. 4. Preparing answers to questions that may be asked by the attorneys.

2.

The mother of a 4-year-old child is concerned about her child's masturbating. When responding to the mother, which of the following facts would the nurse need to keep in mind? 1. The child needs counseling for the abnormal behavior. 2. Masturbation is normal in children of this age. 3. The child is expressing some unmet needs. 4. Masturbation at this age provides sexual release.

2.

Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching plan about skin care for the mother of a child with atopic dermatitis? 1. Soaking the child in a tub for 30 minutes to soften the skin. 2. Using a mild soap followed by patting the skin to dry it. 3. Using an antibacterial soap two times a week. 4. Washing clothes in a strong detergent to prevent infections.

2.

Which of the following statements made by a mother of a 3-year-old child with unexplained injuries should the nurse determine as supportive of suspicions about abuse? 1. A good friend and I go shopping at least weekly. 2. I'm disappointed that my child can't tie his shoes. 3. My mother helps me with the children. 4. My child helps dress himself.

2.

Which of the following suggestions would be most appropriate in helping parents to prepare their children for starting school? 1. Have an older sibling tell the child about school. 2. Orient the child to the school's physical environment. 3. Offer to stay with the child for the first few days of school. 4. Discuss school with the child if he asks about it.

2.

After staying several hours with her 9-year-old daughter who is admitted to the hospital with an asthma attack, the mother leaves to attend to her other children. The child exhibits continued signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. Which of the following findings should lead the nurse to make a nursing diagnosis of Anxiety related to respiratory distress? 1. Complaints of an inability to get comfortable. 2. Frequent requests for someone to stay in the room. 3. Inability to remember her exact address. 4. Verbalization of a feeling of tightness in her chest.

2. A 9-year-old child should be able to tolerate being alone. Frequently asking for someone to be in the room indicates a degree of psychological distress that, at this age, suggests anxiety.

A 5-month-old infant is brought to the clinic by his parents because he "cries too much" and "vomits a lot." The infant's birth weight was 6 lb, 10 oz, and his current weight is 7 lb, 4 oz, falling below the 5th percentile on a standard growth chart. Which of the following data should the nurse identify as the priority. 1. Frequency of regular check-ups/ 2. Feeding pattern. 3. Pattern of weight gain. 4. Family dynamics.

2. Because the infant falls below the 5th percentile on a standard growth chart, the nurse should consider failure to thrive.

The mother of a child with tetralogy of Fallot asks the nurse why her child has clubbed fingers. The nurse bases the response on the understanding that clubbing is due to which of the following? 1. Anemia. 2. Peripheral hypoxia. 3. Delayed physical growth. 4. Destruction of bone marrow.

2. Clubbing of the fingers is one common finding in the child with persistent hypoxia, which leads to tissue changes in the body because of the low oxygen content of the blood.

Two adolescents come to the school nurse's office to talk about their friend. They are concerned because he seems to be using several different drugs. One of the adolescents asks how he would be able to tell if his friend was using cocaine. The nurse replies: 1. His eyes would be red and bloodshot. 2. His pupils would be large. 3. His pupils would be constricted to to pinpoints. 4. His eyes would look tired.

2. Cocaine use causes pupils to dilate.

Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect in an infant with colic? 1. Failure to gain weight. 2. Expulsion of flatus. 3. Soft abdomen. 4. Difficulty with burping.

2. Infants with colic have paroxysmal pain or cramping caused by the production and accumulation of gas.

Which of the following measures should the nurse expect to perform for a child who is receiving high-dose methotrexate (amethopterin) therapy? 1. Keeping the child in a fasting state. 2. Obtaining a while blood cell (WBC) count. 3. Preparing for radiography of the spinal canal. 4. Collecting a specimen for urinalysis.

2. Methotrexate is not highly toxic in low doses but may cause severe leukopenia at higher doses.

The mother of a 4-year-old expresses concern that her child may be hyperactive. She describes the child as always in motion, constantly dropping and spilling things. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate at this time? 1) Determine whether there have been any changes at home. 2) Explain that this is not unusual behavior. 3) Explore the possibility that the child is being abused. 4) Suggest that the child be seen by a pediatric neurologist.

2. Preschool-age children have been described as powerhouses of gross motor activity who seem to have endless energy. A limitation of their motor ability is that in moving as quickly as they do, they are not always able to judge distances, nor are they able to estimate the amount of strength and balance needed for activities.

The school nurse develops a plan with an adolescent to provide relief of dysmenorrhea to aid in her development of which of the following? 1) Positive peer relations. 2) Positive self-identity. 3) A sense of autonomy. 4) A sense of independence.

2. Relieving dysmenorrhea in adolescence is crucial for the female's development of positive self-identity, of which positive body image and sexual identity are important components.

Which of the following activities should the nurse include in the teaching plan for a mother to help channel her 4-year-old child's energy? 1. Participation in parallel play. 2. Play involving a game such as Simon Says. 3. Bicycle riding. 4. Stringing large beads.

2. Simon Says requires the preschooler to use a variety of motor skills, can help channel activity and meet developmental needs.

The father of a 3-year old child expresses a concern about the child's fear of the dark. Using Piaget's concepts of cognitive development which of the following would be the most appropriate explanation as the basis for the child's fear of darkness? 1. Reversibility. 2. Animism. 3. Conservation of matter. 4. Object permanence.

2. The child attributes the quality of conscious thought to inanimate objects. It is a peculiarity of preconceptual thought, part of the preoperational stage, lasting from age 2 to 4 years.

A child admitted to the hospital with a serum sodium level of 160 mmol/L is receiving 5% dextrose with 0.45 normal saline solution. The mother asks the child's nurse why the child is receiving sodium. The nurse's best reply would be: 1. Your child's sodium is high; I'll stop the infusion and check with the physician. 2. Your child's sodium is high; but if the serum sodium level is decreased too rapidly, it may cause seizures. 3. Your child's sodium is low; we need to give some more sodium I.V. 4. Your child's sodium is normal; the solution will maintain the level.

2. The normal serum sodium level for a child is 138-146 mmol/L. A rapid decrease in serum sodium level can cause fluid shifts that will result in a rapid increase in intracranial pressure, increasing the risk of seizure.

An infant's skin is inelastic and the upper abdomen is distended. To palpate the olivelike mass most easily, the nurse should palpate the epigastrium just to the right of the umbilicus at which of the following times? 1. Just before the infant vomits. 2. While the infant is eating. 3. When the infant is lying on the left side. 4. When the stomach is empty

2. The pyloric, olivelike mass is most easily palpated when the abdominal muscles are relaxed, the stomach is empty and the infant is quiet. During eating, the stomach is still empty and the infant is relaxed and comfortable.

Which of the following actions initiated by the parents of an 8 month-old indicates they need further teaching about preventing childhood accidents? 1) Placing a fire screen in front of the fireplace. 2) Placing a car seat in a front-seat, front-facing position. 3) Inspecting toys for loose parts. 4) Placing toxic substances out of reach or in a locked cabinet.

2. The recommended safety-sear arrangement for infants up to 200 lb and less than 1 year old is rear-facing with shoulder restraints.

When planning a 15-month-old toddler's daily diet with the parents, which of the following amounts of milk should the nurse include? 1) 1/2 to 1 cup. 2) 2 to 3 cups. 3) 3 to 4 cups. 4) 4 to 5 cups.

2. Toddlers around the age of 15 months need 2 to 3 cups of milk per day to supply necessary nutrients such as calcium.

When assessing for pain in a toddler, which of the following methods should be the most appropriate? 1) Ask the child about the pain. 2) Observe the child for restlessness. 3) Use a numeric pain scale. 4) Assess for changes in vital signs.

2. Toddlers usually express pain through such behaviors as restlessness, facial grimaces, irritability, and crying.

How many primary teeth are there and when are they present?

20 -- present by 1-3 years

how long does the Milwaukee brace need to be worn during the day

23 hours and removed one hour for hygiene

What is urinary output for infants and children?

2mL/kg/hr

Food diary

3 days record (two weekdays and one weekend) of all of the food and liquid consumed that day

An 8 month-old infant is seen in the well-child clinic for a routine checkup. The nurse should expect the infant to be able to do which of the following. Select all that apply. 1) Say "mama" and "dada" with specific meaning. 2) Feed self with spoon. 3) Play peek-a-boo. 4) Walk independently. 5) Stack two blocks. 6) Transfer object from hand to hand.

3, 6. Typically abilities demonstrated by 8-month-old infants include peek-a-boo and transferring objects from one hand to another.

What are the nursing implications for taking care of a preschool age child?

3-6 y.o. -understand egocentricity. Explain that he/she did not cause the illness & that painful procedures are not punishment for misdeeds. -use simple words that will be understood by the child. -Therapeutic or medical play are helpful -Fear of mutiliation from procedures is common (use a Band-Aid)

A child with appendicitis is being readied for surgery. What should be the nurse's first action? 1. Administer an enema. 2. Insert a nasogastric tube. 3. Obtain vital signs. 4. Administer antibiotics.

3.

A mother, concerned about her infant's surgery for inguinal hernia repair, asks the nurse if her infant would have been scheduled for surgery even if the hernia had been asymptomatic. Which of the following statements offers the best explanation of why the surgical repair should be done at this time? 1. An infant is better able to tolerate the physical stress of surgery than an older child is. 2. The experience of surgery is less frightening for the younger child. 3. Less danger and fewer complications result when surgery is an elective procedure. 4. Doing surgery near the genital organs is preferred before a child becomes conscious of sexual identity.

3.

A nurse overhears a fellow staff member talking about the mother of a child for whom the staff nurse is caring. The nurse is telling others private information that the mother had shared. Which of the following responses by the nurse overhearing the conversation would be best? 1. Reporting this incident to their nurse-manager. 2. Telling the mother what was being said about her. 3. Talking to the staff member privately about this. 4. Talking to the staff in general about confidentiality.

3.

For the child experiencing excessive vomiting secondary to pyloric stenosis, the nurse should assess the child for which of the following acie-base imbalances? 1. Respiratory alkalosis. 2. Respiratory acidosis. 3. Metabolic alkalosis. 4. Metabolic acidosis.

3.

Which of the following discharge instructions should the nurse give the parents of an infant with a temporary colostomy? 1. Flush the stoma with tap water at least once a day. 2. Allow the diaper to absorb the colostomy drainage. 3. Give the infant plenty of liquids to drink. 4. Expect the stoma to become dusky red within 2 weeks.

3.

A mother of a toilet-trained 3-year-old expresses concern over her child's bedwetting while hospitalized. The most appropriate response for the nurse to make is to tell the mother: 1) He was too immature to be toilet trained. In a few months he should be old enough. 2) Children are afraid in the hospital and frequently wet their bed. 3) It's very common for children to regress when they're in the hospital. 4) This is normal. He probably received too much fluid the night before.

3. A child will regress to a behavior used in an earlier stage of development in order to cope with a perceived threatening situation.

A mother brings her 18-month-old to the clinic because the child "eats ashes, crayons, and paper." Which of the following information about the toddler should nurse assess first? 1) Evidence of eruption of large teeth. 2) Amount of attention from the mother. 3) Any changes in the home environment. 4) Intake of a soft, low-roughage diet.

3. A craving to eat nonfood substances is known as pica. Toddlers use oral gratification as a means to cope with anxiety. Therefore, the nurse should first asses whether the child is experiencing any change in the home environment that could cause anxiety.

A nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 14-year-old boy. He reports that his 13-year-old sister is 2 inches taller than he is. The nurse should advise the boy that the growth spurt in adolescent boys, compared with the growth spurt of adolescent girls: 1) Occurs at the same time. 2) Occurs 2 years earlier. 3) Occurs 2 years later. 4) Occurs 1 year earlier.

3. Adolescent boys lag about 2 years behind adolescent girls in growth.

The nurse discusses the eating habits of school-age children with their parents, explaining that these habits are most influenced by which of the following? 1) Food preferences of their peers. 2) Smell and appearance of foods offered. 3) Examples provided by parents at mealtimes. 4) Parental encouragement to eat nutritious foods.

3. Although children may be influenced by their peers and smell and appearance of foods may be important, children are most likely to be influenced by the example and atmosphere provided by their parents.

A 2-year-old tells his mother he is afraid to go to sleep because "the monsters will get him." The nurse should tell his mother to: 1) Allow him to sleep with his parents in their bed whenever he is afraid. 2) Increase his activity before he goes to bed, so he eventually falls asleep from being tired. 3) Read a story to him before bedtime and allow him to have a cuddly animal or a blanket. 4) Allow him to stay up an hour later with the family until he falls asleep.

3. Behavior problems related to sleep and rest are common in young children. Consistent rituals around bedtime help to create an easier transition from waking to sleep.

The nurse is caring for a child who has Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. What understanding is correct about the progress of the disease? 1. The disease is controllable with aggressive treatment. 2. Most children will die of something else before they die of muscular dystrophy. 3. Brothers of children with muscular dystrophy should be evaluated for the disease. 4. Muscular dystrophy causes its victims to become incoherent and often violent.

3. Brothers of children with muscular dystrophy

After teaching a group of parents of preschoolers attending a well-child clinic about oral hygiene and tooth brushing, the nurse determines that the teaching has been successful when the parents state that children can begin to brush their teeth without help at which of the following ages? 1) 3 years. 2) 5 years. 3) 7 years. 4) 9 years.

3. Children younger than 7 years of age do not have the manual dexterity needed for tooth brushing. Therefore, parents need to help with this task until that time.

A mother is concerned because her 5-year-old son seems prone to minor accidents such as skinning his elbows and knees and falling off his scooter. The nurse explains to the mother that childhood accidents are more likely to occur in which of the following situations? 1) The child is the sole child in the family. 2) The family has limited formal education. 3) The family is experiencing changes. 4) The child and family live in the suburbs.

3. Family changes and stresses (e.g. moving, having company, taking vacations, adding new members) can distract parental attention and contribute to accidents.

Which of the following methods should the nurse use to feed an infant after surgical repair of a cleft lip? 1. Gastric gavage. 2. I.V. fluids. 3. Bottle with a cross-cut nipple. 4. Bottle with a lamb's nipple.

3. Feeding methods should produce the least ension possible on the sutures to promote effective healing of the cleft lip repair.

After the nurse assesses a 2 1/2 year-old's teeth during the physical examination, which of the following instructions should the nurse give to the mother? 1. Make sure the child brushes his teeth after every meal and at bedtime. 2. Give the child a small, soft-bristled toothbrush to use. 3. Floss the child's teeth using dental floss. 4. Add a fluoride supplement to the child's milk.

3. For a toddler, a parent should clean and floss the toddler's teeth because the child does not have the cognitive or motor skills needed for effective cleaning.

A nurse caring for a 15-month old girl suspects that she has been sexually abused. What rule should guide the nurse to the decision to report the abuse? 1. The parents need to be notified before suspected abuse can be reported. 2. Physicians are primarily responsible for reporting suspected abuse. 3. A nurse can be sued when reporting abuse on suspicions only. 4. A nurse who suspects child abuse is legally required to report the suspicions.

4.

A 10-year-old child with a history of bronchial asthma triggered by exposure to cold, smoke, and nuts is brought to the hospital's emergency department by his mother. Appearing restless and anxious, the child has a respiratory rate of 36 breaths/minute and pulse rate of 160 beats/minute. Which of the following findings should be of greatest concern to the nurse? 1. Increased respiratory effort. 2. Moist, loose cough. 3. Absence of wheezing. 4. Prolonged expiratory phase.

3. Knowing that this child is most likely experiencing an asthma attack, the nurse should expect to hear wheezing and note some shortness of breath with a prolonged expiratory phase.

A parents asks, "Can I get head lice too?" The nurse indicates that adults can also be infested with head lice but that pediculosis is more common among school children, primarily for which of the following reasons? 1) An immunity to pediculosis usually is established by adulthood. 2) School-age children tend to be more neglectful of frequent handwashing. 3) Pediculosis usually is spread by close contact with infested children. 4) The skin of adults is more capable of resisting the invasion of lice.

3. Lice are spread by close personal contact and by contact with infested clothing, bed and bathroom linens, and combs and brushes.

Initiation of which of the following immunizations is recommended prior to the adolescent entering college? 1) Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP). 2) Varicella. 3) Meningococcal. 4) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV).

3. Meningococcal vaccine should be administered before the adolescent enters college because outbreaks of this type of meningitis are likely when people live in close association, such as in college dorms.

When developing the teaching plan about illness for the mother of a preschooler, which of the following should the nurse include about how a preschooler perceives illness? 1) A necessary part of life. 2) A test of self-worth. 3) A punishment for wrong-doing. 4) The will of God.

3. Preschool-age children may view illness as punishment for their fantasies. At this age children do not have the cognitive ability to separate fantasies from reality and may expect to be punished for their "evil thoughts."

When obtaining a health history from the mother of a 7-year-old child diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever, the nurse should focus questions to determine if the child was recently ill with which of the following? 1. Vomiting. 2. Earache. 3. Sore throat. 4. Dysuria.

3. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory collagen disease that typically follows an infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, ordinarily occurring in the throat.

After teaching the parents about the cause of ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis), which of the following, if stated by the father, indicates successful teaching? 1) It results from overexposure to the sun. 2) It's caused by infestation with a mite. 3) It's a fungal infection of the scalp. 4) It's an allergic reaction.

3. Ringworm of the scalp is caused by a fungus of dermatophyte group of the species.

The mother asks the nurse about her 9-year-old child's apparent need for between-meal snacks, especially after school. When developing a sound nutritional plan for the child with the mother, which of the following should the nurse need to keep in mind? 1) The child does not need to eat between-meal snacks. 2) The child should eat the snacks the mother thinks are appropriate. 3) The child should help with preparing his or her own snacks. 4) The child will instinctively select nutritional snacks.

3. Snacks are necessary for school-age children because of their high energy level. School-age children are in a stage of cognitive development in which they can learn to categorize or classify and can also learn cause and effect.

A nurse observes a family in the waiting room of a well-child clinic. Which of the following behaviors would be considered to be an example of social affective play? 1. An 8-year-old child is taking turns playing a handheld video game with another child. 2. A 4-year-old child is listening to the mother's chest with a stethoscope. 3. An infant is making happy noises in response to her father speaking to her. 4. A 2-year-old child is sitting in her mother's lap hugging a teddy bear.

3. Social affective play occurs when infants take pleasure in relationships with people.

The mother of a 2-year-old is concerned because the child's right eye seems to turn in toward his nose when he is tired. The nurse should: 1) Assure the mother that this is a normal event when the child is tired. 2) Advise the mother to continue to watch his eyes closely and if the problem persists to call the clinic. 3) Test the child with the cover-uncover test and refer the mother and child to an ophthalmologist if the test is abnormal. 4) Explain to the mother that the child will probably outgrow the weakness and she need not be concerned.

3. Strabismus is diagnosed through observation and use of the corneal light reflex test. The cover-uncover test will reveal movement of the affected eye when the unaffected eye is covered, indicating abnormal fixation of the affected eye.

A mother tells the nurse that one of her children has chickenpox and asks what she should do to care for that child. When teaching the mother, which of the following would be most important to prevent? 1) Acid-base imbalance. 2) Malnutrition. 3) Skin infection. 4) Respiratory infection.

3. The care of a child with chickenpox focuses primarily on preventing infection in the lesions. The lesions cause severe itching, and organisms are ordinarily introduced into the lesion through scratching.

A 14-year-old boy brought to the emergency department complaining of right lower quadrant pain is tentatively diagnosed with acute appendicitis. When assessing the boy, what should the nurse expect to find? 1. Costovertebral angle tenderness. 2. Widening pulse pressure. 3. Oral temperature of 100 F. 4. Gross hematuria.

3. The most common manifestations of appendicitis include right lower quadrant pain, localized tenderness, and a fever of 99 F to 102 F.

Which of the following behaviors by a neonate attempting an initial feeding should indicate to the nurse that the neonate may have tracheoesophageal fisula? 1. Sucking attempts that are too poorly coordinated to effective. 2. Projectile vomiting that occurs after drinking 4 oz. 3. Coughing, choking, and cyanosis that occur after several swallows of formula. 4. Sleeping that occurs after taking 10ml of formula with an inability to be stimulated to take more.

3. The newborn with tracheoesophageal fistula swallows normally, but the fluids quickly fill the blind pouch.

During a home visit, the nurse notices that a 1-month-old infant has esotropia. The nurse should advise the parents to do which of the following? 1. Call the baby's health care provider immediately. 2. Mention this finding at the baby's 6-month checkup. 3. Do nothing because this condition is normal for the infant's age. 4. Call the clinic for a referral to an optometrist.

3. The nurse should advise the parents to do nothing because esotropia, inward turning of the eyes, is a normal finding in infants of this age.

An adolescent tells the school nurse that she would like to use tampons during her period. Which of the following would be most appropriate for the nurse to do? 1) Assess her usual menstrual flow pattern. 2) Determine whether she is sexually active. 3) Provide information about preventing toxic shock syndrome. 4) Refer her to a specialist in adolescent gynecology.

3. The nurse should provide the adolescent with information about toxic shock syndrome because of the identified relationship between tampon use and the syndrome's development.

Which of the following structures should be closed by the time the child is 2 months old? 1) Anterior fontanel 2) sagittal suture 3) Posterior fontanel 4) Frontal suture

3. The posterior fontanel should be closed by age 2 months. The anterior fontanel and sagittal and frontal sutures should be closed by age 18 months.

After having surgery to reduce the invagination of intussusception, an infant has a nasogastric tube in place, is receiving I.V. fluids, and is allowed nothing by mouth. In addition to body weight, which of the following parameters should the nurse use to calculate the amount of I.V. fluid and electrolyte solution to infuse over the next 24 hours? 1. Stool output. 2. Urine output. 3. Gastric output. 4. Degree of temperature elevation.

3. The volume of parenteral fluids needed is based on fluid requirements determined according to body weight and, in this situation, gastric output. If these fluids are not replaced with an appropriate I.V. solution, serious fluid and electrolyte imbalances could develop.

A mother tells the nurse that her 4 1/2-year-old child "doesn't seem to know the difference between right and wrong." The nurse responds to the mother, basing the explanation on the fact that this behavior is typical of which of the following levels as described by Kohlberg's theory of levels of moral development? 1. Autonomous. 2. Conventional. 3. Preconventional. 4. Principled.

3. This stage is typical of the preschool-aged child.

When preparing to admit an infant diagnosed with diarrhea to the pediatric unit, the nurse should expect to assign the infant to which of the following rooms? 1. A four-bed room with postoperative clients. 2. A two-bed room with an infant with respiratory disease. 3. A two-bed room with no roommate. 4. A room with other infants younger than age 1 year.

3. To reduce the risk of infection transmission, an infant with diarrhea of undetermined origin should be placed in a room alone until a causative organism can be identified.

a 10-month old looks for objects that have been removed from his view. The nurse should instruct the parents that: 1) Neuromuscular development enables the child to reach out and grasp objects. 2) The child's curiosity has increased. 3) The child understands the permanence of objects even though the child cannot see them. 4) The child is now able to transfer objects from hand to hand.

3. Understanding object permanence means that the child is aware of the existence of objects that are covered or displaced.

An adolescent tells the nurse that he would like to lose weight and asks the nurse's opinion on how to accomplish his goal. Which of the following suggestions would be most appropriate? 1. Exercising more often. 2. Severely limiting calorie intake. 3. Participating in an adolescent weight-reduction program. 4. Cutting down on sweets and other snacks.

3. Weight loss treatment modalities that include peer involvement have been proven to be the most successful approach with obese adolescents.

A parent says that her family will soon be traveling abroad and asks why the drinking water in many regions must be boiled. The nurse should explain that, in addition to various types of dysentery, contaminated drinking water is most commonly responsible for the transmission of which disease? 1. Yellow fever. 2. Brucellosis. 3. Poliomyelitis. 4. Typhoid fever.

4.

The mother of a 4-year-old child asks about dental care for her child. "I help brush her teeth every day, and her teeth look healthy," the mother states. "When should I take her to see a dentist?" Which of the following responses would be most appropriate? 1. Because you help brush her teeth, there's no need to see a dentist right now. 2. Ideally she should have seen a dentist already, but it's still not too late. 3. Your child doesn't need to see the dentist until she starts school. 4. A dental checkup is a good idea even if no problems are noticeable.

4.

what phenylalanine level in newborns is considered a positive test for PKU?

4 mg/dL

When is steady head control achieved?

4 months

A mother of an ill child is concerned because the child "isn't eating well." Which of the following strategies devised by the mother to help increase the child's intake should the nurse advise against using? 1. Allowing the child to choose his meals from an acceptable list of foods. 2. Letting the child substitute items on his tray for other nutritious foods. 3. Asking the child to say why he is not eating. 4. Telling the child he must eat or else he will not get better.

4.

The mother says that the infant's physician recommends certain foods, but the infant refuses to eat them after breast-feeding. The nurse should suggest that the mother alter the feeding plan by doing which of the following? 1. Offering dessert followed by some vegetables and meat. 2. Offering breast milk as long as the infant refuses to eat solid foods. 3. Mixing pureed food with some breast milk in a bottle with a large-hole nipple. 4. Allowing the infant to nurse for a few minutes and then offering solid foods.

4.

When caring for terminally ill children and their families, which of the following is recommended as most important for the nurse to have? 1. Experience with the death of a loved one. 2. Development of a belief that accepts life after death. 3. Participation in a course examining how best to deal with death and grieving. 4. A working personal philosophy concerning life and death.

4.

While planning interventions with the nurse that will allow the diabetic child to participate in an early morning tennis program at school, the mother offers several interventions. What should the nurse recommend eliminating? 1. Injecting the morning insulin dose in an area away from major muscles used in playing tennis. 2. Having the child eat more calories for breakfast on tennis days. 3. Having the child carry a source of quickly absorbed carbohydrate to the program. 4. Teaching the other children in the class the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia.

4.

The mother of a 1-month-old infant states that she is curious as to whether her infant is developing normally. Which of the following developmental milestones should the nurse expect the infant to perform? 1) Smiling and laughing out loud. 2) Rolling from front to side. 3) Holding a rattle briefly. 4) Turning the head from side to side.

4. A 1-month-old infant usually is able to lift the head and turn it from side to side when lying prone.

The nurse should refer the parents of an 8-month-old child to a health care provider if the child is unable to: 1) stand momentarily without holding onto furniture. 2) Stand alone well for long periods of time 3) Stoop to recover an object. 4) Sit without support for long periods of time.

4. A child of 8 months should sit without support for ling periods of time. His muscles are not developed enough to support all his weight without assistance.

In addition to immunizing for diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) during the first 6 months of life, the nurse should administer which of the following immunizations? 1) Mumps. 2) Measles. 3) Tuberculosis. 4) Hepatitis B.

4. A series of three injections of DTaP and a series of three injections of Hib vaccine are recommended during the first year of life. In addition the infant should receive three immunizations for hepatitis B.

After an appendectomy, an adolescent is alert and oriented. Parenteral fluids are infusing and a nasogastric tube is attached to low intermittent suction. Which of the following nursing measures would be most appropriate for the adolescent during this early postoperative period? 1. Irrigating the nasogastric tube every hour. 2. Testing the urine for protein. 3. Removing the nasogastric tube when the adolescent is fully alert. 4. Encouraging the adolescent to urinate frequently.

4. After an appendectomy, the adolescent should be encouraged to void frequently to prevent bladder distention which could cause strain on the incision.

After surgical repair of a cleft lip, an infant exhibits difficulty breathing. Which of the following measures should the nurse institute first? 1. Raising the infant's head. 2. Turning the infant onto the abdomen. 3. Administering oxygen by mask. 4. Exerting downward pressure on the infant's chin.

4. After the repair of a cleft lip, the infant must become accustomed to nasal breathing. If the infant is having difficulty breathing, it would be best to open the mouth by exerting downward pressure on the chin.

The school nurse is invited to attend a meeting with several parents who express frustration with the amount of time their adolescents spend in front of the mirror and the length of time it takes them to get dressed. The nurse explains that this behavior indicates: 1) An abnormal narcissism. 2) A method of procrastination. 3) A way of testing the parents' limit-setting. 4) A result of developing self-concept.

4. An adolescent's body is undergoing rapid changes. Adolescence is a time of integrating these rapidly occuring physical changes into the self-concept to achieve the developmental task of a positive self-identity.

When talking with grandparents of a toddler, which of the following toys should the nurse recommend as the most appropriate? 1. Tricycle. 2. Wheelbarrow. 3. Sled. 4. Blocks.

4. As toddlers begin imaginative play, blocks are an excellent toy choice.

After teaching the parents of a 15-month-old child who has undergone cleft palate repair how to use elbow restraints, which of the following statements by the parents indicates effective teaching? 1. We'll keep the restraints in place continuously until the doctor says it's okay to remove them. 2. We can take off the restraints while our child is playing but we'll make sure to put them back on at night. 3. The restraints should be taped directly to our child's arms so that they will stay in one place. 4. We'll remove the restraints temporarily at least three times a day to check his skin then put them right back on.

4. Elbow restraints help to keep the child from placing fingers or any other object in the mouth that would cause injury to the operative site.

Griseofulvin (Grisactin) was ordered to treat a child's ringworm of the scalp. The nurse instructs the parents to use the medication for several weeks for which of the following reasons? 1) A sensitivity to the drug is less likely if it is used over a period of time. 2) Fewer side effects occur as the body slowly adjusts to a new substance over time. 3) Fewer allergic reactions occur if the drug is maintained at the same level long-term. 4) The growth of the causative organism into new cells is prevented with long-term use.

4. Griseofulvin is an antifungal agent that acts by binding to the keratin that is deposited in the skin, hair and nails as they grow. This keratin is then resistant to the fungus. But as the keratin is normally shed, the fungus enters new, uninfected cells unless drug therapy continues.

The nurse is teaching the parents of an 8-month-old about what the child should eat. The nurse should include which of the following points in the teaching plan? 1) Items from all four food groups should be introduced to the infant by the time the child is 10 months old. 2) Solid foods should not be introduced until the infant is 10 months old. 3) Iron deficiency rarely develops before 12 months of age, so iron-fortified cereals should not be introduced until the infant is 12 months old. 4) The infant's diet can be changed from formula to whole milk when the infant is 12 months old.

4. Infants should be kept on formula or breast milk until 1 year of age. the protein in cow's milk is harder to digest than that found in formula.

The parents of teenagers express concerns about the types and large quantities of food their children eat and their refusal to eat foods served at family meals. Which of the following suggestions would be most helpful for the parents? 1. Carefully evaluate the adolescents' nutritional intake. 2. Inform the adolescents about the adverse effects of fad diets. 3. Give the adolescents responsibility for grocery shopping for 1 month. 4. Incorporate the adolescents' preferences into meal planning.

4. Preventing food intake from becoming the center of an independence-dependence struggle is important.

During a routine health assessment, a mother tells the nurse that her 2-year old child is using a potty seat but is still having problems toilet training. Which of the following suggestions would be most appropriate? 1. Offer the child more praise each time. 2. Use a potty chair instead of a potty seat. 3. Focus on the "accidents" that occur during training. 4. Defer training until the child is developmentally ready.

4. The most common reason for failed toilet training is that the child is simply not developmentally ready for training.

The nurse is discharging from the hospital an 8-month-old who weighs 15 lb. The parents have put the child in the back seat of the car with the car seat facing the front seat. The nurse should: 1) Ask the parents to wait while the nurse obtains the correct car seat. 2) Complete the discharge with the child facing the front seat. 3) Give the parents a manual on proper car seat placement. 4) Show the parents proper placement of the car seat facing the back seat.

4. The proper placement for a car seat for a child less than 20 lb and younger than 1 year is in the back seat, facing the rear of the car.

When administering an I.M. injection to a neonate, which of the following muscles should the nurse consider as the best injection site? 1. Deltoid. 2. Dorsogluteal. 3. Ventrogluteal. 4. Vastus Lateralis.

4. There is less danger of injuring nerves, blood vessels, or bony structures at this site.

The mother asks the nurse for advice about discipline for her 18-month-old. Which of the following should the nurse suggest that the mother use first? 1) Structured interactions. 2) Spanking. 3) Reasoning. 4) Time-out.

4. Time out is the most appropriate discipline for toddlers. It helps to remove them from the situation and allows them to regain control.

A 2-year-old always puts his teddy bear at the head of his bed before he goes to sleep. The parents ask the nurse if this behavior is normal. The nurse should explain to the parents that toddlers use ritualistic patterns to: 1) Establish a sense of identity. 2) Establish control over adults in their environment. 3) Establish sequenced patterns of learning behavior. 4)Establish a sense of security.

4. Toddlers establish ritualistic patterns to feel secure, despite inconsistencies in their environment.

After receiving report, the nurse is making out assignments. Which of the following clients would be appropriate to assign to unlicensed assistive personnel? 1. A 6-year-old with a femur fracture and a fever. 2. a 13-year-old adolescent with fluctuating vital signs and a new central line. 3. A 7-year-old transferred from the cardiac intensive care unit. 4. An 8-month-old with pneumonia who will be discharged today.

4. Unlicensed assistive personnel can care for a client with pneumonia who will be discharged.

When can an infant roll from stomach to back & back to stomach?

5-6 months

When does birth weight double?

6 months

Describe Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority

6 to 12 y.o. (School Age) -Ready to be workers & producers -They learn the rules -Decisive period in social relationships -May feel inadequate if they cannot measure up to standards. *Competence

how much must the child legally weigh to sit in the car w/out a booster seat?

60 lbs & 8 years old

A 3-month-old infant weighing 10 lb 15 oz has an axillary temperature of 98.9° F. What caloric amount does this child need?

600 calories/day Rationale:An infant requires 108 calories/kg/day. The first step is to change 10 lb 15 oz to 10.9 lb. Then convert pounds to kilograms by dividing pounds by 2.2, which is 10.9/2.2 = 4.954 kg, rounded to 5 kg. The second step is to multiply 108 calories/kg/day (108 × 5 = 540 calories/day). However, this infant requires 10% more calories because of the 1° F temperature elevation. Ten percent of 540 (calories/day) is 54 and 540 + 54 = 594. This infant will require approximately 600 calories/day

When does a child receive tonsillectomy?

7 episodes within in year or 3 to 5 episodes with a high fever within 2 years

When can an infant transfer objects from 1 hand to the other?

7 months

When can an infant sit unsupported?

8 months sit up straight = 8

When do the posterior fontanels close?

8 weeks

When is a child able to write script?

8 y.o.

As part of the physical assessment of children, the nurse observes and palpates the fontanels. Which child's fontanel finding should be reported to the healthcare provider?

A 6-month-old with failure to thrive that has a closed anterior fontanel.

In terms of cognitive development the 5-year-old child would be expected to: a. Use magical thinking. b. Think abstractly. c. Understand conservation of matter. d. Be unable to comprehend another person's perspective.

ANS: A Magical thinking is believing that thoughts can cause events. Abstract thought does not develop until school-age years. The concept of conservation is the cognitive task of school-age children ages 5 to 7 years. Five-year-olds cannot understand another's perspective.

A 3 week old newborn is brought to the clinic for a follow up after a home birth. The mother reports that her child bottle feeds for 5 min only and falls asleep. The nurse auscultates a loud murmur characteristic of a ventricular septal defect (VSD), and finds the newborn is acyanotic w/ respiratory rate of 64 breaths per min. What instruction should the nurse provide the mother to ensure the infant is receiving adequate intake? (Select all that apply)

A- Monitor the infant's weight and # of wet diapers per day B- Increase the infant's intake per feeding by 1-2 ounces per week d. allow the infant to rest and reefed on demand or every 2 hrs E. use a softer nipple or increase the size of the nipple opening Rationale: Correct responses are A,B,D, E. neonates who have VSD may fatigue quickly during feeding and ingest inadequate amounts. They should be monitored for weight gain and at least 6 wet diapers per day. A one month old should ingest 2-4 ounces of formula per feeding and progress to about 30 ounces per day by 4 months of age. Due to fatigue, the infant should rest, but feed at least every 2 hours to ensure adequate intake. A softer (preemie) nipple or a larger slit in the nipple helps to reduce the sucking effort and energy expenditure, thus allowing the infant to ingest more w/ less effort. Antibiotoic prophylaxis is recommended for infants w/ VSDs, but should not be mixed in a bottle of formula because it is difficult to ensure tha the total dose is consumed

13. Which procedure uses high-frequency sound waves created by a transducer to produce an image of cardiac structures? A. Echocardiography B. Electrocardiography C. Cardiac catheterization D. Electrophysiology (EPS)

A. Echocardiography Echocardiography uses high-frequency sound waves. The child must lie completely still. With the improvements in technology, diagnosis can sometimes be made without cardiac catheterization. B. Electrocardiography Electrocardiography is a tracing of the electrical path of the depolarization action of myocardial cells. C. Cardiac catheterization Cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure in which a catheter is threaded into the heart. D. Electrophysiology (EPS) EPS is an invasive procedure in which catheters with electrodes are used to record the impulses of the heart directly from the conduction system.

10. Cystic fibrosis may affect single or multiple systems of the body. The primary factor responsible for possible multiple clinical manifestations is: A. mechanical obstruction caused by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions. B. atrophic changes in mucosal wall of intestines. C. hypoactivity of the autonomic nervous system. D. hyperactivity of sweat glands.

A. mechanical obstruction caused by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions. Children with cystic fibrosis have thick mucous gland secretions. The viscous secretions obstruct small passages in organs such as the pancreas. B. atrophic changes in mucosal wall of intestines. Thick mucous secretions are the probable cause of the multiple body system involvement. C. hypoactivity of the autonomic nervous system. There is an identified autonomic nervous system anomaly, but it is not hypoactivity. D. hyperactivity of sweat glands. The sweat glands are not hyperactive. The child loses a greater amount of salt because of abnormal chloride movement.

11. The parent of a child with cystic fibrosis calls the clinic nurse and describes signs and symptoms of tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis. The most appropriate action by the nurse is to tell the parent to immediately bring the child to the clinic. These symptoms are suggestive of: A. pneumothorax. B. bronchodilation. C. carbon dioxide retention. D. increased viscosity of sputum.

A. pneumothorax. The child is exhibiting signs of increasing respiratory distress suggestive of pneumothorax. The child needs to be seen as soon as possible. B. bronchodilation. These conditions would not produce the symptoms listed. C. carbon dioxide retention. These conditions would not produce the symptoms listed. D. increased viscosity of sputum. The increased viscosity of sputum is characteristic of cystic fibrosis. The described change in respiratory status is potentially due to a pneumothorax.

5. An infant with a congenital heart defect is receiving palivizumab (Synagis). The purpose of this is to: A. prevent RSV infection. B. prevent secondary bacterial infection. C. decrease toxicity of antiviral agents. D. make isolation of infant with RSV unnecessary.

A. prevent RSV infection. Synagis is a monoclonal antibody specific for RSV. Monthly administration is initiated to prevent infection with RSV. B. prevent secondary bacterial infection. The antibody is specific to RSV, not bacterial infection. C. decrease toxicity of antiviral agents. Synagis will have no effect on the toxicity of antiviral agents. D. make isolation of infant with RSV unnecessary. The goal of this drug is prevention of RSV. It will not affect the need to isolate the child if RSV develops.

Compare the dietary interventions for AGN and nephrosis

AGN: low sodium diet nephrosis: high protein, low salt diet

Compare dietary interventions for AGN and nephrosis

AGN: low sodium diet with NO added salt Nephrosis: high protein, low salt diet

What is the pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease?

Acute systemic vasculitis that can cause damage to vessels, including the coronary arteries that supply blood flow to the heart.

Reye Syndorme

Acute, rapidly progressing encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunction associated w/ aspirin use. Only disorder you use aspirin in for children is Kawasaki Disease.

What diet should the child with Kawasaki be on?

Clear liquids and soft foods

A parent of an 18-month-old boy tells the nurse that he says "no" to everything and has rapid mood swings. If he is scolded, he shows anger and then immediately wants to be held. The nurse's best interpretation of this behavior is that: a. This is normal behavior for his age. b. This is unusual behavior for his age. c. He is not effectively coping with stress. d. He is showing he needs more attention.

ANS: A Toddlers use distinct behaviors in the quest for autonomy. They express their will with continued negativity and the use of the word "no." Children at this age also have rapid mood swings. The nurse should reassure the parents that their child is engaged in expected behavior for an 18-month-old.

In terms of gross motor development, what would the nurse expect a 5-month-old infant to do? Choose all that apply. a. Roll from abdomen to back b. Put feet in mouth when supine c. Roll from back to abdomen d. Sit erect without support e. Move from prone to sitting position f. Adjust posture to reach an object

ANS: A, B Rolling from abdomen to back and placing the feet in the mouth when supine are developmentally appropriate for a 5-month-old infant.

What describes a toddler's cognitive development at age 20 months? a. Searches for an object only if he or she sees it being hidden b. Realizes that "out of sight" is not out of reach c. Puts objects into a container but cannot take them out d. Understands the passage of time such as "just a minute" and "in an hour"

ANS: B At this age the child is in the final sensorimotor stage. Children will now search for an object in several potential places, even though they saw only the original hiding place. Children have a more developed sense of objective permanence. They will search for objects even if they have not seen them hidden. Putting an object in a container but being able to take it out indicates tertiary circular reactions. An embryonic sense of time exists, although the children may behave appropriately to time-oriented phrases; their sense of timing is exaggerated.

Which statement best describes fear in school-age children? a. They are increasingly fearful for body safety. b. Most of the new fears that trouble them are related to school and family. c. They should be encouraged to hide their fears to prevent ridicule by peers. d. Those who have numerous fears need continuous protective behavior by parents to eliminate these fears.

ANS: B During the school-age years children experience a wide variety of fears, but new fears related predominantly to school and family bother children during this time. During the middle-school years children become less fearful of body safety than they were as preschoolers. Parents and other persons involved with children should discuss their fear with them individually or as a group activity. Sometimes school-age children hide their fears to avoid being teased. Hiding the fears does not end them and may lead to phobias.

Which statement accurately describes physical development during the school-age years? a. The child's weight almost triples. b. A child grows an average of 2 inches per year. c. Few physical differences are apparent among children at the end of middle childhood. d. Fat gradually increases, which contributes to the child's heavier appearance.

ANS: B In middle childhood growth in height and weight occur at a slower pace. Between the ages of 6 to 12 years, children grow 2 inches per year. In middle childhood children's weight will almost double; they gain 3 kg/year. At the end of middle childhood girls grow taller and gain more weight than boys. Children take on a slimmer look with longer legs in middle childhood.

Burns

Age risks: toddlers, older flame related, child abuse, matches.

A group of boys ages 9 and 10 years have formed a "boys-only" club that is open to neighborhood and school friends who have skateboards. This should be interpreted: a. Behavior that encourages bullying and sexism. b. Behavior that reinforces poor peer relationships. c. Characteristic of social development of this age. d. Characteristic of children who later are at risk for membership in gangs.

ANS: C One of the outstanding characteristics of middle childhood is the creation of formalized groups or clubs. Peer-group identification and association are essential to a child's socialization. Poor relationships with peers and a lack of group identification can contribute to bullying. A boys-only club does not have a direct correlation with later gang activity.

The nurse is aware that the earliest age at which an infant is able to sit steadily alone is _____ months. a. 4 b. 5 c. 8 d. 15

ANS: C The infant can sit alone without support at about 8 months of age.

Peer relationships become more important during adolescence because: a. Adolescents dislike their parents. b. Adolescents no longer need parental control. c. They provide adolescents with a feeling of belonging. d. They promote a sense of individuality in adolescents.

ANS: C The peer group serves as a strong support to teenagers, providing them with a sense of belonging and strength and power. During adolescence the parent/child relationship changes from one of protection-dependency to one of mutual affection and quality. Parents continue to play an important role in the personal and health-related decisions. The peer group forms the transitional world between dependence and autonomy.

The most common cause of death in the adolescent age-group involves: a. Drownings. b. Firearms. c. Drug overdoses. d. Motor vehicles.

ANS: D 36% of all adolescent deaths in the United States are the result of motor vehicle accidents. Drownings, firearms, and drug overdoses are major concerns in adolescence but do not cause the majority of deaths.

A mother calls the pediatrician's office because her infant is "colicky." The helpful measure the nurse would suggest to the parent is to: a. sing songs to the infant in a soft voice. b. place the infant in a well-lit room. c. walk around and massage the infant's back. d. rock the fussy infant slowly and gently.

ANS: D One technique the nurse can offer parents of a fussy infant is to rock the infant gently and slowly while being careful to avoid sudden movements.

A 17-month-old child would be expected to be in what stage according to Piaget? a. Trust b. Preoperations c. Secondary circular reaction d. Tertiary circular reaction

ANS: D The 17-month-old is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase: tertiary circular reactions. The child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. Trust is Erikson's first stage. Preoperations is the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers. Secondary circular reactions last from about ages 4 to 8 months.

Which characteristic best describes the gross motor skills of a 24-month-old child? a. Skips b. Rides tricycle c. Broad jumps d. Walks up and down stairs

ANS: D The 24-month-old child can go up and down stairs alone with two feet on each step. Skipping and the ability to broad jump are skills acquired at age 3. Tricycle riding is achieved at age 4.

An adolescent boy tells the nurse that he has recently had homosexual feelings. The nurse's response should be based on knowledge that: a. This indicates that the adolescent is homosexual. b. This indicates that the adolescent will become homosexual as an adult. c. The adolescent should be referred for psychotherapy. d. The adolescent should be encouraged to share his feelings and experiences.

ANS: D These adolescents are at increased risk for health-damaging behaviors, not because of the sexual behavior itself, but because of society's reaction to the behavior. The nurse's first priority is to give the young man permission to discuss his feelings about this topic, knowing that the nurse will maintain confidentially, appreciate his feelings, and remain sensitive to his need to talk it. In recent studies among self-identified gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents, many of the adolescents report changing their self-labels one or more times during their adolescence.

What is the pathophysiology of PDA?

Abnormal opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery

Hirschsprung Disease

Absence of plexus-inadequate relaxation -Obstruction - distention proximal bowel -Bowel wall pressure - decreased BF - ischemia The condition is present at birth (congenital) as a result of missing nerve cells in the muscles of the baby's colon. Clinical Manifestations: -Age dependent -Failure to pass meconium/bilious vomiting -Abdominal distention, FTT -Chronic constipation/impaction Nursing MGMT: -Age/clinical condition dependent -Abdominal circumferences -Post-op care -Family support

The nurse is teaching the parents of a 5-year-old with cystic fibrosis about respiratory treatments. Which statement indicates to the nurse that the parents understand?

Administer aerosol therapy followed by postural drainage before meals.

Which intervention(s) should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the mother of a 6-year-old who is experiencing encopresis secondary to a fecal impaction? (Select all that apply.)

Administer mineral oil daily. Eliminate dairy products. Initiate consistent toileting routine. Rationale: Encopresis is fecal incontinence, usually as the result of recurring fecal impaction and an enlarged rectum caused by chronic constipation. Encopresis is managed through bowel retraining with mineral oil, eliminating dairy products, and initiating a regular toileting routine. A high-fiber diet and increased daily fluids are components of care for a child with encopresis.

A 16-year-old is brought to the Emergency Center with a crushed leg after falling off a horse. The adolescent's last tetanus toxoid booster was received eight years ago. What action should the nurse take?

Administer tetanus toxoid booster.

The nurse should teach the parents of a child with a cyanotic heart defect to perform which action when a hypercyanotic spell occurs?

Allow the child to assume a knee-chest position, with the head and chest slightly elevated. Rationale: Assuming a knee-chest position with the head and chest slightly elevated will help restore hemodynamic equilibrium.

Which nursing intervention(s) is (are) therapeutic when caring for a hospitalized toddler? (Select all that apply.)

Allow the toddler to choose a colored Band-Aid after an injection & Give brief but simple explanations to the child before procedures. Rationale: Giving the toddler a choice may increase autonomy in the hospitalized setting. Brief but simple explanations are beneficial with the toddler. Separation from the parent can cause emotional distress. Regression is expected, and bedwetting is not an indication for a urinary catheter. The nurse should encourage age-appropriate toys to be brought in from home.

Which nursing diagnosis has the highest priority when planning care for an infant with eczema?

Altered comfort (pruritus) related to vesicular skin eruptions Rationale: Altered comfort (pruritus) has the highest priority because itching will cause the infant to scratch, creating complications such as scarring or infection.

A 2-year-old child recently diagnosed with hemophilia A is discharged home. What information should the nurse include in a teaching plan about home care?

Apply pressure and ice for bleeding while elevating and resting the extremity.

temper tantrums

Are common in toddlers and are considered normal or average 1. many children who have difficulty w/ this have been labeled "bad" and this degrades the child. Parents needs to notice and praise the child when they do something good. 2. many tantrums are related to one aspect of the child's life and this needs to be identified quickly so change and coping strategies w/ this aspect can be identified. 3. If the tantrums are causing harm to the child himself or to others professional help may be necessary. 4. Parents who discipline the child during a tantrum may worsen the tantrum

During routine screening at a school clinic, an otoscope examination of a child's ear reveals a tympanic membrane that is pearly gray, slightly bulging, and not movable. Based on these findings, what action should the nurse take?

Ask if the child has had a cold, runny nose, or any ear pain lately. Rationale: The tympanic membrane is normally pearly gray, not bulging, and moves when a client blows against resistance or when a small puff of air is blown into the ear canal. Because these findings are not completely normal, further assessment of history and related signs and symptoms are needed to interpret the findings accurately.

What position should the patient assume when they are experiencing a hypercyanotic-spell

Assume knee-chest position with the head and the feet slightly elevated

Eczema(face, elbow, knees)

Atopic dermatitis Inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic in nature, presenting many forms of dry or moist lesions.

"A mother tells the nurse that her child does not want anything to do with toilet training and yells "NO!" consistently when she tries to toilet train. The child is 2 years old. According to Erikson, the nurse interprets that the child is experiencing which psychosocial crisis?" a. autonomy vs shame and doubt b. initiative vs guilt c. industry vs inferiority d. trust vs mistrust

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

A nurse is evaluating the developmental level of a 2-year-old. Which of the following does the nurse expect to observe in this child? A) Uses a fork to eat B) Uses a cup to drink C) Uses a knife for cutting food D) Pours own milk into a cup

B. By age 2 years, the child can use a cup and can use a spoon correctly but with some spilling. By ages 3 to 4, the child begins to use a fork. By the end of the preschool period, the child should be able to pour milk into a cup and begin to use a knife for cutting.

Describe Piaget's Sensorimotor stage.

Birth - 2 y.o. -object permanence (object exists even though it is not longer visible) -governed by sensations in which simple learning takes place -- imitative behavior, cause & effect, problem solving by trial & error.

Norms for growth and development

Birth weight doubles by 6 months, triples by yr Peek a boo by 6 month Sits upright without support by 8 pincher grip by 10-12

21. The nurse is preparing to administer digoxin (Lanoxin) orally to a 9-month-old infant. The nurse checks the dose and prepares to draw up 4 ml of the drug. The most appropriate nursing action is to: A. mix the dose with juice to disguise the drug's taste. B. hold the dose because a dosage error is suspected, check the orders, and check the dosage with another nurse. C. check the heart rate, then administer the dose by placing it at the back and side of the mouth. D. check the heart rate, then administer the dose by letting the infant suck it through a nipple.

B. hold the dose because a dosage error is suspected, check the orders, and check the dosage with another nurse. Digoxin is often prescribed in micrograms. Rarely is more than 1 ml administered to an infant. Because it is a potentially dangerous drug, administration guidelines are very precise. Pediatric medication dosages should be checked with another professional before administration. A. mix the dose with juice to disguise the drug's taste. The nurse has drawn up too much medication. C. check the heart rate, then administer the dose by placing it at the back and side of the mouth. Checking the heart rate and administering the dose by placing it at the back and side of the mouth is a correct procedure, but too much medication has been prepared. D. check the heart rate, then administer the dose by letting the infant suck it through a nipple. Checking the heart rate and administering the dose by letting the infant suck it through a nipple is a correct procedure, but too much medication has been prepared.

4. The mother of a 20-month-old child tells the nurse that the child has a barking cough at night. The child's temperature is 37° C (98.6° F). Based on the nurse's knowledge of upper respiratory infections, this is a symptom of croup. The nurse should recommend to: A. control the fever with acetaminophen and call if the cough gets worse tonight. B. try a cool-mist vaporizer at night and watch for signs of difficulty breathing. C. try over-the-counter cough medicine and come to the clinic tomorrow if there is no improvement. D. admit to the hospital and observe for impending epiglottitis.

B. try a cool-mist vaporizer at night and watch for signs of difficulty breathing. Because the child is not having difficulty breathing, the nurse should teach the parents the signs of respiratory distress and tell them to come to the emergency department if they develop. Cool mist is recommended to provide relief. A. control the fever with acetaminophen and call if the cough gets worse tonight. The child does not have a temperature to manage. C. try over-the-counter cough medicine and come to the clinic tomorrow if there is no improvement. Cough suppressants are not indicated. D. admit to the hospital and observe for impending epiglottitis. A barking cough and temperature of 37° C are characteristic of laryngotracheobronchitis, not epiglottitis.

The nurse observes a 4-year-old boy in a day care setting. Which behavior should the nurse expect this child to exhibit?

Boasts aggressively when telling a story Rationale: Four-year-old children are aggressive in their behavior and enjoy telling tales

A child is admitted to the hospital for confirmation of a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. During the initial nursing assessment, which symptoms will this child most likely exhibit?

Bone pain, pallor Rationale: Leukemic cells invade the bone marrow, gradually causing a weakening of the bone and a tendency toward pathologic fractures. As leukemic cells invade the periosteum, increasing pressure causes severe pain and anemia results from decreased erythrocytes, causing pallor.

Resp failure infants

Brady Deceased rr Apneic Deceased loc Grunting Deceased breath sounds

A mother calls the clinic because her 6-year-old son, who has been taking prescribed antibiotics for 7 of the previous 10 days, continues to have a cough that she reports is worsening. Further questioning by the nurse reveals that the cough is nonproductive. What advice should the nurse provide to this mother?

Bring the child to the clinic today for an examination related to the cough. Rationale: The child should be evaluated as soon as possible for pneumonia. Antibiotics usually improve symptoms during the first few days of treatment but should be continued for the full prescribed course. A continued cough after 7 days of antibiotic treatment may indicate an infectious process in the lower lungs, which could cause a nonproductive cough. Children with pneumonia can deteriorate unexpectedly and rapidly and can become seriously ill, with no sputum production

The nurse explains that by the age of 6 months an iron-rich formula should be offered because the infant has: a. limited ability to produce red blood cells. b. ineffective digestive enzymes. c. exhausted maternal iron stores. d. need of the iron to support dentition.

C

CLEFT LIP-POST OP CARE

C Choking L Lie on back E Elevate airway F Feed Slowly T Teaching L Larger Nipple Opening I Incidence increased in males P Prevent Crust Formation & Aspiration

Diaper dermatitis

Casues: urine, stool or diaper itself, candida, bacteria staph or strep. . Treat: BUTT paste, change diaper right away, air exposure, antifungal or antibiotic creams

Exposure to _______ causes aplastic anemia?

certain drugs such as chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and phenylbutazone, and insecticides

23. The primary therapy for secondary hypertension in children is: A. eating a low-salt diet. B. reducing body weight. C. treating the underlying cause. D. increasing exercise and fitness.

C. treating the underlying cause. Secondary hypertension is a result of an underlying disease process or structural abnormality. It is usually necessary to treat the problem before the hypertension will be controlled. A. eating a low-salt diet. The low-salt diet, weight reduction, and increased exercise and fitness are usually effective for essential hypertension. B. reducing body weight. The low-salt diet, weight reduction, and increased exercise and fitness are usually effective for essential hypertension. D. increasing exercise and fitness. The low-salt diet, weight reduction, and increased exercise and fitness are usually effective for essential hypertension.

Directional trends in growth and development are easily seen in the neonate. Which term describes development in the head-to-tail direction?

Cephalocaudal trend

What is cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth.

When taking the health history of a child, the nurse know what which finding is an early indication of hypothyroidism in children?

Cessation of growth in a child that had been normal

When taking the health history of a child, the nurse knows that which finding is an early indication of hypothyroidism in children?

Cessation of growth in a child that had been normal.

A full term infant is admitted to the newborn nursery. After careful assessment, the nurse suspects that the infant may have an esophageal atresia. Which symptoms are this newborn likely to exhibit?

Choking, coughing, and cyanosis.

Seborrhea Dermatitis(cradle cap)

Chronic recurrent, inflammatory reaction of the skin. Loos yellow greasy scaling, Most common with infants. Treat: remove the crusts, clean scalp.

Nursing care for black widows

Cleanse bite area with antiseptic, give antibiotic, corticosteroids, analgesic for pain, possible skin graft

Immunization

Cold doesn't stop it unless > 99 Use acetaminophen orally

A 2-year-old child with Down syndrome is brought to the clinic for his regular physical examination. The nurse knows which problem is frequently associated with Down syndrome?

Congenital heart disease.

Cool mist therapy

Cool mist therapy may be prescribed to liquefy secretions and to assist in breathing. If the use of a tent or hood is causing distress, treatment may be more effective if the child is held by the parent and a cool mist is directed toward the child's face (blow-by).

A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room because he swallowed an entire bottle of children's vitamin pills. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?

Determine the child's pulse and respirations.

7. A child with asthma is having pulmonary function tests. Which explains the purpose of the forced expiratory volume (FEV1)? A. Confirm the diagnosis of asthma B. Determine the cause of asthma C. Identify the "triggers" of asthma D. Assess the severity of asthma

D. Assess the severity of asthma The forced expiratory volume measures the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in the first second. This can provide an objective measure of pulmonary function compared with the child's baseline. A. Confirm the diagnosis of asthma Diagnosis of asthma is made on the basis of clinical manifestations, history, and physical examination. B. Determine the cause of asthma The cause of asthma is inflammation, bronchospasm, and obstruction. C. Identify the "triggers" of asthma Some of the triggers of asthma are identified with allergy testing.

The nurse is having difficulty communicating with a hospitalized 6-year-old child. Which approach by the nurse is most helpful in establishing communication?

Engage the child through drawing pictures.

18. Which is classified as a mixed-blood cardiac defect? A. Pulmonic stenosis B. Atrial septal defect C. Patent ductus arteriosus D. Transposition of the great arteries

D. Transposition of the great arteries Transposition of the great arteries allows the mixing of blood in the heart. A. Pulmonic stenosis Pulmonic stenosis is classified as an obstructive defect. B. Atrial septal defect Atrial septal defect is classified as a defect with increased pulmonary blood flow. C. Patent ductus arteriosus Patent ductus arteriosus is classified as a defect with increased pulmonary blood flow.

17. A young child with tetralogy of Fallot may assume a posturing position as a compensatory mechanism. The position automatically assumed by the child is: A. Low Fowler's. B. prone. C. supine. D. knee-chest.

D. knee-chest. The squatting or knee-chest position decreases the amount of blood returning to the heart and allows the child time to compensate. A. Low Fowler's. Low Fowler's position would assist with respiratory issues but would not assist with the need for cardiac compensation. B. prone. Prone does not offer any advantage to the child. C. supine. Supine does not offer any advantage to the child.

22. Nursing care of the infant or child with congestive heart failure includes: A. forcing fluids appropriate for the patient's age. B. monitoring respirations during active periods. C. giving larger feedings less often to conserve energy. D. organizing activities to allow for uninterrupted sleep.

D. organizing activities to allow for uninterrupted sleep. The child needs to be well rested before feeding. The child's needs should be met as quickly as possible to minimize crying. The nurse must organize care to facilitate a decrease in the child's energy expenditure. A. forcing fluids appropriate for the patient's age. The child who has congestive heart failure has an excess of fluid. B. monitoring respirations during active periods. Monitoring of vital signs is appropriate, but minimizing energy expenditure is a priority. C. giving larger feedings less often to conserve energy. The child often cannot tolerate larger feedings.

15. Traditionally, congenital heart defects have been divided into acyanotic or cyanotic defects. Based on the nurse's knowledge of congenital heart defects, this system is: A. helpful, because it explains the hemodynamics involved. B. helpful, because cyanotic defects are easily identified. C. problematic, because cyanosis is rarely present in children. D. problematic, because acyanotic heart defects may have cyanosis.

D. problematic, because acyanotic heart defects may have cyanosis. The classification is problematic. Children with traditionally named acyanotic defects may be cyanotic, and children with traditionally classified cyanotic defects may appear pink, although they may eventually become cyanotic. A. helpful, because it explains the hemodynamics involved. The classification does not reflect the path of blood flow within the heart. B. helpful, because cyanotic defects are easily identified. Children with cyanosis may be easily identified, but that does not help with the diagnosis. C. problematic, because cyanosis is rarely present in children. Cyanosis is present when children have defects in which oxygenated blood and unoxygenated blood are mixed.

14. A nurse caring for a child post cardiac catheterization assesses that the distal pulse of the catheter site is weaker and capillary refill is less than three seconds. The most appropriate nursing action is to: A. elevate the affected extremity. B. notify the physician of the observation. C. apply warm compresses to the insertion site. D. record the assessment finding and continue to monitor.

D. record the assessment finding and continue to monitor. The pulse distal to the catheter insertion site may be weaker for the first few hours after catheterization. It should gradually increase in strength. A. elevate the affected extremity. Elevation is not necessary; the extremity is kept straight. B. notify the physician of the observation. Because a weaker pulse is an expected finding, the nurse should document this and continue to monitor. C. apply warm compresses to the insertion site. The insertion site is kept dry.

2. A humidified atmosphere is recommended for a young child with an upper respiratory tract infection because this environment facilitates: A. liquefying secretions. B. improving oxygenation. C. promoting ventilation. D. soothing inflamed mucous membrane.

D. soothing inflamed mucous membrane. By humidifying the inspired air, the membranes inflamed by the infection and dry air are soothed. A. liquefying secretions. The size of the droplets is too large to liquefy secretions. B. improving oxygenation. No additional oxygen is provided with humidified air. C. promoting ventilation. The humidity has no effect on ventilation.

9. One of the goals for children with asthma is to prevent respiratory infection. The reason for this goal is that respiratory infection can: A. encourage exercise-induced asthma. B. increase sensitivity to allergens. C. lessen the effectiveness of medications. D. trigger an episode or aggravate an asthmatic state.

D. trigger an episode or aggravate an asthmatic state. Respiratory infections can trigger an asthmatic attack. Annual influenza vaccine is recommended. All respiratory equipment should be kept clean. A. encourage exercise-induced asthma. Exercise-induced asthma is caused by vigorous activity. B. increase sensitivity to allergens. Sensitivity to allergens is independent of respiratory infection. C. lessen the effectiveness of medications. The infection affects the asthma, not the medications.

Deep full thickness burn

Damage to all layers, to mucsle, tendons, bones: color variable, dull, dry, charring, ligaments, bone or tendons. NO pain, heals within months, graft, amputation possible.

Full thickness burn(3rd degree)

Damage to entire epidermis and dermis and possible subQ tissue, Nerves, hair follicle, sweat glands destroyed. Red, white, tan, black, brown. Dry, leathery, no blanching. Burns heals(painful), sensations & severity of pain increases. Heals within months, scar left, graft required.

Superficial partial thickness(2nd degree)

Damage to entire epidermis, dermis intact, Pink to red w/blisters, mild moderate edema and no eschar, blanches with pressure. Pain heals in 14 to 21 days, variable scars, sensitive to temp changes and light touch.

In making the initial assessment of a 2-hour-old infant, which finding should lead the nurse to suspect a congenital heart defect?

Diminished femoral pulses Rationale: Diminished femoral pulses (D) could indicate coarctation of the aorta.

The nurse expects a 2-year-old child to exhibit which behavior?

Display possessiveness with toys. Rationale: Two-year-old children are egocentric and unable to share with other children.

The mother of a preschool-aged child asks the nurse if it is all right to administer Pepto Bismol to her son when he "has a tummy ache." After reminding the mother to check the label of all over-the-counter drugs for the presence of aspirin, which instruction should the nurse include when replying to this mother's question?

Do not give if the child has chickenpox, the flu, or any other viral illness.

School age

Each yr gains 4-6 lbs grows 2 inches Socialization with peers very important

ICP S?S

Early signs include a slight change in level of consciousness, headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances (diplopia), seizures. Late signs of increased ICP include a significant decrease in level of consciousness, bradycardia, decreased motor and sensory responses, alterations in pupil size and reactivity, posturing, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and coma

Which restraint should be used for a toddler after a cleft palate repair?

Elbow

What lab findings can determine RHD?

Elevated erthyocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Elevated ASO titer.

The mother of a 4-year-old child asks the nurse what she can do to help her other children cope with their sibling's hospitalizations. Which is the best response that the nurse should offer?

Encourage the mother to have the children visit the hospitalized sibling.

A 16yo male is hospitalized for cystic fibrosis. He will be an inpatient for 2 weeks while he receives IV antibiotics. As the nurse caring for this pt. what action can you take that will most enhance his psychosocial development?

Encourage the teen's friends to visit him in the hospital.

what is one way to measure the adequacy of fluid replacement?

Evaluating urinary output

How is a child usually positioned after brain tumor surgery?

Flat or on either side

The nurse is teaching the parents of a 2-year-old child with a congenital heart defect about signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Which information about the child is most important for the parents to report to the health care provider?

Exhibits a sudden and unexplained weight gain Rationale: Sudden and unexplained weight gain (B) can indicate fluid retention and is a sign of congestive heart failure.

what are the physical assessment findings for a child with asthma?

Expiratory wheezing, rales, tight cough, and signs of altered blood gases

A 6-year-old is admitted to the pediatric unit after falling off a bicycle. Which intervention should the nurse implement to assist the child's adjustment to hospitalization?

Explain hospital schedules to the child, such as mealtimes.

A 15-year-old girl tells the school nurse that all of her friends have started their periods and she feels abnormal because she has not. Which response is best for the nurse provide?

Explain that menarche varies and occurs between the ages of 12 and 18 years

Patent ductus arteriosus

Failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus (artery connecting the aorta and the pulmonary artery) to close. A characteristic machinery-like murmur is present, and the infant may show signs of heart failure.

Tech parents that child is at risk for hemorrhage during when?

First 24 hours and 5 to 10 days post surgery

How is a child usually positioned after brain tumor surgery

Flat or on either Side

the nurse must evaluate possible complications associated with traction. Which of the following assessment indicates a potential CIRCULATORY complication? Numbness and tingling of toes---this is NEURO not circulatory Poor dorsiflexion of the foot Capillary refill of 1-2 seconds Foot feels cool to touch

Foot feels cool to touch

Why are fractures of the epiphyseal plate a special concern?

Fractures of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) may affect the growth of the limb

A 17yo male is being seen in the ER. In order to obtain the adolescent's health information, his nurse should:

Gather info. during a casual conversation

What is the alternative name for Rubella? Is it contagious? If so for how long? How is it transmitted? What are the symptoms?

German Measles Common viral disease that has teratogenic effects on fetus during 1st trimester of pregnancy. Transmitted by droplet & direct contact with infected person. Sx: discrete red maculopaular rash that starts on face and rapidly spreads to entire body. Rash disappears w/in 3 days. *Postauricular, suboccipital nodes.

Iron supplementation

Give on an empty stomach, educate it can stain the teeth so the patient needs to wash/brush their teeth after administration or they need to take it through a straw or using a dropper in the back of the throat, take with OJ or citrus juice to increase absorption (iron needs an acidic environment to be absorbed), Teach that stools will become tarry,

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a 3-year-old who is scheduled for a cardiac catheterization. To assist in decreasing anxiety for the child on the day of the procedure, which intervention is best for the nurse to implement?

Give the child a ride on a gurney to visit the cardiac catheterization lab and meet a nurse who works there.

The nurse would advise a mother who is concerned because her 10-month-old is lethargic to__________.

Go to the Emergency Department

Management of FTT

Goal= reverse cause Reverse malnutrition -Interdisciplinary -"Catch-up" calories -Dietary supplements Positive feeding environment Education

What is the Gowers sign?

Gowers sign is an indicator of muscular dystrophy; to stand, the child has to "walk" hands up legs

Glomerulonephritis

Gross hematuria, resulting in dark, smoky, cola-colored or brown-colored urine, is a classic symptom of glomerulonephritis. Will see a increased urinary specific gravity.

A 12-month-old boy is admitted with a respiratory infection and possible pneumonia. He is placed in a mist tent with oxygen. Which nursing intervention has the greatest priority for this infant?

Have a bulb syringe readily available to remove secretions

A burned child is brought to the emergency department, and the nurse uses a modified rule of nines to estimate the percentage of the body burned. When calculating the percentage of burn, which parts of the child's body is proportionally larger than an adult's?

Head and neck Rationale: The standard rule of nines is inaccurate for determining burned body surface areas with children because a child's head and neck are proportionately larger than an adult's. Specially designed charts are commonly used to measure the percentage of burn in children.

What is the most common presenting symptoms of a brain tumor

Headache on awakening

What is the nursing goal for a child with Down Syndrome

Help the child reach his or her optimal level of funcitoning

GI Assessment

Hx -Feeding habits -bowel habits -change in appetite/fluids Physical -I&O -Ht & wt -Abdominal assessment -Abdominal circumference

Pyloric Stenosis

Hypertrophy/hyperplasia circular smooth muscle Lumen narrows & lengthens Form of gastric outlet obstruction, which means a blockage from the stomach to the intestines. Clinical Manifestations -Projectile vomiting (non-bilious) -Hungry, irritable, FTT -Peristaltic waves -Olive-sized mass in RUQ Nursing Care -Correct dehydration/electrolyte imbalance -NPO until post-op -I & O/ daily weights -Parental support & edu

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is prescribed for a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The nurse provides instructions to the mother regarding the administration of the medication. Which statement by the mother would indicate a need for further instructions? a. I will administer the medication with the noontime meal b. I will keep the medication tightly capped and away from direct heat c. I should inform the school nurse that my child is taking this medication d. I should avoid giving the medications on Saturdays and Sundays to provide a medication holiday

I should avoid giving the medications on Saturdays and Sundays to provide a medication holiday

The nurse is giving preoperative instruction to a 14-year-old female client who is scheduled for surgery to correct a spinal curvature. Which statement by the client best demonstrates that learning has taken place?

I understand that I will be in a body cast and I will show you how you taught me to turn

A nurse caring for a child with congestive heart failure provides instructions to the parents regarding the administration of digoxin (Lanoxin). Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further instructions? a. if my child vomits after I give the medication, I will not repeat the dose b. I will check my child's pulse before giving the medication c. I will check the dose of the medication with my husband before I give the medication d. I will mix the medication with food

I will mix the medication with food

"A nurse is providing instructions to the mother of a child with a diagnosis of strabismus of the left eye, and the nurse reviews the procedure for patching the child. The nurse determines that the mother understands the procedure if the mother makes which statement?" a. I will place the patch on the right eye b. I will place the patch on both eyes c. I will place the patch on the left eye d. I will alternate the patch from the right to the left eye every hour

I will place the patch on the right eye

Treat moderate and major burns

IV access w/ large bore cath(Multiple access might happen). Replace fluids first 24hrs, Give 0.9% or Lactated Ringer's, Colloids(albumin) or Synthetic plasma(Hespan) used 24hrs of burn recovery, Maintain output at 1 to 2 ml/kg if child is more than 30kg(66lb), Urine output at 30ml/hr(66lb), Be prepared to give blood products

Failure To Thrive

Inadequate growth -Wt <5% percentile -Cross 2 percentiles -Due to: environment, child's health, dev, behavior Types -Organic (born with it, underlying medical condition) /non-organic (not associated with medical condition)/ combination of both tyes -Inadequate caloric intake -Inadequate absorption -Increased metabolism -Defective utilization

Folliculitis

Infection of the hair follicle(razors)

Describe the mechanism of inheritance of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Inherited as an X linked recessive trait

A 7-month-old infant with a rotavirus causing severe diarrhea is admitted for treatment. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?

Insert an intravenous (IV) line and begin IV fluids. Rationale: An infant with severe diarrhea is at high risk for dehydration, so the nurse's priority is to initiate IV fluids

Scorpions

Intense pain,erythema, burning, numbness, Restlessness, and vomiting, Ascending paralysis: seizures, weakness, increase in pulse, thirst, salivation, dysuria, pulmonary edema leads to coma and death. Death in kids age 4 to in first 24hr

Reye's syndrome.

Intracranial pressure and encephalopathy are major symptoms of Reye's syndrome.

What symptom persists throughout Kawasaki?

Irritability

The nurse is examining a male child experiencing an exacerbation of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and notes that his mobility is greatly reduced. What is the most likely cause of the child's impaired mobility?

Joint inflammation Rationale: Joint inflammation and pain are the typical manifestations of an exacerbation of JRA

How does a child relieve "tet" spells?

Knee to chest position or squatting help relief.

What is pediculosis? What is the treatment?

LICE!! Infestation of lice on humans. Most common form is head lice. Appear as small white flakes along shaft of hair. -Tx: kill lice, comb out nits - use PERMETHRIN or PYRETHRIN

What should every child with a hx of spina bifida be screened for

Latex allergies

list the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency

anemia; pale conjunctive; pale skin; atrophy of papillae on tongue; brittle, ridged, or spoon-shaped nails; and thyroid edema

Hesi hint

Mobiles: infant Puppets: toddler/preschool Cars: preschool Games: school age Themselves: adolescent

Nursing plans and interventions nephrotic syndrome

Monitor temp; assess for signs of infection Provide skin care (edematous areas are vulnerable) Maintain bed rest during edematous phase Administer steroids such as prednisone and cholinergics such as bethanechol as prescribed Monitor Is and Os; measure abdominal girth daily Administer *cytoxan* if prescribed (if non responsive to prednisone) Provide small, frequent feedings in a normal protein, low salt diet. Client commonly prescribed IV albumin followed by diuretic Teach home care: instruct to weigh child daily; describe med side effects; describe signs of relapse; train to prevent infection

When inserting a nasogastric tube into the stomach of a 3-month-old infant, which nursing intervention is most important to implement?

Monitor the infant's heart rate

A 3 week old newborn is brought to the clinic for a follow up after a home birth. The mother reports that her child bottle feeds for 5 min only and falls asleep. The nurse auscultates a loud murmur characteristic of a ventricular septal defect (VSD), and finds the newborn is acyanotic w/ respiratory rate of 64 breaths per min. What instruction should the nurse provide the mother to ensure the infant is receiving adequate intake? (Select all that apply)

Monitor the infant's weight and # of wet diapers per day Increase the infant's intake per feeding by 1-2 ounces per week allow the infant to rest and reefed on demand or every 2 hrs use a softer nipple or increase the size of the nipple opening Rationale: neonates who have VSD may fatigue quickly during feeding and ingest inadequate amounts. They should be monitored for weight gain and at least 6 wet diapers per day. A one month old should ingest 2-4 ounces of formula per feeding and progress to about 30 ounces per day by 4 months of age. Due to fatigue, the infant should rest, but feed at least every 2 hours to ensure adequate intake. A softer (preemie) nipple or a larger slit in the nipple helps to reduce the sucking effort and energy expenditure, thus allowing the infant to ingest more w/ less effort. Antibiotoic prophylaxis is recommended for infants w/ VSDs, but should not be mixed in a bottle of formula because it is difficult to ensure tha the total dose is consumed

Nursing plans and interventions acute glomerulonephritis

Monitor vitals (esp BP**) Monitor Is and Os Weigh daily Provide low sodium diet with no added salt, low K+, if oliguric Encourage bed rest during acute phase (usually 4-10 days) Administer antihypertensives if prescribed Monitor for seizures (hypertensive encephalopathy) Monitor for signs of CHF Monitor for signs of renal failure (uncommon)

What are all of the newborn reflexes?

Moro Babinski Plantar Palmar Stepping Rooting

Rheumatic fever

Most common cause of acquired heart disease Affects connective tissue, sore throat than fever Lots of rest, home school

Pruritus and inflammation

Most common complaint with skin lesions. Treat: cool baths or compress, Cotton loose clothes and comfortable temp environment. Prevent: scratching by mittens/cover hands. Meds: benadryl, hydroxyzine(Atarax), Anti-inflammatory: Hydrocoritsone cream, Oral prednisone

MGMT of Cleft lip/palate

Multidisciplinary: Long-term Feeding -Edu parents: positioning, technique -Elevate head -Special bottles/nipples/high-calorie formula Post-op -Airway -Pain mgmt -Maintain suture line -Position supine/elbow immobilizer (*10-14 days) -Resume feedings * 30 degree angle to prevent secretions from pooling in oropharynx

Hgb norms

Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dl Infant: 10 to 15 g/dl Child: 11 to 16 g/dl

meningitis in infants will show the classic symptoms

No. One important s/s of meningitis in infants is a buldging fontanel

Nephrotic syndrome A disorder in which the basement membrane of the glomeruli becomes permeable to plasma proteins; most often idiopathic in nature a. usually occurs between ages of 2 and 3 years b. its course may involve exacerbations and remissions over several years

Nursing assessment *edema that begins insidiously becomes severe and generalized* lethargy, anorexia, pallor, frothy-appearing urine, massive proteinuria, decreased serum protein (hypoproteinemia), elevated serum lipids

UTI Bacterial infection anywhere along urinary tract

Nursing assessment A. infants: vague symptoms; fever; irritability; poor food intake; diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice; strong smelling urine B. in older children: urinary frequency; hematuria; enuresis; dysuria; fever C. e coli in urine cultures

Hypospadias congenital defect of urethral meatus in males; urethra opens on ventral side of penis behind glans

Nursing assessment Abnormal placement of meatus altered voiding stream presence of chordee* undescended testes and inguinal hernia (may occur concurrently)

Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma) Malignant RENAL tumor a. is embyronic in origin b. tumor is encapsulated c occurs in preschool children d. with early detection, surgery, adjuvant chemo, as well as radiation therapy postop, the prognosis is good

Nursing assessment: a mass in the flank area, confined to midline****; often discovered by parents when bathing child Fever, pallor, lethargy Elevated BP (excess renin secretion) Hematuria

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) Immune complex response to an antecedent beta hemolytic **streptococcal** infection of skin or pharynx; antigen antibody complexes become TRAPPED in the membrane of the glomeruli, causing inflammation and decreased glomerular filtration

Nursing assessment: recent streptococcal infection **mild to mod edema (often confined to face)** irritability, lethargy HTN DARK COLORED URINE (hematuria) slight to moderate proteinuria elevated antistreptolysin (ASO) titer, elevated BUN and creat Oliguria

Vesicoureteral reflex Result of VALVULAR MALFUNCTION AND BACKFLOW or urine into ureters (and higher) from the bladder (severe cases associated with hydronephrosis**) Nursing assessment: recurrent UTI; reflex (common with neurogenic bladder); reflux noted on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Nursing plans and interventions teach home program for prevention of UTI Teach family importance of med compliance, which usually leads to resolution in mild cases Explain goal of ureteral reimplantation: to STOP reflux and prevent kidney damage Monitor postop urinary drainage (may be supra pubic or urethral): measure output from both catheters; assess dressing and incision for drainage; restrain child's hands as necessary Maintain hydration with IV oral fluids Manage pain relief postop: surgical pain; bladder spasms

A 3-month-old infant develops oral thrush. Which pharmacologic agent should the nurse plan to administer for treatment of this disorder?

Nystatin (Mycostatin).

An infant is receiving digoxin (Lanoxin) for congestive heart failure. The apical heart rate is assessed at 80 beats/min. What intervention should the nurse implement?

Obtain a therapeutic drug level. Rationale: Sinus bradycardia (heart rate < 90 to 110 beats/min in an infant) is an indication of digoxin toxicity, so assessment of the client's digoxin level has the highest priority.

Etiology of Acne

Overactive sebaceous glands, formations of comedones, bacterial overgrowth, inflammation.

How does PDA work?

Oxygenated blood from the aorta returns to the pulmonary artery

What medications are given for RHD?

PCN. Aspirin. Erythromycin.

What lab will be abnormal w/ hemophilia

PTT b/c it reflects the clotting factor function

The nurse is assessing the neurovascular status of a child in Russell's traction. Which finding should the nurse report to the healthcare provider?

Pale bluish coloration of the toes

When discussing discipline with the mother of a 4-year-old child, the nurse should include which guideline?

Parental control should be consistent.

Gastroesophogeal Reflux

Pathophysiology: Decrease LES Pressure -LES hypotonia -Inappropriate LES relaxation -Anatomic disruption of esophoagogastric junction Esophageal motor dysfxn Increased intragastric pressure Delayed gastric emptying Sx: -Regurgitating/vomiting -Hungry, poor wt gain -Irritable, arching of back -Respiratory problems Nursing MGMT: -Feeding modifications --Small freq, feedings --Thickened feeds --Elevate head, burp freq -Meds/surgery --Proton pump inh -Family Edu/ support

A newborn female whose mother is HIV-positive is scheduled for the first follow-up assessment with the nurse. If the child is HIV-positive, which initial symptom is she most likely to exhibit?

Persistent cold Rationale: Respiratory tract infections commonly occur in the pediatric population, but the child with AIDS has a decreased ability to defend the body against these common infections. Thus, the most typical presenting symptom of a child who contracted AIDS through vertical transmission (i.e., from the mother during delivery) is a persistent cold or respiratory infection

what are Rubeola symptoms

Photophobia. Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa. Confluent rash that begin on the face and spread downward. PPE---Gown, glove and private room.

A child with a permanent tracheostomy is confined to a wheelchair and is going to school for the first time tomorrow. During the school day, which intervention should be implemented for this child?

Place suctioning supplies on the back of the wheelchair when transporting. Rationale: Suctioning supplies should always be readily available for use with any client who has a tracheostomy.

A child breaks out with varicella infection (chickenpox) while hospitalized for a minor surgical procedure. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?

Place the child in strict isolation to prevent an outbreak on the unit. Rationale: The period of communicability of varicella is 2 days before the rash appears until all lesions are crusted; varicella is spread by direct or indirect contact of saliva or vesicles. Strict isolation is indicated to prevent further exposure to staff and others. Staff who have had varicella or the vaccine are not susceptible to contracting or spreading the virus and should be the only personnel assigned to care for this client

List the signs and symptosm of dehydration in an infant

Poor skin turgor, absence of tears, dry mucous membranes, weight loss, depressed fontanel, and decreased urinary output

While caring for a child on the oncology unit the nurse explains to the parents that total body irradiation is indicated for which for the following reasons? Palliative care Lymphoma therapy Definitive therapy for leukemia Preparation for bone marrow transplant

Preparation for bone marrow transplant

Nursing plans and interventions hypospadias

Prepare child and fam for surgery (no circumcision prior to surgery) Assess circulation to tip of penis postop Monitor urinary drainage after urethroplasty: foley, suprapubic tube, urethral stent Restrain child's arms and legs as necessary Maintain hydration (IV and oral fluids) Teach home care: of catheters; how to empty drainage bag; prevention of catheter displacement or blockage; increase oral fluids; describe signs of infection

An infant is born with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and surgery is planned to correct the defect. The nurse recognizes that surgical correction is designed to achieve which outcome?

Prevent the return of oxygenated blood to the lungs.

What is the child given to keep the ductus open?

Prostaglandin E

Nursing plans ad interventions Wilms tumor

Protect child from injury; place a sign on bed stating "no abdominal palpation" Prepare family and child for IMMINENT nephrectomy Postop care: monitor for increased BP; monitor kidney function; I&O, urine specific gravity Provide care for abdominal surgery client: maintain NG tube, check for bowel sounds

The nurse is preparing a child with an intussusception for a prescribed barium enema. What is the main purpose of conducting this procedure prior to surgical intervention?

Reduce the invaginated bowel segment. Rationale: Intussusception, an invagination or telescoping of one portion of the intestine into another, causes intestinal obstruction in children (usually occurs between 3 months and 5 years of age). Nonsurgical treatment is attempted with hydrostatic pressure created by barium instillation, which often reduces the area of bowel intussusception, thereby negating the need for surgical intervention.

Nursing care for stings

Remove stinger, cleanse soap and water, cool compress, apply baking soda, lemon juice, apply anti-histamines, epinephrine, corticosteroids for severe cases.

The nurse is teaching an adolescent girl with scoliosis about a Milwaukee brace that her health care provider has prescribed. Which instruction should the nurse provide to this client?

Remove the brace 1 hour each day for bathing only. Rationale: The Milwaukee brace is designed to slow the progression in spinal curvature while the adolescent is growing. The brace should be worn 23 hours a day and removed a total of 1 hour a day for hygiene. There are no specific exercises for increasing the range of motion in the back that should be performed. A T shirt should be worn next to the body and the brace put on over the T shirt to protect the skin. The brace will not cure the spinal curvature but should slow the progression of the scoliosis.

Describe the function of an osmotic diuretic

Remove water from the CNS to reduce cerebral edema

To take the vital signs of a 4-month-old child, which order provides the most accurate results?

Respiratory rate, heart rate, then rectal temperature

An 18-month-old is admitted to the hospital with possible Hirschsprung's disease. When obtaining a nursing history, the nurse asks about bowel habits. What description of the disease?

Ribbon-like and brown.

The nurse reviews the latest laboratory results for a child who received chemotherapy last week and identifies a reduced neutrophil count. Which nursing diagnosis has the highest priority for this child?

Risk for infection

Which is a priority problem for a child with severe edema caused from nephrotic syndrome?

Risk for skin breakdown

Communicable diseases of childhood

Rubeola/ measles. Varicella/ chickenpox. Rubella/ German measles. Pertussis/ whooping cough. Paramyxovirus/ Mumps.

what disease occurs with vitamin C deficiency?

Scurvy

A 5-month-old is admitted to the hospital with vomiting and diarrhea. The pediatrician prescribes dextrose 5% and 0.25% normal saline with 2 mEq KCl/100 ml to be infused at 25 ml/hour. Prior to initiating the infusion, the nurse should obtain which assessment finding?

Serum BUN and creatinine levels

The nurse caring for a 4yo female in the ER is about to start an IV. The nurse's best method for explaining the procedure to the child is to:

Show the child the IV placement equipment, and demonstrate the procedure on the doll.

An 18-month-old child returns to the unit following a cardiac catheterization with a cannulated femoral artery site. Which intervention should the nurse implement?

Show the parents how to hold the child with the extremity extended. Rationale: The extremity should be extended to prevent trauma to the femoral catheterization site

What happens in the convalescent phase of Kawasaki?

Signs are gone and labs are normal

How would the nurse maintain nutritional status?

Small, frequent meals (every 3 hours). might need tube feeding.--and continue to provide sucking needs by pacifier before tube feeding.

The vital signs of 4 yr old child w/ polyuria are: BP 80/40, pulse, 118, and Resp. 24. The child's pedal pulses are present w/ a volume of +1, and no edema is observed. What action should the nurse implement first?

Start an IV infusion of normal saline

Which assessment finding(s) should the nurse expect when caring for a child with cystic fibrosis? (Select all that apply.)

Steatorrhea Foul-smelling stools Delayed growth Pulmonary congestion

Treat minor burns how?

Stop burning process, take clothes and jewelry that conducts heat, Apply cool water soaks...NO ICE, Cover with clean cloth(prevent contamination), Clean with mild soap and cool water(avoid friction), Popping blisters(?), Use antimicrobial ointment, Provide warmth, Take kid to doc if needed, Give pain med, Check if all vaccinations are up to date, tetanus if more than 5 yrs, teach no greasy lotions or butter, teach watch for infection,

Nursing interventions(Impetigo)

Strict hygiene measures, Topical antibiotic MUPIROCIN(Bactroban). Prevent swelling

Nursing plans and interventions UTI

Suspect and assess for UTI in infants who are ill Assess for recurrent UTI. in infants and young boys, UTI may indicate structural abnormalities of the urinary system** Collect clean voided or catheterized specimen, as prescribed Administer ABs as prescribed Teach home program: finish all prescribed meds; not that follow up specimen needed; AVOID bubble baths; increase acidic oral fluids (apple juice, cranberry juice); void frequently; clean genital area from front to back; note symptoms of recurrence

girls growth spurts being in adolescence earlier than boys T/F

T

What are clinical manifestations of CHF

Tachypnea tachycardia diaphoresis Difficulty feeding cyanosis. respiratory signs. Edema on face and eye, weight gain. hepatomegaly.

Intussusception

Telescoping/prolapsing of bowel -edema develops -Blood/mucus in stool; obstruction occurs -Also cuts off the blood supply to the part of the intestine that's affected, which can lead to a tear in the bowel (perforation), infection and death of bowel tissue. Clinical manifestations: -Abrupt onset abdominal pain -Red currant jelly stools (late sign) -Palpable mass mid-to RUQ -Bilious vomiting -irritability turns to lethargy Treatment: -Air/barium enema; Surgery Nursing mgmt: -Fluid/electrolyte balance -Post-op care *idiopathic 90%= result of viral illness, hypertrophied lymphoid tissue (peyer patches) develop in bowel, lead point for intussusception *pathologic 10%= triggered by cystic fibrosis (thick stools), polyp, etc

A father of a 5-year-old boy calls the nurse to report that his son, who has had an upper respiratory infection, is complaining of a headache, and his temperature has increased to 103° F, taken rectally. Which intervention has the highest priority?

Tell the parent to take the child to the emergency department. Rationale: The child is exhibiting symptoms that may indicate possible meningitis, and the parents should be encouraged to get immediate evaluation

Which class of antiinfective drugs is contraindicated for use in children under 8 years of age?

Tetracyclines.

Cyanotic heart defects

Tetralogy of fallot: 4 defects Transposition of the great vessels: everything is criss crossed Truncus arterious : single great vessel instead of 2

A community health nurse is providing instructions to a group of mothers regarding the safe use of car seats for toddlers. The nurse determines that the mother of a toddler understands the instructions if the mother states which of the following? a. The care seat can be placed in a face-forward position when the height of the toddler is 27 inches b. The car seat should never be placed in a face-forward position c. the car seat can be placed in a face-forward position at any time d. The car seat is suitable for the toddler until the toddler reaches the weight of 40 pounds

The car seat is suitable for the toddler until the toddler reaches the weight of 40 pounds

An ER nurse is assessing a 12-month old female. Which statement accurately describes the best method for assessing this child?

The nurse should assess the child while she is in her mother's lap.

How can the nurse best facilitate the trust relationship between infant and parent while the infant is hospitalized?

The nurse should encourage the parents to hold their child as much as possible.

Skin of children

Thinner, hypersensitive, more prone to blister's, infection, bacterial, viral, fungal, irritants,

myelomeningocele w/ Arnold-chiari malformation

This indicated hydrocephalous. Arnold-chiari malformation is a herniation of the brainstem into the cervical spinal canal trough the foramen magnum.

Celiac Disease - Morgan

This is managed on a gluten free diet, this eliminate foods containing oats, wheat, rye, and barley.

POPS pain scale

This is the Post-Operative Pain Score for infants- 7 months

Kernig sign

This is the inability to extend leg when thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip

Ringworm(fungal)

Tinea capitis(head), Tinea corpis(body), Tinea cruris(jock itch), Tinea pedis(athletes foot). Person to person or animal to human. Treat: topical antifungal, oral griseofulvir. Prevent spread(Environment)

Poison oak, ivy sumac

Transmission: urushiol oil. Manifests as erythematious lesions, linear blisters, local itching. Manage: symptom relief by corticosteroids. Prevent: AVOID!

A female teenager is taking oral tetracycline HCL (Achromycin V) for acne vulgaris. What is the most important instruction for the nurse to include in this client's teaching plan?

Use sunscreen when lying by the pool.

What is the alternative name for chickenpox? Is it contagious? If so for how long? How is it transmitted? What are the symptoms?

Varicella Highly contagious, from prodromal period (24 hours before rash) to the time all lesions have crusted). Transmitted by direct contact, droplet spread, or freshly contaminated objects. Sx: lesions that begin on trunk & spread to the face & proximal extremities. Progresses through macular, papular, vesicular, & pustular stages.

Pediatric Differences GI Symptoms

Varying caloric/nutritional needs Immature GI system -Sucking: primitive reflex -Swallowing: voluntary control after 2 mos -Small stomach capacity -Highly permeable intestines Digestion/Absorption -Starch intolerance -Limited digestion/absorption of fat Elimination -Number/consistency change until early childhood

What is the pathophysiology of transposition of the great vessels?

Vessels are reversed. The pulmonary circulation arises from the left ventricle and the systemic circulation arises from the right ventricle

The mother of a 2-year-old boy consults the nurse about her son's increased temper tantrums. The mother states, "yesterday he threw a fit in the grocery store, and I did not know what to do. I was so embarrassed. What can I do if this occurs again?" Which recommendation is best for the nurse to provide this mother?

Walk away from him and ignore the behavior

A 14-year-old female client tells the nurse that she is concerned about the acne she has recently developed. Which recommendation should the nurse provide?

Wash the hair and skin frequently with soap and hot water.

A child falls on the playground and is brought to the school nurse with a small laceration on the forearm. Which action should the nurse implement first?

Wash the wound gently with mild soap and water.

During discharge teaching of a child w/ juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the nurse should stree to the parents the importance of obtaining which diagnostic testing?

a. B- eye exams a.i. Visual changes leading to blindness an occur in children w/ JRA/ Regular eye exams can help to prevent this complication

What is the Tonic Neck reflex and when does it disappear?

When neck is turned to side, baby assumes fencing posture -disappears around 4 months

What is the Babinski reflex and when does it disappear?

When sole of foot is strokd from heel to ball, toes hyperextend & fan apart from big toe -disappears around 12-18 months

What is the Moro reflex & when does it disappear?

When startled, baby symmetrically extends & abducts all extremities; forefingers form a C shape -disappears around 4 months

What is the alternative name for pertussis? Is it contagious? If so for how long? How is it transmitted? What are the symptoms? What is the tx? What are the complications?

Whooping cough-> Acute infectious respiratory disease usually occurring in infancy. Caused by Gram (-) bacillus. Paroxysmal stage characterized by prolonged coughing & crowing/whooping on inspiration; lasts from 4-6 weeks. Transmitted by direct contact, droplet spread, or freshly contaminated objects. Sx: lower respiratory sx; cough with whooping on inspiration. Tx: ABX erythromycin Complications: pneumonia, hemorrhage, & seizures.

"A 4-year-old child with cancer is admitted to the hospital for radiation therapy and surgery. To assess adequacy of support for the child's psychosocial needs, the nurse would ask the parents which question?" a. what signs and symptoms has your child been having? b. Will a family member be able to stay with the child most of the time? c. How long have you known your child's diagnosis? d. what are your child's favorite books, activities and toys?

Will a family member be able to stay with the child most of the time?

Is blood mixed in truncus ateriosus?

Yes--Mixed from right and left ventricle through a large VSD. causing cyanosis. One vassal goes to pulmonary and aortic.

Which measures should be used to accurately calculate a pediatric medication dosage?

a child's height & weight Body surface area of child nomogram determined mathematical constant

Describe scissoring

a common characteristic of spastic cerebral palsy in infants; legs are extended and crossed over each other, feet are plantar flexed

What is the plantar reflex and when does it disappear?

a finger at base of toes causes them to curl downward -disappears at 8 months

describe the pathophysiology of vesicoureteral reflux

a malfunction of the valves at the end of the ureters, allowing urine to reflux out of the bladder into the ureters and possibly into the kidneys

What is the pathophysiology of Truncus Arteriosus

a single blood vessel /truncus arteriosus comes out of the right and left ventricles, instead of the normal 2 vessels pulmonary artery and aorta

A nurse is reviewing the results of a sweat test performed on a child with cystic fibrosis (CF). The nurse would expect to note which finding? a. a sweat sodium concentration less than 40 mEq/L b. a sweat potassium concentration less than 40 mEq/L c. a sweat potassium concentration greater than 40 mEq/L d. a sweat sodium concentration greater than 60 mEq/L

a sweat sodium concentration greater than 60 mEq/L

The nurse is assigning care for a 4-year-old child with otitis media and is concerned about the child's increasing temperature over the past 24 hours. When planning care for this child, it is important for the nurse to consider that

a tympanic measurement of temperature will provide the most accurate reading

Describe the sequence of events in a vaso-occulsive crisis in sickle cell anemia

a vaso-occulsive crisis is caused by the clumping of red blood cells, which blocks small blood vessels; therefore, the cells cannot get through the capillaries, causing pain and tissue and organ ischemia. Lowered oxygen tension affects HgbS, which causes sickling of the cells

A 17 yr old male student reports to the school clinic one morning ofr a scheduled health exam. He tells the nurse that he just finished football practice and is on his way to class. The nurse assess his VS: temp 100, pulse, 80, RR 20, and BP is 122/82. What is the best action for the nurse to take?

a. A- tell the student to proceed directly to his regulary scheduled class. a.i. The student has just completed football practice, and increased muscle activity increases body heat production. A temp of 100F is NORMAL for this student @ this time. The student should attend class

When evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve the nutritional status of an infant w/ gastro-esphageal reflux, which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?

a. A- record weight daily a.i. The most definitive measure of improved nutrition is an infant is obtaining the child's daily weight

To take the VS of a 4 month old child, which order provides the most accurate results?

a. A- respiratory rate, heart rate, then rectal temperature a.i. The respiratory rate should be take first in infants, since touching them or performing unpleasant procedures usually makes the cry, elevating the heart rate and making respirations difficult to count. Rectal temp is the most invasive procedure, and is most likey to precipitate crying, so should be done last

The mother of a 6 month old asks the nurse when her baby will get the first MMR vaccine. Based on the recommended childhood immunization schedule published by the CDC, which response is accurate?

a. (b) the MMR vaccine should be given no sooner than 12 months of age, and ideally between 12 & 15 months of age. (a) 3-6 months should not receive the MMR vaccine due to the presence of maternal antibodies. MMR is not routinely administered @ 18-24, but others like dTaP and Hep B may be given at that time.

at 8am the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) informed the charge nurse that a female adolescent client w/ acute glomerulonephritis has a BP of 210/110. The 4am BP reading was 170/88. The client reports to the UAP that she is upset because her boyfriend did not visit last night. What action should the nurse take first?

a. -Administer PRN prescription of nifedipine (Procardia) sublingually a.i. Sublingual procardia lowers blood pressure very quickly, and this should be done first

Which measures should be used to accurately calculate a pediatric medication dosage?

a. A, C, F a.i. A- a child's height & weight, C- Body surface area of child, F- nomogram determined mathematical constant

The nurse is assessing the neurovascular status of a child in Russell's traction. Which finding should the nurse report to the healthcare provider?

a. A- Pale bluish coloration of the toes a.i. Russell's skin traction is used for fractures of the femur in young children and adolescents whose growth plates remain open and is applied to the lower leg using moleskin and elastic wrap bandages, which can compress the perineal nerve and arteries that supply the foot. Assessment of adequate circulation, movement, & sensation of the toes and skin distal to the application is make to identify compromised blood flow, so cyanosis should be reported immediately

A female teenager is taking oral tetracycline HCL (Achromycin V) for acne vulgaris. What is the most important instruction for the nurse to include in this client's teaching plan?

a. A- Use sunscreen when lying by the pool a.i. Photosensitivity is a common side effect of tetracycline HCL (AchromycinV) therapy. Severe sunburn can occur w/ minimal sun exposure and clients should be instructed to avoid sunlight and to use sunscreen

As part of the physical assessment of children, the nurse observes and palpates the fontanels. Which child's fontanel finding should be reported to the healthcare provider?

a. A- a 6 moth old w/ failure to thrive that has a closed anterior fontanel a.i. @ 6 months of age the anterior fontanel should be open, and it should not be closed until approx 18 months

A 4- yr old boy was admitted to the emergency room w/ fractured right ulna and a short arm cast is applied. When preparing the parents to take the child home, which discharge instruction has the highest priority?

a. A- call the healthcare provider immediately if his nailbeds appear blue. a.i. A- Cyanosis indicates impaired circulation to fingers and should be reported immediately. Although the actions described may be indicated, they are implemented rather excessively & might tend to frighten the parents. It is not necessary to check the child's ability to move his fingers hourly for 2 days.

A 4- year- old girl continues to interrupt her mother during a routine clinic visit. The mother appears irritated w/ the child and asks the nurse, "Is this normal behavior for a child this age?" The nurse's response should be based on which information?

a. A- children need to retian a sense of initiative w/o impinging on the rights and privileges others a.i. Children aged 3-6 are in Erickson's initiative vs. guilt stage, which is characterized by vigorous, intrusive behavior, enterprise, and strong imagination. At this age, children develop a conscience and must learn to retain a sense of initiative w/o impinging on the rights of others

A full term infant is admitted to the newborn nursery. After careful assessment, the nurse suspects that the infant may have esophageal atresia. Which symptoms are this newborn likely to exhibit?

a. A- choking, coughing, and cyanosis a.i. Includes the "3 Cs" of esophageal atresia caused by the overflow of secretions into the trachea.

A 2 yr old child w/ Down syndrome is brought to the clinic for his regular physical examination. The nurse knows which problem is frequently associated w/ Down syndrome?

a. A- congenital heart disease a.i. Is the most common assoc w/ defect in children w/ Down Syndrome

The parents of a 3 week old infant report that the child eats well but vomits after each feeding. What information is most important for the nurse to obtain?

a. A- description of vomiting episodes in past 24 hrs a.i. A description of the vomiting episodes will assist the nurse in determining the reason for the symptoms, which may be helpful in developing a plan of care for this infant/

The nurse is having difficulty communicating w/ a hospitalized 6 yr old child. Which approach by the nurse is most helpful in establishing communication?

a. A- engage the child through drawing pictures a.i. Drawing pictures is a valuable fr. non verbal communication. As the nurse & child look at the drawings, a verbal story can be told that projects the child's thinking

Which finding in a 19 yr old female client should trigger further assessment by the nurse?

a. A- menstruation has not occurred a.i. Menstruation is an expected secondary sex characteristic that occurs with pubescence and typically occurs by age 18, so A should prompt further investigation to determine the cause of this primary amenorrhea. Children receive tetanus as part of the DPT childhood immunization series, and a booster is not typically given until age 16.

When discussing discipline with the mother of a 4 yr old child, the nurse should include which guideline?

a. A- parental control should be consistent a.i. Discipline should be a positive and necessary component of childrearing that is started in infancy & should teach socially acceptable behavior, help children protect themselves fr. danger, and channel undesireable behavior into constructive activity. Misbehavior may result fr. inconsistent rules or messages, so parental attention should be clear, reasonable, and consistent.

The nurse is teaching a 12 yr old male adolescent and his family about taking injections of growth hormone for idiopathic hypopituitarism. Which adverse symptoms, commonly associated w/ growth hormone therapy, should the nurse plan to describe to the child and his family?

a. A- polyuria/polydipsia a.i. s/s of diabetes or hyperglycemia need to be reported. Those receiving growth hormone should be monitored to detect elevated blood sugars and glucose intolerance

To assess the effectiveness of an analgesic administered to a 4-yr old, what intervention is best for the nurse to implement?

a. A- use a happy-face/sad face pain scale. a.i. A 4 year old can readily identify w/ simple picures to show the nurse how he/she is feeling. Could be used to validate what the child is telling the nurse via the "faces" pain scale, but it is best to elicit the child's assessment of his/her pain level (C-assess for changes in the child's vs), may not accurately reflect the effectiveness of pain medication as they can also be affected by other variables, such as fear

A burned child is brought to the ER. In estimating the percentage of the body burned, the nurse uses a modified "rule of nines" Which part of a child's body is calculated as a larger percentage of total body surface than an adult's?

a. A-Head & Neck a.i. A child's head & neck are proportionately larger to their body than and adult's. The standard "Rule of nines" is inaccurate for determining burned body surface areas w/ children, and must be modified for use with children. Specially designed charts for children and are commonly used to determine body surface are involvement

When assessing a child w/ asthma, the nurse should expect intercostals retractions during

a. A-inspiration a.i. Intercostals retractions result fr. respiratory effort to draw air into restricted airways

A 5 month old is admitted to the hospital w/ vomiting and diarrhea. The pediatrician prescribes dextrose 5% and 0.25% normal saline w/ 2 mEq KCL/100 ml to be infused @ 25 ml/hour. Prior to initiating the infusion, the nurse should obtain which assessment finding?

a. B - Serum BUN & Creatinine levels a.i. Reguardless of a client's age, adequate renal function must be present before adding potassium ot IV fluids, is important in determining the need for fluid replacement

During routine screening at a school clinic, an otoscope examination of a child's ear reveals a tympanic membrane that is pearly gray, slightly bulging, and not movable. What action should the nurse take next?

a. B- Ask the child if he/she has had cold, runny nose, or any ear pain lately. a.i. More information is needed to interpret these finding, the tympanic membrane is normally pearly gray, not bulging, and moves when the client blows against resistance or a small puff of air is blown into the ear canal. Since this child's findings are not completely normal, further assessment of hx and related s/s is indicated for accurate interpretation of the finding.

The vital signs of 4 yr old child w/ polyuria are: BP 80/40, pulse, 118, and Resp. 24. The child's pedal pulses are present w/ a volume of +1, and no edema is observed. What action should the nurse implement first?

a. B- Start an IV infusion of normal saline a.i. The current VS readings and the decreased peripheral pulse volume indicate that the child is experiencing fluid volume deficit due to the polyuria, so the priority action is to restore fluid volume

The nurse is assigning care for a 4 yr old child w/ otitis media and is concerned about the child's increasing temperature over the past 24 hours. When planning care for this child it is important for the nurse to consider that

a. B- a tympanic measurement of temperature will provide the most accurate reading a.i. A tympanic membrane sensor is an excellent site because botht he eardrum and hypothalamus (temperature-regulating center) are perfused by the same circulation. The sensor is unaffected by cerumen and the presence of suppurative or unsuppurative otitis media does not effect measurement. RULE OF THUMB: for managementsterile procedures should be assigned to licensed personnel. Management skill will tested on the NCLEX. An RN is not required to do: rectal temp

A 6 month old boy and his mother are at healthcare provider's office for a well-baby check up and routine immunizations. The healthcare provider recommends to the mother that the child receive an influenza vaccine. What medications should the nurse plan to administer today?

a. B- all the immunizations w/ the influenza vaccine given at a separate site fr. any other injection a.i. At 6 months of age, the routine immunizations should HEP B, DTaP, Hib, PCV (pneumococcal) , IPV (inactivated poliovirus) and influenza. The influenza vaccine should be given at a separate site fr. any other injection.

The nurse is caring for a 12 year-old w/ Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). This child should be carefully assessed for which complication?

a. B- changes in LOC a.i. The child must be monitored for S/S of hypontremia, which creates secondary central nervous system alterations such as changes in LOC, seizure coma.

A premature newborn girl, born 24 hours ago, is diagnosed w/ a patent ductus arteriosus PDA and placed under an oxygen good @ 35%. The parents visit the nursery and ask to hold her. Which response should the nurse provide to the parents?

a. B- oxygen hood is holding the baby's oxygen level just at the point which is needed. You may stroke and talk to her. a.i. The baby is @ 35% which is must more than room air (21%) and at this time the baby should not be moved fr. under the hood. The nurse should offer the parents an alternative such as to stroke and reassure the infant.

The nurse is planning care for school-aged children @ a community care center. Which activity is best fo the children?

a. B- playing follow the leader a.i. School aged children strive for independence and productivity (ericksons industry vs. inferiority) & enjoy individual & group activites r/t real life situation, such as playing follow the leader

A 6 month old returns fr. surgery w/ elbow restraints in place. What nursing care should be included when caring for any restrained child?

a. B- remove restraitnts one at a time and provide range of motion exercises a.i. Removing restraints one at a time (B) is safer than removing all of them at once. The child needs to exercise and should not be kept in restraints at all times

A 3 yr old client w/ sickle cell anemia is admitted to the ER w/ abdominial pain. The nurse palapates an enlarged liver, and x ray reveals an enlarged spleen, and a CBC reveals anemia. These findings indicate which type of crisis?

a. B- sequestration this support a sequestration crisis where blood pools in the spleen, and is characterized by abdominal pain anemia

The nurse is preparing a health teaching program for parents of toddlers and preschoolers and plans to include information about prevention of accidental poisonings. It is most important for the nurse to include which instruction?

a. B- store all toxic agents and medicines in locked cabinets. a.i. The only reliable way to prevent poisoning in young children is to make them inaccessible

Which class of antiinfective drugs is contraindicated for use in children under 8 yrs of age?

a. B- tetracyclines a.i. Tetracyclines cause enamel hypoplasia & tooth discoloration in children under 8 yrs of age

The nurse assigning care for 5 yr old child w/ otitis media is concerned about the child's inceasing temperature over the past 24 hours. Which statement is accurate and should be considered when planning care for the remainder of the shift?

a. B- tympanic and oral temps are equally accurate a.i. A tympanic membrane sensor approximates core temps because the hypothalamus and eardrum are perfused by the same circulation. Typmpanic readings obtained using proper technique correlated moderately to strongly w/ oral temperatures in recent research studies

Which action by the nurse is most helpful in communicating w/ a preschool aged child?

a. B- use a doll to play and communicate a.i. Communicating through play w/ a doll or other toy gives time for the child to feel comfortable w/ a stranger

The nurse is teaching a mother to give 4ml of a liquid antibiotic to a 10 month old infant. Which statement by the parent indicates a need for further teaching?

a. B- using a teaspoon will help me measure this correctly a.i. The prescribed medication is 4ml dosage and is measured w/ the most accuracy using a syringe, so if the parent uses teaspoon which is equiavelnt to 5ml, further teaching is indicated

The nurse is assessing a 13 yr old girl w/ susptected hyperthyroidism. Which question is most important for the nurse to ask her during the admission interview?

a. B-are you experiencing any type of nervousness? a.i. Assessing the client's physiological state upon admission is priority, and nervousness, apprehension, hyperexcitability, and palpitations are signs of hyperthyroidism, but assessing loss (even w/ a hearty appetite) (A) occurs in those w/ hyperthyroidism, but assessing the client's neurological state has a higher priority. Hormone replacement is not administered to a client who is already producing too much thyroid

All of the following interventions can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing and medical interventions used to treat diarrhea. Which intervention is least useful in the nurse's evaluation of a 20 month old child?

a. B-assessing fontanels a.i. All of these interventions evaluate fluid status in infants (weight diapers, checking skin turgor, oserving mucous membranes for moisture checking for fluid status)

A 3 yr old boy is brought to the ER because he swallowed an entire bottle of children's vitamin pills. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?

a. B-determine the child's pulse and respirations a.i. The most important principle in dealing w/ a poisoning is to treat the child first, not the poison. Initiate immediate life support measures w/ assessment of VS (B), in particular, respirations. Inserting an airway or initiating mechanical ventilation may be necessary. Assessment and identification of the poison should occur prior to A. (C & D after assessing the airway.)

A hospitalized 16 yr old male refuses all visits fr. his classmates because he is concerned about his distorted appearance. To increase the clients social interaction, what intervention is best for the nurse to initiate?

a. C- Arrange for an internet connection in the client's room for email communication a.i. Body image and peer acceptance are key concerns for the adolescent © allows for social interaction w/o face to face contact, thus protecting his self image while also promoting social interaction

A 12-month-old is admitted w/ a respiratory infection and possible pneumonia. He is placed in a tent w/ oxygen. Which nursing intervention has the greatest priority for this infant?

a. C- a patent airway has the highest priority. Humidification will liquefy the nasal secretions thereby increasing the amount of secretions and making having a bulb syringe the highest priority

The nurse is teaching the parents of a 5 yr old w. cystic fibrosis about respiratory treatment. Which statement indicates to the nruse that the parents understand?

a. C- administer aerosol therapy followed by a postural drainage before meals. a.i. Postrural drainage for a child w/ cystic fibrosis is most effective when performed after nebulization and before meals or at least 1 hour after eating to prevent nausea & vomiting. Postural drainage uses gravity to promote mucous removal after nebulization (which open airways).. Pulmonary toileting or respiratory treatment should be given 3-4 times daily, not esisodically

A 16 y old is brought to the ER with a crushed leg after falling off a horse. The adolescent's last tetanus toxoid booster was received 8 ys ago. What action should the nurse take?

a. C- administer the tetanus toxoid booster. a.i. After the completion of the initial tetanus immunization schedule, the recommended booster for an adolescent or adult if every 10 years or less if a traumatic injury occurs that is contaminated by dirt, feces, soil, or saliva, such as puncture or crushing injuries, avulsions, wounds fr. missiles, burns or frostbite. The adolescent's injury is considered a contaminated wound requiring prophylactic therapy, so the tetanus toxoid booster should be administered

A preschool-aged child who is hospitalized fy hypospadias repair is most strongly influenced by which behavior?

a. C- concern for his body integrity. He fears that his "insides will leak out" A child undergoing surgery to his genitalia is even more concerned about body integrity. The preschooler is quite verbal, so comprehension of the words he uses or hears may be inaccurate, while his imagination and fears may fantasize the reality

The nurse observes a 4 yr old boy in a daycare setting. Which behavior would the nurse consider normal for this child?

a. C- demonstrates aggressiveness by boasting when telling a story a.i. C- 4yr old children are aggressive in their behavior and enjoy "tale telling"

A 15 yr old girl tells the school nurse that all of her friends have started their periods and she feels abnormal because she has not. Which response is best for the nurse provide?

a. C- explain that menarche varies and occurs between the ages of 12-18 years

The nurse is planning the care of a 2 year old w/ severe eczema on the face, next, and scalp fr. scratching the affected areas. Which nursing intervention is most effective in preventing further excoriation due to the purities?

a. C- place elbow restraints on the child's arms. a.i. Elbow restraints prevent arm flexion and scratching of involved area, but do not inhibit use of the nads for play activities. Others can be removed easily

A 14 yr old female client tells the nurse that she is concerned about the acne she has recently developed/ Which recommendation should the nurse provide?

a. C- wash the hair and skin frequently w/ soap and hot water a.i. Washing the hair & skin w/ soap & hot water removes oil debris fr. the skin and helps prevent & treat acne. Oily skin especially bothersome during adolescence when hormones cause enlargement of sebaceous glands and increased glandular secretions which predispose the teenager to acne is contraindicated. Cosmetics "medicated" or not should be used sparingly to avoid further blocking sebaceous gland ducts. Might be indicated at a later time, if healthcare recommendations are not successful.

A child falls on the playground and is brought to the school nurse w/ a small lacreration on the forearm. Which action should the nurse implement first?

a. C-Wash the wound gently w/ mild soap and water a.i. A small, superficial laceration to the skin should be washed gently w/ mild soap and water for several minutes, followed by thorough rinsing.

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a 3 yr old who is scheduled for a cardiac catherization. To assist in decreasing anxiety for the child on the day of the procedure, which intervention is best for the nurse to implement?

a. C-give the child a ride on a gurney to visit the cardiac catheterization lab and meet a nurse who works there a.i. Familizaring the child and mother w/ the department will help decrease anxiety of the child and mother (who may have more anxiety than the child). Three is a difficult age to undergo a procedure that requires cooperation. Restraints and possible sedation may be required

Preoperative nursing care for a child w/ Wilm's tumor should include which intervention?

a. D-put a sign on the bed reading, "DO NOT PALPATE ABDOMEN" a.i. Prevention of abdominial palpation minimizes the risk of rupturing the encapsulated tumor and subsequent metastasis.

In developing a teaching plan for a 5 year old child w/ diabetes, which component of diabetic management should the nurse plan for the child to manage first?

a. C-process of glucose testing a.i. Developmentally a 5 yr old has the cognitive and psychomotor skills to use a glucometer and to read the number (it is especially helpful if the nurse presents this activity as a game

A 2 yr old child w/ gastro-esophageal reflux has developed a fear of eating. What instruction should the nurse include in the parent's teaching plan?

a. D- a 2- year old child is comforted by consistency

The nurse is assessing a 2 year old. What behavior indicates that the child's language development is within normal limits?

a. D- half of a child's speech is understandable a.i. Between approximately 15 & 24 months of age, a child's speech is only ½ understandable

What preoperative nursing intervention should be included in the plan of care for an infant w/ pyloric stenosis?

a. D- observe for projectile vomiting a.i. Projectile vomiting, which contributes to metabolic alkalosis is the classic sign of pyloric stenosis

When planning the care for a child who has had a cleft lip repair, the nurse knows that crying should be minimized because it

a. D- prevention of stress on the lip suture line is essential for optimum healing and the cosmetic appearance of a cleft lip repair. Although crying causes (increased salvation, leads to vomiting, stresses the suture line) these conditions do not create a problem for the child w/ a cleft lip repair

The nurse is assessing an 8 month old child who has a medical diagnosis of tetrology of Fallot. Which symptom is the client most likely to exhibit?

a. D-clubbed fingers a.i. Tetrology of fallot, a cyanotic heart defect, causes clubbing of fingers and toes due to tissue hypoxia

The mother of a preschool aged child asks the nurse if it is all right to administer Pepto Bismol to her son when he has a "tummy ache" After reminding the mother to check the label of all OTC drugs for the presence of aspirin, which instruction should the nurse include when replying to this mother's question?

a. Do not give if the child has chickenpox, the flu, or any other viral illness a.i. Pepto Bismol contains aspirin and there is the potential of Reye's syndrome (B). (a) is a common effect of peptobismol and does not warrant discontinuation. Pepto Bismol can be used by children (C). Pepto Bismol does not cause rebound hyperacidity (D) complication of antacids containing calcium

Which restraint should be used for a toddler after a cleft palate repair?

a. Elbow a.i. Elbow restraints prevent children from bending their arms and brining their hands to the oral surgical site, (A) restrains the hands but the child can bend and bring their head to their ands. (B) is used during procedures (mummy). (D)-jacket, restrains the body torso and is not appropriate

Nursing interventions and medical treatment for a child with leukemia are based on what three physiologic problems?

anemia (decreased erythrocytes) infection (neutropenia) bleeding thrmbocytopenia (decreased platelets)

The mother of a 4-year-old child asks the nurse what she can do to help her other children cope with their sibling's hospitalizations. Which is the best response that the nurse should offer?

a. Encourage the mother to have the children visit the hospitalized sibling. a.i. Needs of a sibling will be better met with facture information and contact w/ the ill child, so siblings visitation should be encouraged (D). Parents are experts on their children and should determine when their children are old enough to visit. (A) in the hospital/ Separation fr. a family & home (B) may intensify fear & anxiety (suggest that the child visit a grandmother until the sibling returns home. Children may have difficulty expressing questions (C) ask the mother if the child asks when the sibling will be discharged, so the support of parents & other caregivers are needed to help alleviate their fears.

Which of the following assessment findings would the nurse expect to find in the school-age child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? a. Enlargement of muscles b. Bedridden c. Weak cough reflex d. Paralysis of lower muscles

a. Enlargement of muscles** Enlarged with fatty deposits

What early signs should the nurse assess for if lead poisoning is suspected?

anemia, acute cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, anorexia, headache, lethargy, hyperactivity, aggression, impulsiveness, decreased interest in play, irritability, short attention span

The nurse received a lab report stating a child w/ asthma has theophyline level of 15 mcg/dl. What action will the nurse take?

a. Hold the next dose of theophylline Therapeutic levels of theophylline is 10-20 mcg/dl, so the child's level is w/in the therapeutic rage.

The nurse is giving preoperative instruction to a 14-year-old female client who is scheduled for surgery to correct a spinal curvature. Which statement by the client best demonstrates that learning has taken place?

a. I understand that I will be in a body cast and I will show you how you taught me to turn a.i. Outcome of learning is best demonstrated when the client not only verbalizes an understand, but can also provide a return demonstration

A 3 moth old infant develops oral thrush. Which pharmacologic agent should the nurse plan to administer for treatment of this disorder?

a. Nystatin (Mycostatin) a.i. Nystatin (mycostatin) (A) is an antifungal drug that is effective in treating thrush, an oral fungal infection

Which menu selection by a child w/ celiac disease indicates to the nurse that the child understands necessary dietary considerations?

a. Oven baked potato chips & cola Celiac disease causes an intolerance to the protein gluten found in oats, rye, wheat, and barley. The child should avoid any produces containing these indredients to avoid symptoms such as diarrhea.

Which menu selection by a child w/ celiac disease indicates to the nurse that the child understands necessary dietary considerations?

a. Oven baked potato chips & cola a.i. Celiac disease causes an intolerance to the protein gluten found in oats, rye, wheat, and barley. The child should avoid any produces containing these indredients to avoid symptoms such as diarrhea.

During administration of a blood transfusion, a child complains of chills, headache, and nausea. Which action should the nurse implement?

a. Stop the infusion immediately and notify the healthcare provider a.i. The child is exhibiting signs of a reaction to the blood transfusion. The blood transfusion should be stopped immediately and the healthcare provider notified ©. After the transfusion is discontinused, IV access should be maintained. (A) w/ fluids that do not introduce any more cellular products. (B & D) place the child @ risk for further blood reactions

A nurse is caring for a child after an inguinal hernia repair. Which finding would indicate that the surgical repair was effective? a. abdominal distention b. absence of inguinal swelling with crying c. a clean, dry incision d. an adequate flow of urine

absence of inguinal swelling with crying

The clinic nurse is taking the hx for a new 6-month-old client. The mother reports that she took a great deal of aspirin while pregnant. Which assessment should the nurse obtain?

a. Type of reaction to loud noises a.i. Ototoxicity diminishes hear acuity and causes symptoms of tinnitus and vertigo in older children who can express subjective symptoms, so assessing the infant's reation to loud noises (A) helps to determine an infant's risk for hearing deficit r/t to a hx of the mother taking ototoxic drug, such as aspirin, while pregnancy (B,C,D are not assoc w/ the exposure to aspirin in utero

The mother of a 2-year-old boy consults the nurse about her son's increased temper tantrums. The mother states, "yesterday he threw a fit in the grocery store, and I did not know what to do. I was so embarrassed. What can I do if this occurs again?" Which recommendation is best for the nurse to provide this mother?

a. Walk away from him and ignore the behavior a.i. The best approach for a toddler is to ignor the attention-seeking behavior. The parents should be somewhat nearby, w/in view of the child but should avoid reinforcing the behavior in any way. Tantrums can sometimes be avoided by talking to the child before the situation occurs

what assessment finding would indicate the new born may have a congenital heart defect?

absent or diminished femoral pulses

A nurse prepares to administer digoxin (Lanoxin) to a newborn infant with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure. The nurse notes that the apical rate is 140 beats per minute. Which of the following nursing actions is appropriate? a. administer the digoxin because the apical rate is within normal limits b. recheck the apical rate in 1 hour and administer the medication at that time c. notify the physician because the apical rate is lower than the normal range d. hold the medication, because the apical rate is normal, indicating that the medication is not needed

a. administer the digoxin because the apical rate is within normal limits

"A hospitalized toddler cries when anyone enters the room, and kicks, yells, and clings to the parents if they try to leave. Based on these data, the nurse determines that the priority nursing diagnosis is:" a. fear related to unfamiliar surroundings b. deficient divisional activity related to developmental stage c. compromised family coping related to the sick child d. delayed growth and development related to overprotective parenting

a. fear related to unfamiliar surroundings

A 4-year-old child is reluctant to take deep breaths after abdominal surgery. The most effective measure to encourage deep breathing is to: a. have the child pretend he is the big, bad wolf blowing the little pig's house down b. give the child colorful latex balloons to blow up c. tell the child to exhale forcefully through the peak flow meter d. administer chest percussion in several postural drainage positions

a. have the child pretend he is the big, bad wolf blowing the little pig's house down

An infant is born w/ a ventricular septa defect (VSD) and surgery is planned to correct the defect. The nurse regcognizes that surgical correction is designed to achieve which outcome?

a. prevents the return of oxygenated blood to the lungs Closure of VSDs stops oxygenated blood fr. being shunted fr. the left ventricle to the right ventricle. VSDs are acyanotic defects, which means that no unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation is common w/ tetrology of Fallot, which is a cyanotic defec

A 9-month-old infant is admitted to a pediatric unit with a diagnosis of dehydration and malnutrition and suspected failure to thrive. Child neglect is suspected. Which of the following would be most important for the nurse to observe when the parents visit the infant? a. the parents' level of concern about the child b. the parents' patterns of visitation c. the parents' interactions with one another d. clues regarding the nutritional patterns of the other children in the family

a. the parents' level of concern about the child

"A client with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) complains of chest discomfort that feels like heartburn, especially following each meal. After teaching the client to take antacids as prescribed, the nurse suggests that the client lie in which position during sleep?" a. with the head of the bed elevated 6 to 8 inches b. flat c. supine with the head of the bed flat d. on the stomach with the head of the bed flat

a. with the head of the bed elevated 6 to 8 inches

A three month old boy weighing 10 lbs 15 oz an axillary temp of 98.8. The nurse determines the daily caloric need for this child is approximately

a.600 calories per day. C- 10lbs 15oz = 10.9. Convert lbs by dividing 2.2; 10.9/2.2=4.59kg, rounded to 5kg. An infant requires 108 calories/kg/day (108 x 5=540 calories/day.) However this infant requires 10% more calories because he has one degree temperature elevation. 10% of 540 and 540 + 54= 594. This infant will require approx 600 calories/day.

a 6- year old admitted to the pediatric unit after falling of a bicycle. Which intervention should the nurse implement to assist the child's adjustments to hospitalization?

a.Explain hospital schedules to the child, such as mealtimes. Altered daily schedules and loss of rituals are upsetting to children and increase separation anxiety, and active sensitivity to the needs of children can minimize the negative effects of hospitalization. Explaining the hospital schedules (A) and establishing an individual schedule familiarizes the child to the hospital environment and decreases anxiety.

A nurse prepares to administer digoxin (Lanoxin) to a newborn infant with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure. The nurse notes that the apical rate is 140 beats per minute. Which of the following nursing actions is appropriate? a. administer the digoxin because the apical rate is within normal limits b. recheck the apical rate in 1 hour and administer the medication at that time c. notify the physician because the apical rate is lower than the normal range d. hold the medication, because the apical rate is normal, indication that the medication is not needed

administer the digoxin because the apical rate is within normal limits

When does an infant play peek-a-boo?

after 6 months

A 6 month old boy and his mother are at healthcare provider's office for a well-baby check up and routine immunizations. The healthcare provider recommends to the mother that the child receive an influenza vaccine. What medications should the nurse plan to administer today?

all the immunizations w/ the influenza vaccine given at a separate site fr. any other injection At 6 months of age, the routine immunizations should HEP B, DTaP, Hib, PCV (pneumococcal) , IPV (inactivated poliovirus) and influenza. The influenza vaccine should be given at a separate site fr. any other injection.

"When administering a liquid medication to an uncooperative toddler, the nurse would implement which strategy?" a. allow the parents to remain the room b. remove the child to another room away from the parents c. restrain the child in a high chair d. restrain the child in a papoose restraining device

allow the parents to remain the room

POLYCYTHYMIA IS COMMON IN CHILDREN WITH CYANOTIC DEFECTS.

an abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, through either reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers.

what cardiac complications are associated with rheumatic fever?

aortic valve stenosis and mitral valve stenosis

When does birth length double

approx 4 years

Absence seizures

are brief episodes of altered awareness or momentary loss of consciousness. No muscle activity occurs except eyelid fluttering or twitching. The child has a blank facial expression. These seizures last only 5 to 10 seconds, but they may occur one after another several times a day.

The nurse is assessing a 13 yr old girl w/ susptected hyperthyroidism. Which question is most important for the nurse to ask her during the admission interview?

are you experiencing any type of nervousness?

list five risks in cardiac catheterizaiton

arrhythmia bleeding perforation phlebitis obstruction of the arterial entry site

A nurse is preparing to care for a child from a culture different from the nurse's. What is the best way to address the cultural needs of the child and family when the child is admitted to the health care facility? a. ask questions and explain to the family why the questions are being asked b. explain to the family that while the child is being treated, they need to discontinue cultural practices because they may be harmful to the child c. ignore cultural needs because they are not important to health care professionals d. only address those issues that directly affect the nurse's care of the child

ask questions and explain to the family why the questions are being asked

What intervention should the nurse perform first in caring for a child who has ingested a poison?

assessment of the child's respiratory, cardiac, and neurological status

What is commonly associated with downs? What would you hear on auscultation?

associated w/ congenital heart failure. Will hear a systolic heart murmur.

Interventions taught to prevent UTIs in children?

avoid bubble baths; void frequently; drink adequate fluids, esp acidic fluids such as apple or cranberry juice; and clean from front to back

What interventions can be taught to prevent UTI in children?

avoid bubble baths; void frequently; drink adequate fluids, especially acidic fluids such as apple or cranberry juice; and clean genital area form front to back

why is it unreliable to auscultate while air is irrigate into the tube?

b/c this can also be heard when air is passed through the lungs

A nurse instructs a mother on measures to take to reduce the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in a child. Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further teaching? a. I will give my child small feedings often throughout the day b. I will buy bottle nipples that have smaller holes for my child c. I will add a small amount of cereal to my child's formula d. I will give my child a pacifier and maintain an upright position after meals

b. I will buy bottle nipples that have smaller holes for my child

when discussing scoliosis screening with the parent of a 12 year old child the school nurse explains that symptoms typical of adolescent idiopathic structural scoliosis includes all of the following except back pain skirts that hand unevenly unequal shoulder heights uneven waist angles

back pain***don't typically have back pain

An infant with AIDS will be attending daycare the daycare workers are concerned about spreading the virus. The public health nurse explains the precautions the workers should take. These precautions include: a. Storing all of the infant's supplies separately from the other childrens' b. Wearing gloves when changing the child's diaper c. Always wearing gloves and isolation gowns when handling the infant d. Minimizing contact with the infant when it is febrile—baby is immunocompromised

b. Wearing gloves when changing the child's diaper

"A 4-year-old child with cancer is admitted to the hospital for radiation therapy and surgery. To assess adequacy of support for the child's psychosocial needs, the nurse would ask the parents which question?" a. what signs and symptoms has your child been having? b. Will a family member be able to stay with the child most of the time? c. how long have you known your child's diagnosis? d. What are your child's favorite books, activities and toys?

b. Will a family member be able to stay with the child most of the time?

A nurse develops a plan of care for a one-month-old infant hospitalized for intussusception. Which nursing measure would be most effective to provide psychosocial support for the parent-child relationship? a. encourage the parents to go home and get some sleep b. encourage the parents to room-in with their infant c. provide educational materials d. initiate home nutritional support as early as possible

b. encourage the parents to room-in with their infant

A client with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has just received a breakfast tray. The nurse setting up the tray for the client notices that which of the following foods is the only one that will increase the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and thus lessen the client's symptoms? a. fresh scrambled eggs b. nonfat milk c. whole wheat toast with butter d. coffee

b. nonfat milk

A 4-year-old child who was recently hospitalized is brought to the clinic by his mother for a follow-up visit. The mother tells the nurse that the child has begun to wet the bed ever since the child was brought home from the hospital. The mother is concerned and asks the nurse what to do. The appropriate nursing response is which of the following? a. you need to discipline the child b. this is a normal occurrence following hospitalization c. we will need to discuss this behavior with the physician d. the child probably has developed a urinary tract infection

b. this is a normal occurrence following hospitalization

When does pancreatic enzyme get administered?

before a meal to decrease the amount of stools

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is prescribed for a child with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The nurse provides instructions to the mother regarding the administration of the medication and tells the mother to administer the medication: a. before dinner and at bedtime b. before breakfast and before the noontime meal c. in the morning after breakfast and at bedtime d. at the noontime and evening meals

before breakfast and before the noontime meal

Vericella spread

beginning to end. prodromal period to the time all lesion have crusted

where is the most common location for a brain tumor in children

below the cerebellum

What antecedent event occurs with AGN?

beta hemolytic streptococcal infection

When does a child learn to tell time?

between 6-12 y.o.

What are some appropriate toys for the hospitalized toddler?

board and mallet push-pull toys toy telephones stuffed animals storybooks with pictures *mobility very important -> take them to playroom!

What are some appropriate toys for the school-age child during hospitalization?

board games card games hobbies (stamp collecting, puzzles, video games)

paints and radiations are associated with what type of tumor

brain

RSV causes what disease?

bronchiolitis

Treat major burns

burn center

when does birth weight triple

by 12 months

When does the birth length double?

by 4 y.o.

when does birth weight double?

by 6 months

How should burns in child be assessed?

by using the Lund-Browder chart, which takes into account the changing proportions of the child's body

what position should the patient be placed in after an tonsillectomy?

needs to be placed in prone or side-lying to promote drainage

A neonate is born with mild clubfeet. When the parents ask the nurse how this will be corrected, the nurse should explain that a. traction is tried first b. surgical intervention is needed c. frequent, serial casting is tried first d. children outgrow this condition when they learn to walk

c. frequent, serial casting is tried first

When giving an intramuscular injection to a 4-year-old child the nurse should: a. use the vastus lateralis muscle only b. allow the child to choose between a lying or a standing position c. obtain assistance to administer the injection d. distract the child with conversation or a toy

c. obtain assistance to administer the injection

What are some appropriate toys for the hospitalized preschooler?

coloring books puzzles cutting & pasting dolls building blocks clay toy that allow preschooler to work out hospitalization experiences

"A nurse gathers assessment data from a client admitted to the hospital with gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) who is scheduled for a Nissen fundoplication. Based on an understanding of this disease, the nurse determines that the client may be at risk for which complication?" a. diarrhea b. belching c. aspiration d. abdominal pain

c. aspiration

A mother of a 3-year-old child calls a neighbor who is a nurse and tells the nurse that her child just ate the mouse poison that was stored in a cabinet. The nurse would instruct the mother to take what action immediately? a. call the poison control center b. give the child a glass of carbonated beverage to drink c. take the child to the ER d. try to determine how much mouse poison the child consumed

call the poison control center

Roseola

caused by the herpesvirus type 6 and is usually seen in children from 6 months-3 years

Legally bind

central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye using corrective lenses.

A nurse is providing home care instructions to the parents of an infant who had surgical repair of an inguinal hernia. The nurse instructs the parents to do which of the following to prevent infection at the surgical site? a. change the diapers as soon as they become damp b. report a fever immediately c. soak the infant in a tub bath twice a day for the next 5 days d. restrict the infant's physical activity

change the diapers as soon as they become damp

What discharge instructions should be included concerning a child with spica cast?

check child's circulation keep cast dry do no place anything under cast prevent cast soilage during toileting or diapering do not turn child using an abductor bar

Describe the preoperative nursing care for a child with Hirschsprung disease

check vital signs and take axillary temperatures provide bowel cleansing program and teach about colostomy observe for bowel perforation measure abdominal girth

Reaction of 15 mm or more is positive in what population?

children 4 years or older without any risk factors

list the signs and symptoms of esophageal atresia with TEF

chocking, coughing, cyanosis, and excess salivaiton

meningitis

classic signs/symptoms of meningitis include severe headache, fever, stiff neck, and a change in the level of consciousness. Photophobia also may be a prominent early manifestation and is thought to be related to meningeal irritation

What is a common assessment finding associated with developmental hip dysplasia?

clicking when abducting the hip this is known as the ortolani

The nurse is assessing an 8 month old child who has a medical diagnosis of tetrology of Fallot. Which symptom is the client most likely to exhibit?

clubbed fingers

piaget: school age

concrete

During preschool years what is the thinking like?

concrete and egocentric

A 2-year-old child with gastro-esophageal reflux has developed a fear of eating. What instruction should the nurse include in the parents' teaching plan?

consistently follow a set mealtime routine.

when a patient has a G tube what does the nurse still need to fulfill?

continue to satisfy their sucking needs

what does weight, skin-folds, and arm circumference measure and reflect?

current nutritional status (especially protein and fat reserves)

A nurse instructs a parent regarding the appropriate actions to take when the toddler has a temper tantrum. Which statement by the parent indicates a successful outcome of the teaching? a. I will send my child to a room alone for 10 minutes after every tantrum b. I will reward my child with candy at the end of each day without a tantrum c. I will give frequent reminders that only bad children have tantrums d. I will ignore the tantrums as long as there is no physical danger

d. I will ignore the tantrums as long as there is no physical danger

A nurse caring for a child with congestive heart failure provides instructions to the parents regarding the administration of digoxin (Lanoxin). Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further instructions? a. if my child vomits after I give the medication, I will not repeat the dose b. I will check my child's pulse before giving the medication c. I will check the dose of the medication with my husband before I give the medication d. I will mix the medication with food

d. I will mix the medication with food

The mother of a newborn is upset that her baby was diagnosed with congenital clubfoot. She asks the nurse what she did to cause her baby's deformity. Which of the following responses is the most appropriate? a. Abnormal uterine positioning could have caused this deformity b. A lack of good nutrition during pregnancy could have caused this defect c. Having the baby before the due date could have caused this problem d. There are no known etiologies of the defect.

d. There are no known etiologies of the defect.

A nurse is caring for a child with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). The nurse avoids which action in caring for the child? a. allowing uninterrupted rest periods b. limiting the time the child is allowed to bottle-feed c. providing oxygen during stressful periods d. keeping the head of the bed flat

d. keeping the head of the bed flat

Deep partial thickness burn(second degree)

damage to entire epidermis and some dermis, sweat glands and hair intact, red to white in color w/blisters, blanches w/pressure, Pain, sensitive to temp and light touch, heals in 21days, scar likely

Superficial:1st degree

damage to epidermis: pink to red in color with no blisters, mild edema, and with out eshcar, blanches with pressure. Pain, heals in 5 to 10 days. No scars

The parents of a 3 week old infant report that the child eats well but vomits after each feeding. What information is most important for the nurse to obtain?

description of vomiting episodes in past 24 hrs

Erickson's stage 1-3 toddler years

developing a sense of autonomy, they are in the autonomy vs shame and doubt

Phrenic nerve paralysis result in:

diaphragmatic paralysis and paradoxical chest movements.

what are common signs of digoxin toxicity?

diarrhea fatigue weakness nausea vomiting check for bradycardia before administering

hydrocephalous

do not start IV lines using scalp veins for IV infusion b/c they can interfere with the surgery and shunt placement Elevate the HOB slightly to prevent ICP

Vitamin A

dry, rough skin, dull cornea, soft cornea, bitot spots, night blindness, defective tooth enamel, retarded growth, impaired bone formation, decreased throxine formation food sources - sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, peaches, apricots

describe the mechanism of inheritance of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

duchenne muscular dystrophy is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait

what is the relationship between hypoglycemia and exercise?

during exercise, insulin uptake is increased and the risk for hypoglycemia occurs

A nurse develops a plan of care for a one-month-old infant hospitalized for intussusception. Which nursing measure would be most effective to provide psychosocial support for the parent-child relationship? a. encourage the parents to go home and get some sleep b. encourage the parents to room-in with their infant c. provide educational materials d. initiate home nutritional support as early as possible

encourage the parents to room-in with their infant

a 6- year old admitted to the pediatric unit after falling of a bicycle. Which intervention should the nurse implement to assist the child's adjustments to hospitalization?

establishing an individual schedule familiarizes the child to the hospital environment and decreases anxiety.

What care is needed for a client with a temporary colostomy?

family needs education about skin care and appliances referral to an enterostomal therapist is appropriate

what are the side effects of Dilantin?

gingival hyperplasia dermatitis ataxia GI distress

what is the difference between a girls and guys growth spurt?

girls begins earlier than a boys -as early as 10 y.o.

When do girls finish growth? Boys?

girls finish growth around 15 y.o. boys finish growth around 17 y.o.

describe the information families should be given when a child is receiving oral iron prepartions

give oral iron on an empty stomach and with vitamin C use straws to avoid discoloring teeth tarry stools are normal increase dietary sources of iron

Describe nursing interventions to reduce the workload of the heart

give small, frequent feedings or gavage feedings plan frequent rest periods maintain a neutral thermal environment organize activities to disturb child only as indicated

How does the the nurse determine placement

gold standard is to use radiography. Aspiration of contents through the tube and testing the PH and another way. If pH is between 0-5, you are most likely in the stomach

The nurse is assessing a 2 year old. What behavior indicates that the child's language development is within normal limits?

half of a child's speech is understandable Between approximately 15 & 24 months of age, a child's speech is only ½ understandable

A nurse is assessing a child admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. The nurse asks the child's mother which significant question during the assessment? a. has your child had difficulty urinating? b. has any family member had a sore throat within the past few weeks? c. has any family member had a gastrointestinal disorder in the past few weeks? d. has your child been exposed to anyone with chickenpox?

has any family member had a sore throat within the past few weeks?

A nurse is collecting data on a child suspected of having rheumatic fever. The nurse plans to obtain specific data regarding recent illnesses in the child and asks the parent which question? a. has the child had a recent streptococcal infection of the throat? b. has the child had a recent ear infection? c. has the child had a recent case of otitis media? d. has the child had a recent case of pneumonia

has the child had a recent streptococcal infection of the throat?

Down syndrome

have an increased risk for developing leukemia compared with the average child, which may cause bruising all over the body.

Nursing interventions of acne

healthy lifestyle choices, cleansing and skin care 2's daily, meds include..Meds included are Benzoyl peroxide is 1st line( Anti-bacterial, Microbial), Topical er

gastrochisis

herniation of the abd. wall w/ intestines present and the peritonial sac absent

A home care nurse is instructing the mother of a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) about the appropriate dietary measures. The nurse tells the mother that the child needs to consume a: a. low calorie, low fat diet b. high calorie, high protein diet c. low calorie, low protein diet d. high calorie, restricted fat

high calorie, high protein diet

What is a contraindication for the MMR vaccine?

hx of anaphylactic reaction to eggs or neomycin.

What is a contraindication for the DTaP vaccine?

hx of reactions, seizures, neurologic symptoms AFTER previous vaccine, or systemic allergic rxns to vaccine.

Nursing care for eczema

hydrate skin, relieve pruritis, reduce inflammation, prevent 2ndary infection, Educate parents on interventions

explain why hydration is a priority in treating sickle cell disease

hydration promotes hemodilution and circulation of the red cells through the blood vessels

cerebral palsy is associated with:

hyperbilirubinemia

Differentiate the signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

hypoglycemia: tremors, sweating, headache, hunger, nausea, lethargy, confusion, slurred speech, anxiety, tingling around mouth, nightmares hyperglycemia: polydipsia,polyuria, ployphagia, blurred vision, weakness, weight loss, and syncope

what is the physiologic reason for the lab finding of hypoproteinemia in nephrosis?

hypoproteinemia occurs because the glomeruli are permeable to serum protieins

paramyxovirus/ mumps

incubation 14 to 21 days. bed rest maintained until swelling subside. pain med and antiseptics for fever.

Posture of a healthy newborn child

initially has a flex posture b/c it has been curled inside the uterus

List the signs and symptoms of increased ICP in older children

irritability change in LOC motor dysfunction headache vomiting unequal pupil response seizures

Polysomnogram

is a complex diagnostic tool that records electrical and muscle movements: can record HR, brain waves, eye and body movements, end-tidal carbon dioxide

Reye's syndrome

is an acute encephalopathy that follows a viral illness and is characterized pathologically by cerebral edema and fatty changes in the liver. A definitive diagnosis is made by liver biopsy. supportive care is directed toward monitoring and managing cerebral edema. Decreasing stimuli in the environment by providing a quiet environment with dimmed lighting would decrease the stress on the cerebral tissue and neuron responses.

Meningitis

is an infectious process of the central nervous system caused by bacteria and viruses. The inability to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip is a positive Kernig's sign, noted in meningitis

global organization

is when change in a part changes the whole thing. this is typically how the toddler's think... in broad terms

"A newborn infant is diagnosed with hypospadias, and the mother asks the nurse about the disorder. The nurse bases the response on which of the following?" a. it is a congenital anomaly in which the actual opening of the urethra meatus is below the normal placement on the glans penis b. it occurs when one or both testes fail to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotal sac c. it is a congenital anomaly in which the actual opening of the urethral meatus is dorsal to the urethral opening d. it is a congential anomaly characterized by the extrusion of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

it is a congenital anomaly in which the actual opening of the urethra meatus is below the normal placement on the glans penis

what is the genetic transmission pattern of hemophilia?

it is an X-linked recessive chromosomal disorder transmitted by the mother and expressed in male children

A student nurse examines an Asian American infant's eyes and notes that the infant's eyes are crossed. The registered nurse asks the student to interpret the finding. Which statement by the student indicates an understanding of this assessment finding? a. it probably isn't strabismus but appears that way because of the child;s ethnic background b. you will want to call the pediatrician immediately because this could lead to detached retina c. it probably is strabismus because the baby's mother has abused tranquilizers d. strabismus isn't life threatening but it requires surgery in the first 2 months to prevent the crossed eyes from being a life long condition

it probably isn't strabismus but appears that way because of the child;s ethnic background

what should families and clients do to avoid triggering sickling episodes?

keep child well hydrated avoid known sources of infection avoid high altitudes avoid strenuous exercises

Hepatitis care plan

keep the child homeschooled until 1 week after jaundice occurs, keep child away from sharing toys and playing with other kids, maintain standard precautions when treating these clients, diet needs to maintain balanced but focused on a lower fat and protein diet, don't give any medications that are not prescribed b/c sometimes they are metabolized via the liver and this can cause more damage.

A nurse is caring for a child with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). The nurse avoids which action in caring for the child? a. allowing uninterrupted rest periods b. limiting the time the child is allowed to bottle-feed c. providing oxygen during stressful periods d. keeping the head of the bed flat

keeping the head of the bed flat

"A client is unable to expectorate sputum for a sputum sample, and the nurse is preparing to obtain the sample via saline inhalation. The nurse instructs the client to inhale the warm saline vapor via nebulizer by:" a. hold the nebulizer under the nose b. keeping the lips closed lightly over the mouthpiece c. keeping the lips closed tightly over the mouthpiece d. alternating one vapor breath with one breath from room air

keeping the lips closed lightly over the mouthpiece

identify food sources of vitamin A

liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, peaches and apricots

how should a parent be instructed to child-proof a house?

lock all cabinets safely store all toxic household items in a locked cabinets examine the house from the child's point of view

Describe safe monitoring or prednisone administration and withdrawal

long term prednisone should be given every other day Signs of edema, mood changes, and GI distress should be noted and resorted. Drug should be tapered*

Describe safe monitoring of prednisone administration and withdrawal

long-term prednisone should be given every other day. Signs of edema, mood changes, and GI distress should be noted and reported. The drug should be tapered, no discontinued suddenly

list the laboratory findings that can be expected in a dehydrated child

loss of bicarbonated/decreased pH loss of sodium (hyponatremia) loss of potassium (hypokalemia) elevated Hct and elevated BUN

When does a child typically lose his/her teeth?

loss of teeth and eruption of permanent teeth occur between 6-12 y.o.

A mother of a toddler who is hospitalized with mild dehydration must leave her child to go to work. Which behavior would the nurse expect to observe in the toddler immediately after the mother's departure? a. silently curled in bed with a blanket b. loudly crying and kicking both legs c. playing quietly with a favorite toy d. sucking thumb and rocking back and forth

loudly crying and kicking both legs

TB

low-grade fever, swollen lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, and hemoptysis. populations at risk are the homeless, first-generation immigrants.

immediate post-op care for a VP shunt

need to position the head off of the shunt site for the first two hours post-operatively. position the head on the side opposite the surgical site to prevent pressure on the shunt and valve. This provides for better visibility to watch for signs of bleeding or infection

clinical examination- Anthropometry

measure the height, weight, head circumference, BMI, proportion, skin-fold thickness, and arm circumference.

list dietary sources of iron

meat, green leafy vegetables, fish, liver, whole grains, legumes

List foods high in phenylalanine content

meat, milk, diary products, and eggs

Which finding in a 19 yr old female client should trigger further assessment by the nurse?

menstruation has not occurred Menstruation is an expected secondary sex characteristic that occurs with pubescence and typically occurs by age 18, so A should prompt further investigation to determine the cause of this primary amenorrhea. Children receive tetanus as part of the DPT childhood immunization series, and a booster is not typically given until age 16.

what is the usual source of bacterial invasion of bacterial meningitis?

middle ear or the nasopharynx or from wounds: shunts, lumbar punctures, or fractures of the skull

How is congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed?

newborn screening revealing a low T4 and a high TSH

What are signs of anorectal malformation?

newborn who does not pass meconium within 24 hours; meconium appearing through a fistula or in the urine; an unusual appearing and dimple

Persistent neonatal reflexes after 6 months with cerebral palsy

normally Moro, tonic, neck relaxes goes away by 4 months.

What position in utero is Developmental Dysplasia of Hip Associated?

occurs more often i infant who present in the breech position. It occurs more often in females as males present in the breech presentation therefore 80% of the cases are girls. 60% of breech presentations occur w/ the first-born d/t the un-stretched uterus.

symptoms of brain tumors are slow or rapid

onset is slow and vary depending on the location of the tumor

during an admission assessment on an 8 year old child who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) the nurse records the following vital signs: bp 116/78, aprical pulse 99, respirations 24, and an oral temperature of 100.2F. which finding should be reported to the physician immediately ?

oral temperature of 100.2F

Described the function of an osmotic diuretic

osmotic diuretics remove water form the CNS to reduce cerebral edema

A clinic nurse is performing an assessment on a child. Which finding indicates the presence of an inguinal hernia? a. painless inguinal swelling that appears when the child cries or strains b. complaints of difficulty defecating c. complaints of a dribbling urinary stream d. absence of the tests with scrotum

painless inguinal swelling that appears when the child cries or strains

What is the alternative name for mumps? Is it contagious? If so for how long? How is it transmitted? What are the symptoms? What is the tx?

paramyxovirus Incubation: 14-21 days Transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread Sx: fever, HA, malaise, PAROTID GLAND SWELLING and tenderness; manifestations include submaxillary & sublingual infection, orchitis (swelling of 1 or both testicles), & meningoencephalitis Tx: analgesics for pain, antiseptics for fever, bed rest until swelling subsides.

When discussing discipline with the mother of a 4 yr old child, the nurse should include which guideline?

parental control should be consistent

A nurse is assessing a child after hydrostatic reduction for intussusception. The nurse would expect to observe which finding after this procedure? a. severe colicy-type pain with vomiting b. currant jelly like stools c. passage of barium or water soluble contrast with stools d. severe abdominal distention

passage of barium or water soluble contrast with stools

"When obtaining a history from parents of a 5 month old child suspected of having intussusception, which assessment area would be most important for the nurse to address?" a. pattern of abdominal pain b. known allergies c. dietary intake during the past 24 hours d. usual pattern of bowel movements

pattern of abdominal pain

A clinic nurse is providing home care instructions to the mother of a 3-year-old child with a diagnosis of vomiting and diarrhea due to gastroenteritis. The nurse instructs the mother to give the child which of the following to maintain hydration status? a. popsicles b. soda pop c. apple juice d. pedialyte

pedialyte (oral electrolyte solution)

What medications are used to treat rheumatic fever?

penicllin, erythromycin, and aspirin

Breathing exercises and postural drainage is prescribed for a child with cystic fibrosis. A nurse implements these procedures by telling the child to: a. perform the postural drainage, then the breathing exercises b. perform the breathing exercises, then the postural drainage c. schedule the procedures so they are 4 hours apart d. perform postural drainage in the morning and breathing exercises in the evening

perform the postural drainage, then the breathing exercises

A 5-year-old child is admitted to the hospital for heart surgery to repair the tetralogy of Fallot. The nurse reviews the child's record and notes that the child has clubbed fingers. The nurse understands that the clubbing is most likely caused by: a. peripheral hypoxia b. delayed physical growth c. chronic hypertension d. destruction of bone marrow

peripheral hypoxia

A home care nurse visits a 3-year-old child with chickenpox. The child's mother tells the nurse that the child keeps scratching the skin at night and asks the nurse what to do. The nurse tells the mother to: a. apply generous amounts of cortisone cream to prevent itching b. place soft cotton gloves on the child's hands at night c. keep the child in a warm room at night so the covers will not cause the child to scratch d. give the child a glass of warm milk at bedtime to help the child sleep

place soft cotton gloves on the child's hands at night

What are the three classic signs of diabetes?

polydipsia polyphagia polyuria

The nurse is teaching a 12 yr old male adolescent and his family about taking injections of growth hormone for idiopathic hypopituitarism. Which adverse symptoms, commonly associated w/ growth hormone therapy, should the nurse plan to describe to the child and his family?

polyuria/polydipsia

list the common signs of cardiac problems in an infant

poor feeding poor weight gain respiratory distress infections edema cyanosis

10mm or more measurement for TB skin test

positive for children 4 and younger

visual acuity reaches 20/20 during what period?

preschool years (3-6)

How should procedures be explained to preschoolers?

preschooler needs prep for procedure -he/she should understand what is & what is not going to be "fixed" -simple explanations & basic pictures are helpful -let the child handle equipment or models of equipment

Explain why hypospadias correction is performed before child reaches preschool age?

preschoolers fear castration**, achieving sexual identity, and acquiring independent toiling skills

Explain why hypospadias correction is performed before the child reaches preschool age

preschoolers fear castration, achieving sexual identity, and acquiring independent toileting skills

What care is indicated for a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?

prescribed exercise to maintain mobility; splinting of affected joins; and teaching about medication management and side effects of drugs

What are two nursing priorities for a newborn with myelominingocle?

prevention of infection of the sac and monitoring for hydrocephalus (measure head circumference, check fontanel, assess neurologic functioning)

A nurse is developing a postoperative plan of care for an infant who will undergo a pyloromyotomy for the treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The nurse documents in the plan that the infant should be placed in which position in the postoperative period? a. supine with the head of the bed elevated b. prone with the head of the bed elevated c. flat on the nonoperative side d. flat on the operative side

prone with the head of the bed elevated

What are the priorities for a client with a Wilms tumor?

protect the child from injury to the encapsulated tumor. Prepare the family and child for surgery

"A 10-month-old infant is hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Using knowledge of growth and development according to Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, the nurse should do which of the following to meet the infant's developmental needs?" a. wash hands, wear a mask and keep the infant as quiet as possible b. follow the home feeding schedule and allow the infant to be held only when the parents visit c. restrain the infant continuously to prevent tubes from being dislodged d. provide a consistent routine, as well as touching, rocking, and cuddling throughout the hospitalization

provide a consistent routine, as well as touching, rocking, and cuddling throughout the hospitalization

describe the nursing care of a child with ketoacidosis

provide care for an unconscious child, administer regular insulin IV in normal saline, monitor blood gas values and maintain strict I/O

Preoperative nursing care for a child w/ Wilm's tumor should include which intervention?

put a sign on the bed reading, "DO NOT PALPATE ABDOMEN"

What is commonly seen in the adolescence age group and why?

rebellion against family values b/co forming a sense of self/identity

When evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve the nutritional status of an infant w/ gastro-esphageal reflux, which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?

record weight daily The most definitive measure of improved nutrition is an infant is obtaining the child's daily weight

Vitamin B12

redness and fissuring of eyelid corners, burning, itching, tearing of eyes, photophobia Food Sources - prepared infant formulas, liver, cow's milk, cheddar cheese, some green leafy vegetables, enriched cereals

what are the two objectives in treating CHF?

reduce the workload of the heart increased cardiac output

What is a common outcome of a breastfed newborn?

regain birth weight by 14th day of life. Mother's milk normally does not come in until around the 4th day of life. newborns typically void w/in the 1st 24 hours of life can loose up to 10% of their initial weight in the first 3-4 days of life.

"A nurse is caring for a child with intussusception. During care, the child passes a normal brown stool. The most appropriate nursing action is to:" a. report the passage of a normal brown stool to the physician b. prepare the child and parents for the possibility of surgery c. note the child's physical symptoms d. prepare the child for hydrostatic reduction

report the passage of a normal brown stool to the physician

nursing actions for toddlers

security objects for toddlers or favorite toys from home should be encourages expect regression (bed wetting) very basic explanations for the patient allow for autonomy and give choices to the child

chicken pox or varicella zoster virus

seen in young children and is highly contagious to others in the classroom and at home. initially presents with a high fever for 3-4 days. very itchy, patchy and seen on the trunk/face

A 3 yr old client w/ sickle cell anemia is admitted to the ER w/ abdominial pain. The nurse palapates an enlarged liver, and x ray reveals an enlarged spleen, and a CBC reveals anemia. These findings indicate which type of crisis?

sequestration this support a sequestration crisis where blood pools in the spleen, and is characterized by abdominal pain anemia

The community health nurse is providing a yearly summer educational session to parents in a local community. The topic of the session is prevention and treatment measures for poison ivy. The nurse instructs the parents that if the child comes in contact with poison ivy they should: a. immediately bring the child to the ER b. not be concerned if a rash is not noted on the skin c. shower the child immediately, lathering and rinsing the child several times d. apply calamine lotion immediately to the exposed skin areas

shower the child immediately, lathering and rinsing the child several times

Vitamin A (retinol)

signs of deficiency: dry, rough skin; dull cornea, soft cornea, bitot spongs; night blindness; defective tooth enamel; retarded growth, impaired bone formation; decreased thyroxine formation - food sources: liver; sweet potatoes; carrots; spinach; peaches; apricots

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

signs of deficiency: scaly dermatitis; weight loss; anemia; irritability; convulsions; peripheral neuritis - food sources: meats, especially liver; cereals, wheat or corn; yeast; soybeans; peanuts; tuna; chicken; bananas

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

signs of deficiency: scurvy; receding gums that are spongy and prone to bleeding; dry, rough skin, petechiase; decreased wound healing; increased susceptibility to infection; irritability, anorexia, apprehension - food sources: strawberries; oranges and orange juice; tomatoes; broccoli; cabbage; cauliflower; spinach

What are the physical features of a child with down syndrome?

simian creases in palms, hypotonia, protruding tongue, and upward-outward slant of eyes

How is skeletal traction applied?

skeletal traction is maintained by pins or wires applied to the distal fragment of the fracture

fifths-disease

slapped cheek and lacy rash last 3-4 days

Stings( Bees, wasp, jackets)

small red itchy wheal that's warm to touch, systemic reaction: mild to severe-generalized edema, pain, nausea and vomiting, confusion, respiratory problems and shock.

Toddlers are at high risk for injuries because of their increasing curiosity, advancement in cognition, and improved motor skills. All these hazards are a concern for this age-group except: 1. burns 2. poisoning 3. sports injury 4. falls

sports injury- a toddler clearly would not be involved in team sports. :)

Scabies

spread by direct contact, burrows into skin and lay eggs witch mature in 21 days. Pencil like mark on skin. Treat: Apply 5% Elimite cream over entire body=1 time treat or may repeat in 1 week. Treat entire family within past 60 days. Wash all clothes in not water, vacuum everything, Apply calamine lotion or cool compresses until itching stops...SEVERE: Ivermectin

In Reye's syndrome,

supportive care is directed toward monitoring and managing cerebral edema. Decreasing stimuli in the environment by providing a quiet environment with dimmed lighting would decrease the stress on the cerebral tissue and neuron responses.

A 17 yr old male student reports to the school clinic one morning ofr a scheduled health exam. He tells the nurse that he just finished football practice and is on his way to class. The nurse assess his VS: temp 100, pulse, 80, RR 20, and BP is 122/82. What is the best action for the nurse to take?

tell the student to proceed directly to his regulary scheduled class.

Nursing guidelines for a child in the preschool age

tell them that the illness is not their fault & that painful procedures are not punishment they have a fear of mutilation so simply covering a wound with a band-aid helpful in restoring body image

Are temper tantrums common? How should they be controlled?

temper tantrums are common in the toddler years -the behavior should be ignored.

which vital sign should the nurse check for someone with cutis marmorata?

temperature b/c cutis marmorata is the transient mottling of newborns skin then the child is exposed to cold. It's the change in color of the skin.

"A 12-year-old child is seen in the health care clinic. During the assessment, which finding would suggest to the nurse that the child is experiencing a disruption in the development of self-concept?" a. the child has a part-time babysitting job b. the child enjoys playing chess and mastering new skills with this game c. the child has many friends d. the child has an intimate relationship with a significant other

the child has an intimate relationship with a significant other

What instructions should a child with scoliosis receive about a skeletal brace?

the child should be instructed to wear brace 23 hours per day; wear T-shirt under brace; check skin for irritation; perform back and abdominal exercises; and modify clothing. The child should be encouraged to maintain normal activities as able

"A child with a tracheal obstruction is brought to the emergency room by emergency medical services. The child has aspirated a marble, and the foreign body is removed in the emergency room by direct laryngoscopy. After the procedure, the nurse informs the mother of the child that:" a. the child will need to be hospitalized for observation b. the child may go home with a prescription for antibiotics c. the child will need to return to the hospital for a chest x-ray in 1 week d. the child will require a bronchoscopy for follow up evaluation in 1 month

the child will need to be hospitalized for observation

Rheumatic fever (definition and labs)

this is an acquired heart disease that affect collagen and injures the heart, blood vessels, joints and sub-q tissue. It is associated w/ an antecedent beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection Two labs: will see an elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), and elevated ASO (antistreptolysin O) titer.

Erikson's stage of industry

this is during the school aged children where they like to do and accomplish things. Friends are also important to this person.

palivizaumab (synagis)

this is given prophylactically to infants born before 32 weeks gestation and younger than 2 years who have chronic lung disease are given this monthly to prevent respiratory syncytial virus during the winter months

peak flow

this is recommended to monitor kids with asthma to determine the severity of the exacerbation and to guide the theraputic decision making. measuring the peak flow needs to be done before calling the HCP

Milwaukee Brace

this is used to slow the progression of spinal curvature during adolescence while the child is growing. it is worn over top of a t-shirt to protect the skin

describe the purpose of bronchodilators

to reverse bronchospasm

What about pain do toddlers fear? Preschoolers? School-age children? Adolescents?

toddlers: fear intrusive procedures preschoolers: fear body mutilation school-age: fear loss of control of their bodies adolescents: major concern is change in body image

according to freud the most significant achievement of toddlers

toilet training

An infant brought to the emergency room is unresponsive and in respiratory distress. The nurse opens the infant's airway by which method? a. hyperextension b. jaw thrust c. tongue-jaw lift d. head tilt/ chin lift

tongue-jaw lift

Surgery is being delayed for an infant with undescended testes. In collaboration w/ the health care provider and the family, which prescription should the nurse anticipapte?

trial of human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone a.i A trial of HCG may aid in testicular descent, but does not replace surgical repair for true undescended testes. (cryptorchidism: may be found in the inguinal canal due to exaggerated creamasteric reflex

Erikson's stage birth-1 year

trust vs mistrust

The nurse assigning care for 5 yr old child w/ otitis media is concerned about the child's inceasing temperature over the past 24 hours. Which statement is accurate and should be considered when planning care for the remainder of the shift?

tympanic and oral temps are equally accurate

When can a child walk with out assistance?

typically 15 months

Weaning the bottle

typically should occur before the first birthday. Ways to wean: 1. hide the bottle and offer a cup 2. put drinking water in the bottle 3. nighttime bottle should be discontinued as soon as the child is able to drink fluids from a cup *dental carries and decay can be an issue when the child is not switched to a cup.

what are the signs and symptoms of congenital dislocated hip in infants?

unequal skin folds of the buttocks, ortolani sign, limited abduction of the affected hip and unequal leg lengths

what position does a child with epiglottitis assume?

upright sitting, with chin out and tongue protruding (tripod positioning)

Which action by the nurse is most helpful in communicating w/ a preschool aged child?

use a doll to play and communicate

To assess the effectiveness of an analgesic administered to a 4-yr old, what intervention is best for the nurse to implement?

use a happy-face/sad face pain scale.

describe feeding techniques for a child with cleft lip or palate

use lamb's nipple or prosthesis feed child upright, with frequent bubbling

The nurse is teaching a mother to give 4ml of a liquid antibiotic to a 10 month old infant. Which statement by the parent indicates a need for further teaching?

using a teaspoon will help me measure this correctly The prescribed medication is 4ml dosage and is measured w/ the most accuracy using a syringe, so if the parent uses teaspoon which is equiavelnt to 5ml, further teaching is indicated

When can we begin flu vaccinations?

vaccinate annually over 6 months *first time with give 2 injections!! (28 days later)

Vericella

viral, skin lesions--begin at trunk and spread to the face and extremities. Contacted by direct contact/ droplet or freshly contaminated objects.

A nurse is preparing a plan of care for a child being admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). The nurse avoids including which of the following in the plan? a. limiting the time the child is allowed to bottle-feed b. elevating the head of the bed c. waking the child for feeding to ensure adequate nutrition d. providing oxygen during stressful periods

waking the child for feeding to ensure adequate nutrition

nursing intervention for a newborn w/ erb palsy and phrenic never paralysis

want to promote respiratory effort so need to position the newborn on the affected side to optimize the newborns breathing. by doing this the unaffected lung can expand fully.

list normal findings in a neurovascular assessment

warm extremity, brisk capillary refill, free movement, normal sensation of the affected extremity and equal pulses

The nurse is providing instructions to the parents of a child with a hernia regarding measures that will aid in reducing the hernia. The nurse determines that the parents understand these measures if they state which of the following? a. we will be sure to give our child a fleet enema every day to prevent constipation b. we will make sure that our child participates in physical activity every day c. we will provide comfort measures to reduce any crying periods by our child d. we will encourage our child to cough every few hours on a daily basis

we will provide comfort measures to reduce any crying periods by our child

A client with diplopia has been given an eye patch to promote better vision and prevent injury. The nurse teaches the client to do which of the following as part of correct use of this item? a. wear the patch continuously, alternating eyes each day b. wear the patch continuously, alternating eyes each week c. use the patch only when vision is exceptionally blurry d. put the patch on for an hour, and then take it off for an hour

wear the patch continuously, alternating eyes each day

"A client taking albuterol (Ventolin) experiences a severe episode of wheezing, which the nurse interprets as bronchospasm. A telephone call is made to the physician's office to report the occurrence. The nurse does which of the following while waiting for the physician to return the call?" a. administer the next dose of albuterol as scheduled b. withholds the next dose of albuterol c. administer a double dose of albuterol d. administers half the dose of albuterol

withholds the next dose of albuterol

Ways to decrease pain from a heel-stick blood sample

wrap the heel in a warm, damp cloth (this will increase vasodilation, making the sample easier to get) swaddle the infant have the infant do non-nutritive sucking EMLA cream has not been shown to decrease the pain response of the infant

is imaginary play common in preschool children?

yes

divorice

young children who experience divorce have very low self-esteem and often blame themselves for the separation. exhibit loss of appetite and poor sleep patterns. feelings of abandonment may verbalize feelings

The nurse would expect a 4-month-old to be able to: a. hold a cup. b. stand with assistance. c. lift head and shoulders. d. sit with back straight.

ANS: C Because development is cephalocaudal, of these choices, lifting the head and shoulders is the one that the infant learns to do first. The infant can usually sit with support at about 5 months of age and can sit alone at about 8 months.

Age groups concepts of bodily injury

Infants: After 6 months, their cognitive development allows them to remember pain. Toddlers: Fear intrusive procedures. Preschoolers: Fear body mutilation. School age: Fear loss of control of their body. Adolescent: Major concern is change in body image.

A 4-year-old child has cystic fibrosis. Which stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the nurse addressing when teaching inhalation therapy?

Initiative Rationale: Children 4 to 5 years of age are in the "Initiative vs. Guilt" stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

At which point during the physical examination should a child with asthma be assessed for the presence or absence of intercostal retractions?

Inspiration Rationale: Intercostal retractions result from respiratory effort to draw air into restricted airways. The retractions will not be noticeable when air is expelled from the lungs, such as when the client is coughing or expiring

When does the child sit unsupported?

8 months

A maternity nurse is providing instruction to a new mother regarding the psychosocial development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse would instruct the mother to A) Allow the newborn infant to signal a need B) Anticipate all of the needs of the newborn infant C) Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of crying D) Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying

A) Allow the newborn infant to signal a need. Trust vs Mistrust stage-This will allow the infant opportunity to gain trust.

The mother of a toddler asks a nurse when it is safe to place the car safety seat in a face-forward position. The best nursing response is which of the following? A) When the toddler weighs 20 lbs B) The seat should not be placed in a face-forward position unless there are safety locks in the car C) The seat should never be place in a face-forward position because the risk of the child unbuckling the harness D) When the weight of the toddler is greater than 40 lbs

A. The transition point for switching to the forward facing position is defined by the manufacturer of the convertible car safety seat but is generally at a body weight of 9 kg or 20 lb and 1 year of age. Convertible car safety seats are used until the child weighs at least 40 lb. Options b, c, and d are incorrect

The nurse explains that the second process of self-mobility an infant learns is seen at the age of 9 months, when the infant begins to ___________.

ANS: creep At 7 months the infant begins to crawl, using arms and dragging trunk and legs. At 9 months the infant begins to creep, holding his or her trunk above the floor. The next self-mobility activity is cruising, where the child walks from one piece of furniture to the next before it begins to walk independently.

The nurse observes a 10-month-old infant using her index finger and thumb to pick up pieces of cereal. This behavior is evidence that the infant has developed: a. the pincer grasp. b. a grasp reflex. c. prehension ability. d. the parachute reflex.

ANS: A By 1 year, the pincer-grasp coordination of index finger and thumb is well established.

In terms of fine motor development, the infant of 7 months should be able to: a. Transfer objects from one hand to the other. b. Use thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp. c. Hold crayon and make a mark on paper. d. Release cubes into a cup.

ANS: A By age 7 months infants can transfer objects from one hand to the other, crossing the midline. The crude pincer grasp is apparent at about age 9 months. The child can scribble spontaneously at age 15 months. At age 12 months the child can release cubes into a cup.

In terms of gross motor development, what would the nurse expect a 5-month-old infant to do? a. Roll from abdomen to back. b. Roll from back to abdomen. c. Sit erect without support. d. Move from prone to sitting position.

ANS: A Rolling from abdomen to back is developmentally appropriate for a 5-month-old infant. The ability to roll from back to abdomen usually occurs at 6 months old. Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. The 10-month-old infant can usually move from a prone to a sitting position.

An adolescent girl tells the nurse that she is very suicidal. The nurse asks her if she has a specific plan. Asking this should be considered: a. An appropriate part of the assessment. b. Not a critical part of the assessment. c. Suggesting that the adolescent needs a plan. d. Encouraging the adolescent to devise a plan.

ANS: A Routine health assessments of adolescents should include questions that assess the presence of suicidal ideation or intent. Questions such as, "Have you ever developed a plan to hurt yourself or kill yourself" should be part of that assessment. Threats of suicide should always be taken seriously and evaluated. Suggesting that the adolescent needs a plan and encouraging them to devise this plan are inappropriate statements by the nurse.

The parents of a 2-year-old tell the nurse that they are concerned because the toddler has started to use "baby talk" since the arrival of their new baby. The nurse should recommend that the parents: a. Ignore the "baby talk." b. Explain to the toddler that "baby talk" is for babies. c. Tell the toddler frequently, "You are a big kid now." d. Encourage the toddler to practice more advanced patterns of speech.

ANS: A The baby talk is a sign of regression in the toddler. It should be ignored, while praising the child for developmentally appropriate behaviors. Regression is children's way of saying that they are expressing stress. The parents should not introduce new expectations and should allow the child to master the developmental tasks without criticism.

The parent of a 3-month-old infant asks the nurse, "At what age do infants usually begin drinking from a cup?" The nurse would reply: a. 5 months. b. 9 months. c. 1 year. d. 2 years.

ANS: A The infant can usually drink from a cup when it is offered at about 5 months.

The nurse assigns an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) to provide morning care to a newly admitted child with bacterial meningitis. What is the most important instruction for the nurse to review with the UAP?

Use designated isolation precautions.

What represents the major stressor of hospitalization for children from middle infancy throughout the preschool years? a. Separation anxiety b. Loss of control c. Fear of bodily injury d. Fear of pain

ANS: A The major stress for children from infancy through the preschool years is separation anxiety, also called anaclitic depression. This is a major stressor of hospitalization. Loss of control, fear of bodily injury, and fear of pain are all stressors associated with hospitalization. However, separation from family is a primary stressor in this age group.

The nurse is aware that the age at which the posterior fontanelle closes is _____ months. a. 2 to 3 b. 3 to 6 c. 6 to 9 d. 9 to 12

ANS: A The posterior fontanelle closes between 2 and 3 months of age.

A 3-month-old infant, born at 38 weeks of gestation, will hold a rattle if it is put in her hands, but she will not voluntarily grasp it. The nurse should interpret this as: a. Normal development. b. Significant developmental lag. c. Slightly delayed development caused by prematurity. d. Suggestive of a neurologic disorder such as cerebral palsy.

ANS: A This indicates normal development. Reflexive grasping occurs during the first 2 to 3 months and then gradually becomes voluntary. No evidence of neurologic dysfunction is present.

The nurse cautions that children who have unmet hunger needs will likely display which characteristic(s)? Select all that apply. a. Irritability b. Ineffective feeding patterns c. No predictable sleep-wake cycle d. Distrust e. Effective parent bonding

ANS: A, B, C, D Children who experience frequent hunger do not have effective parental bonding. All other options are probable outcomes for a child who has unmet hunger needs.

What should the teaching plan include about infant fall precautions? Select all that apply. a. Remove all unsteady furniture. b. Keep crib rails up and in locked position. c. Steady infant with hand when on changing table. d. Use tray attachment on high chair as restraint. e. Keep infant seat on the floor.

ANS: A, B, C, E The tray attachment to a high chair is an inadequate restraint. All other options are good precautions to prevent an infant from a fall.

The parent of a 4-year-old son tells the nurse that the child believes "monsters and boogeyman" are in his bedroom at night. The nurse's best suggestion for coping with this problem is to: a. Insist that the child sleep with his parents until the fearful phase passes. b. Suggest involving the child to find a practical solution such as a night light. c. Help the child understand that these fears are illogical. d. Tell the child frequently that monsters and boogeyman do not exist.

ANS: B A night light shows a child that imaginary creatures do not lurk in the darkness. Letting the child sleep with parents will not get rid of the fears. A 4-year-old is in the preconceptual age and cannot understand logical thought.

The nurse discusses child-proofing the home for safety with the mother of a 9-month-old. The statement made by the mother that indicates an unsafe behavior is: a. "I put covers on all of the electrical outlets." b. "In the car, she rides in a front-facing car seat." c. "There are locks on all of the cabinets in the house." d. "I have a gate at the top and bottom of the stairs."

ANS: B A rear-facing infant car seat should be used for infants younger than 1 year of age.

What is descriptive of the play of school-age children? a. Individuality in play is better tolerated than at earlier ages. b. Knowing the rules of a game gives an important sense of belonging. c. They like to invent games, making up the rules as they go. d. Team play helps children learn the universal importance of competition and winning.

ANS: B Play involves increased physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy. Children form groups and cliques and develop a sense of belonging to a team or club. At this age children begin to see the need for rules. Conformity and ritual permeate their play. Their games have fixed and unvarying rules, which may be bizarre and extraordinarily rigid. With team play children learn about competition and the importance of winning, an attribute highly valued in the United States.

A 4-year-old boy is hospitalized with a serious bacterial infection. He tells the nurse that he is sick because he was "bad." The nurse's best interpretation of this comment is that it is: a. A sign of stress. b. Common at this age. c. Suggestive of maladaptation. d. Suggestive of excessive discipline at home.

ANS: B Preschoolers cannot understand the cause and effect of illness. Their egocentrism makes them think that they are directly responsible for events, making them feel guilt for things outside of their control. Children of this age show stress by regressing developmentally or acting out. Maladaptation is unlikely. This comment does not imply excessive discipline at home.

The nurse knows that an infant's birth weight should be tripled by: a. 9 months. b. 1 year. c. 18 months. d. 2 years.

ANS: B The infant usually triples his or her birth weight by about 12 months of age.

According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of adolescence is developing: a. Intimacy. c. Initiative. b. Identity. d. Independence.

ANS: B Traditional psychosocial theory holds that the developmental crises of adolescence lead to the formation of a sense of identity. Intimacy is the developmental stage for early adulthood. Initiative is the developmental stage for early childhood. Independence is not one of Erikson's developmental stages.

Which statement is correct about toilet training? a. Bladder training is usually accomplished before bowel training. b. Wanting to please the parent helps motivate the child to use the toilet. c. Watching older siblings use the toilet confuses the child. d. Children must be forced to sit on the toilet when first learning.

ANS: B Voluntary control of the anal and urethral sphincters is achieved sometime after the child is walking. The child must be able to recognize the urge to let go and to hold on. The child must want to please the parent by holding on rather than pleasing self by letting go. Bowel training precedes bladder training. Watching older siblings provides role modeling and facilitates imitation for the toddler. The child should be introduced to the potty chair or toilet in a nonthreatening manner.

Which type of play is most typical of the preschool period? a. Solitary c. Associative b. Parallel d. Team

ANS: C Associative play is group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules. Solitary play is that of infants. Parallel play is that of toddlers. School-age children play in teams.

Most infants begin to fear strangers at age: a. 2 months c. 6 months b. 4 months d. 12 months

ANS: C Between ages 6 and 8 months fear of strangers and stranger anxiety become prominent and are related to the infant's ability to discriminate between familiar and nonfamiliar people. At age 2 months infants are just beginning to respond differentially to the mother. At age 4 months the infant is beginning the process of separation individuation when the infant begins to recognize self and mother as separate beings. Twelve months is too late and requires referral for evaluation if the child does not fear strangers at this age.

Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parents find her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. The best interpretation of this behavior is: a. Her cognitive development is delayed. b. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed. c. This is typical behavior because of inability to transfer knowledge to new situations. d. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.

ANS: C During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age and represents typical behavior for a toddler. Only some awareness exists of a causal relation between events.

Generally the earliest age at which puberty begins is: a. 13 years in girls, 13 years in boys b. 11 years in girls, 11 years in boys c. 10 years in girls; 12 years in boys d. 12 years in girls, 10 years in boys

ANS: C Puberty signals the beginning of the development of secondary sex characteristics. This begins in girls earlier than in boys. Usually a 2-year difference occurs in the age at onset. Girls and boys do not usually begin puberty at the same age; girls usually begin earlier than boys do.

The most appropriate activity to recommend to parents to promote sensorimotor stimulation for a 1-year-old would be to: a. ride a tricycle. b. spend time in an infant swing. c. play with push-pull toys. d. read large picture books.

ANS: C Push-pull toys are appropriate to promote sensorimotor stimulation for a 1-year-old child.

When assessing development in a 9-month-old infant, the nurse would expect to observe the infant: a. speaking in 2-word sentences. b. grasping objects with palmar grasp. c. creeping along the floor. d. beginning to use a spoon rather sloppily.

ANS: C The 9-month-old tries to creep, has developed pincer movement, and can grasp a spoon without keeping food on it.

The abnormal finding in an evaluation of growth and development for a 6-month-old infant would be: a. weight gain of 4 to 7 ounces per week. b. length increase of 1 inch in 2 months. c. head lag present. d. can sit alone for a few seconds.

ANS: C The infant should be holding the head up well by 5 months of age. If head lag is present at 6 months, the child should undergo further evaluation.

What would the nurse expect of a healthy 3-year-old child? a. Jump rope b. Ride a two-wheel bicycle c. Skip on alternate feet d. Balance on one foot for a few seconds

ANS: D 3-year-olds are able to accomplish the gross motor skill of balancing on one foot. Jumping rope, riding a two-wheel bike, and skipping on alternative feet are gross motor skills of 5-year-old children

The statement made by a parent that indicates correct understanding of infant feeding is: a. "I've been mixing rice cereal and formula in the baby's bottle." b. "I switched the baby to low-fat milk at 9 months." c. "The baby really likes little pieces of chocolate." d. "I give the baby any new foods before he takes his bottle."

ANS: D New solid foods should be introduced before formula or breast milk to encourage the infant to try new foods.

The nurse would advise a parent when introducing solid foods to: a. begin with one tablespoon of food. b. mix foods together. c. eliminate a refused food from the diet. d. introduce each new food 4 to 7 days apart.

ANS: D Only one new food is offered in a 4- to 7-day period to determine tolerance.

The role of the peer group in the life of school-age children is that it: a. Gives them an opportunity to learn dominance and hostility. b. Allows them to remain dependent on their parents for a longer time. c. Decreases their need to learn appropriate sex roles. d. Provides them with security as they gain independence from their parents.

ANS: D Peer-group identification is an important factor in gaining independence from parents. Through peer relationships children learn ways to deal with dominance and hostility. They also learn how to relate to people in positions of leadership and authority and explore ideas and the physical environment. Peer-group identification helps in gaining independence rather than remaining dependent. A child's concept of appropriate sex roles is influenced by relationships with peers.

The school nurse has been asked to begin teaching sex education in the 5th grade. The nurse should recognize that: a. Children in 5th grade are too young for sex education. b. Children should be discouraged from asking too many questions. c. Correct terminology should be reserved for children who are older. d. Sex can be presented as a normal part of growth and development.

ANS: D When sex information is presented to school-age children, sex should be treated as a normal part of growth and development. Fifth graders are usually 10 to 11 years old. This age is not too young to speak about physiologic changes in their bodies. They should be encouraged to ask questions. Preadolescents need precise and concrete information.

Which of the following should the nurse expect to note as a frequent complication for a child with congenitalheart disease? a.Susceptibility to respiratory infection b. Bleeding tendencies c. Frequent vomiting and diarrhea d. Seizure disorder

Answer A Children with congenital heart disease are more prone to respiratory infections.Bleeding tendencies, frequent vomiting, and diarrhea and seizure disorders are not associated with congenital heart disease

A newborn's failure to pass meconium within the first 24 hours after birth may indicate which of the following? a.Hirschsprung disease b. Celiac disease c. Intussusception d. Abdominal wall defect

Answer A Failure to pass meconium within the first 24 hours after birth may be an indication of Hirschsprung disease, a congenital anomaly resulting in mechanical obstruction due to inadequate motility in an intestinal segment. Failure to pass meconium is not associated with celiac disease, intussusception, or abdominal wall defect.

Which of the following should the nurse do first after noting that a child with Hirschsprung disease has a fever and watery explosive diarrhea? a. Notify the physician immediately b. Administer antidiarrheal medications c. Monitor child ever 30 minutes d. Nothing, this is characteristic of Hirschsprung disease

Answer A For the child with Hirschsprung disease, fever and explosive diarrhea indicate enterocolitis, a life-threatening situation. Therefore, the physician should be notified immediately. Generally, because of the intestinal obstruction and inadequate propulsive intestinal movement, antidiarrheals are not used to treat Hirschsprung disease. The child is acutely ill and requires intervention, with monitoring more frequently than every 30 minutes.Hirschsprung disease typically presents with chronic constipation.

Which of the following parameters would the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of thickened feedings for an infant with gastroesophageal reflux (GER)? a.Vomiting b. Stools c. Uterine d. Weight

Answer A Thickened feedings are used with GER to stopthe vomiting. Therefore, the nurse wouldmonitor the child's vomiting to evaluate theeffectiveness of using the thickened feedings.No relationship exists between feedings andcharacteristics of stools and uterine. Iffeedings are ineffective, this should be notedbefore there is any change in the child's weight.

While assessing a newborn with cleft lip,the nurse would be alert that which of the following will most likely be compromised? a.Sucking ability b. Respiratory status c. Locomotion d. GI function

Answer A. Because of the defect, the child will be unable to from the mouth adequately around nipple, there by requiring special devices to allow for feeding andsucking gratification. Respiratory status may be compromised if the child is fed improperly or during postoperative period, Locomotion would be a problem for the older infant because of the use of restraints. GI functioning is not compromised in the child with a cleft lip

A child with leukemia is being discharged after beginning chemotherapy. Which of the following instructions will the nurse include when teaching the parents of this child? a)provide a diet low in protein and high carbohydrates b) avoid fresh vegetables that are not cooked or peeled c) notify the doctor if the child's temperature exceeds 101 F (39C) d) increase the use of humidifiers throughout the house

Answer B fresh fruits and vegetables harbor microorganisms, which can cause infections in immune-compromised child. Fruits and vegetables should either be peeled or cooked. The physician should be notified of a temperature above 100F, a diet low in protein is not indicated, and humidifiers harbor fungi in the water containers.

Which of the following health teachings regarding sickle cell crisis should be included by the nurse? a) it results from altered metabolism and dehydration b) tissue hypoxia and vascular occlusion cause the primary problems c) increased bilirubin levels will cause hypertension d) there are decreased clotting factors with an increase in white blood cells

Answer B tissue hypoxia occurs as a result of the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells. The sickled cells begin to clump together, which leads to vascular occlusion.

When assessing a child for possible intussusception, which of the following would be least likely to provide valuable information? a.Stool inspection b. Pain pattern c. Family history d. Abdominal palpation

Answer C Because intussusception is not believed to have a familial tendency, obtaining a family history would provide the least amount of information. Stool inspection, pain pattern, and abdominal palpation would reveal possible indicators of intussusception. Current, jelly-like stools containing blood and mucus are an indication of intussusception. Acute,episodic abdominal pain is characteristics of intussusception. A sausage-shaped mass may be palpated in the right upper quadrant.

A client and her husband are positive for the sickle cell trait. The client asks the nurse about chances of her children having sickle cell disease. Which of the following is appropriate response by the nurse? a)one of her children will have sickle cell disease b) only the male children will be affected c) each pregnancy carries a 25% chance of the child being affected d) if she had four children, one of them would have the disease

Answer C In autosomal recessive traits, both parents are carriers. There is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that a child will have the disease.

A 16 month old child diagnosed with Kawasaki Disease (KD) is very irritable,refuses to eat, and exhibits peeling skin on the hands and feet. Which of the following would the nurse interpret as the priority? a)applying lotions to the hands and feet b) offering foods the toddler likes c) placing the toddler in a quiet environment d) encouraging the parents to get some rest

Answer C One of the characteristics of children with KD is irritability. They are often inconsolable.Placing the child in a quiet environment may help quiet the child and reduce the workload of the heart. The child's irritability takes priority over peeling of the skin.

After teaching the parents of a preschooler who has undergone T and A(Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy) about appropriate foods to give the child afterdischarge, which of the following, if stated by the parents as appropriate foods, indicates successful teaching? a)meatloaf and uncooked carrots b) pork and noodle casserole c) cream of chicken soup and orange sherbet d) hot dog and potato chips

Answer C for the first few days after a T and A (Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy) , liquids and soft foods are best tolerated by the child while the throat is sore. Avoid hard and scratchy foods until throat is healed.

An 8 year old child has been diagnosed to have iron deficiency anemia. Which ofthe following activities is most appropriate for the child to decrease oxygen demands on the body? a)Dancing b) playing video games c) reading a book d) riding a bicycle

Answer C reading a book is restful activity and can keep the child from becoming bored. Choices a, b, and d require too much energy for a child with anemia and can increase oxygen demands on the body.

Which of the following nursing diagnoses would be inappropriate for the infant with gastroesophageal reflux(GER)? a.Fluid volume deficit b. Risk for aspiration c. Altered nutrition: less than body requirements d. Altered oral mucous membranes

Answer D GER is the backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus resulting from relaxation or incompetence of the lower esophageal (cardiac)sphincter. No alteration in the oral mucous membranes occurs with this disorder. Fluid volume deficit, risk for aspiration, and altered nutrition are appropriate nursing diagnoses

A client with hemophilia has a very swollen knee after falling from bicycleriding. Which of the following is the first nursing action? a)initiate an IV site to begin administration of cryoprecipitate b) type and cross-match for possible transfusion c) monitor the client's vital signs for the first 5 minutes d) apply ice pack and compression dressings to the knee

Answer D rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE)are the immediate treatments to reduce the swelling and bleeding into the joint. These are the priority actions for bleeding into the joint of a client with hemophilia

A child diagnosed with tetralogy of fallot becomes upset, crying and thrashing around when a blood specimen is obtained.The child's color becomes blue and respiratory rate increases to 44 bpm.Which of the following actions would the nurse do first? a)obtain an order for sedation for the child b) assess for an irregular heart rate and rhythm c) explain to the child that it will only hurt for a short time d) place the child in knee-to-chest position

Answer D the child is experiencing a "tet spell" or hypoxic episode.Therefore the nurse should place the child in a knee-to-chest position. Flexing the legs reduces venous flow of blood from lower extremities and reduces the volume of blood being shunted through the interventricular septal defect and the overriding aorta in the child with tetralogy of fallot. As a result, the blood then entering the systemic circulation has higher oxygen content, and dyspnea is reduced. Flexing the legs also increases vascular resistance and pressure in the left ventricle. An infant often assumes a knee-to-chest position to relieve dyspnea. If this position is ineffective, then the child may need sedative. Once the child is in this position, the nurse may assess for an irregular heart rate and rhythm.Explaining to the child that it will only hurt for a short time does nothing to alleviate hypoxia.

Which of the following would the nurse perform to help alleviate a child's joint pain associated with rheumatic fever? a)maintaining the joints in an extended position b) applying gentle traction to the child's affected joints c) supporting proper alignment with rolled pillows d) using a bed cradle to avoid the weight of bed lines on the joints

Answer D for a child with arthritis associated with rheumatic fever, the joints are usually so tender that even the weight of bed linens can cause pain. Use of the bed cradle is recommended to help remove the weight of the linens on painful joints. Joints need to be maintained in good alignment, not positioned inextension, to ensure that they remain functional.Applying gentle traction to the joints is not recommended because traction is usually used to relieve muscle spasms, not typically associated with rheumatic fever. Supporting the body in good alignment and changing the client's position are recommended, but these measures are not likely to relieve pain.

The nurse teaches parents how to help their children learn impulse control and cooperative behaviors. This would occur during which of the stages of development defined by Erikson? A.Trust versus mistrust B.Initiative versus guilt C.Industry versus inferiority D.Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

B) Initiative vs Guilt. The stage of initiative versus guilt occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, during which children develop direction and purpose. Teaching impulse control and cooperative behaviors during this stage help the child to avoid risks of altered growth and development. In the autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt stage, toddlers learn to achieve self-control and willpower. Trust versus mistrust is the first stage, during which children develop faith and optimism. During the industry versus inferiority stage, children develop a sense of competency.

Autosomal recessive

Both parents must be heterozygous, or carriers of the recessive trait, for the disease to be expressed in their offspring. With each pregnancy, there is a 1:4 chance of the infant having the disease. However, all children of such parents CAN get the disease - NOT 25% of them.

A mother of a 3-year-old tells a clinic nurse that the child is rebelling constantly and having temper tantrums. The nurse most appropriately tells the mother to: A) Punish the child every time the child says "no", to change the behavior B) Allow the behavior because this is normal at this age period C) Set limits on the child's behavior D) Ignore the child when this behavior occurs

C) Set limits on the child's behavior-According to Erikson, the child focuses on independence between ages 1 and 3 years. Gaining independence often means that the child has to rebel against the parents' wishes. Saying things like "no" or "mine" and having temper tantrums are common during this period of development. Being consistent and setting limits on the child's behavior are the necessary elements.

A nurse is preparing to care for a 5-year-old who has been placed in traction following a fracture of the femur. The nurse plans care, knowing that which of the following is the most appropriate activity for this child? A) Large picture books B) A radio C) Crayons and coloring book D) A sports video

C. In the preschooler, play is simple and imaginative and includes activities such as crayons and coloring books, puppets, felt and magnetic boards, and Play-Doh. Large picture books are most appropriate for the infant. A radio and a sports video are most appropriate for the adolescent.

A nurse is preparing to end the shift and receives a lab report stating that a child with asthma has a theophylline level of 15 mcg/dL. Which action should the nurse take?

Communicate the result to the oncoming nurse and document. Rationale: The therapeutic level of theophylline is 10 to 20 mcg/dL, so the child's level is within the therapeutic range. This information evaluates the prescribed therapy and should be communicated in the nurse's report.

The nurse is planning postoperative care for a child who has had a cleft lip repair. What is the most important reason to minimize this child's crying during the recovery period?

Crying stresses the suture line. Rationale: Prevention of stress on the lip suture line is essential for optimum healing and the cosmetic appearance of a cleft lip repair.

A 16-year-old is admitted to the hospital for acute appendicitis, and an appendectomy is performed. Which of the following nursing interventions is most appropriate to facilitate normal growth and development? A) Allow the family to bring in the child's favorite computer games B) Encourage the parents to room-in with the child C) Encourage the child to rest and read D) Allow the child to participate in activities with other individuals in the same age group when the condition permits

D. Adolescents often are not sure whether they want their parents with them when they are hospitalized. Because of the importance of the peer group, separation from friends is a source of anxiety. Ideally, the members of the peer group will support their ill friend. Options a, b, and c isolate the child from the peer group.

Following immunization, what teaching should the nurse provide to the parents?

Irritability, fever (<102 degrees F), redness and soreness at injection site for 2-3days are normal side effects of DPT and IPV administration.Call healthcare provider if seizures, high fever, or high -pitched crying occur.A warm washcloth on the thigh injection site and "bicycling" the legs w/each diaper change will decrease soreness.Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is administered orally every 4-6 hours (10-15 mg/Kg)

Which preoperative nursing intervention should be included in the plan of care for an infant with pyloric stenosis?

Observe for projectile vomiting. Rationale: Projectile vomiting (D), the classic sign of pyloric stenosis, contributes to metabolic alkalosis.

A 3-month-old infant returns from surgery with elbow restraints and a Logan's bow over a cleft lip suture line. Which intervention should the nurse implement to maintain suture line integrity during the initial postoperative period?

Place the infant upright in an infant seat position. Rationale: The use of an infant seat simulates a supine position with the head elevated and also prevents aspiration. Prone positioning should be avoided to prevent disruption of the protective Logan's bow and prevent the infant from rubbing the face on the bed surface. Mittens are not necessary and decrease the ability to provide sensory comfort, such as hand holding. Nasal suctioning should be avoided to prevent trauma or dislodging clots at the surgical site. Water-soluble lubricant will dry the suture line and cause crusting, which predisposes the suture line to poor healing and scarring.

A 2-year-old child with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is brought to the clinic for a routine evaluation. Which assessment finding suggests the presence of a common complication often experienced by those with Down syndrome?

Presence of a systolic murmur Rationale: Congenital heart disease occurs in 40% to 50% of children with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Defects of the atrial or ventricular septum that create systolic murmurs are the most common heart defects associated with this congenital anomaly.

Following the reduction of an incarcerated inguinal hernia, a 4-month-old boy is scheduled for surgical repair of the inguinal hernia. Under which circumstance should the parents notify the health care provider prior to surgery?

Presence of an inguinal bulge after gentle palpation Rationale: The parents should notify the health care provider if the hernia remains irreducible after implementing simple measures, such as gentle palpation, warm bath, and comforting to reduce crying. If a loop of intestines is forced into the inguinal ring or scrotum and incarcerates, swelling can follow and possible strangulation of the bowel, intestinal obstruction, or gangrene of the bowel loop can occur, necessitating emergency surgical release.

A 6-month-old male infant is admitted to the postanesthesia care unit with elbow restraints in place. He has an endotracheal tube and is ventilator-dependent but will be extubated soon following recovery from anesthesia. Which nursing intervention should be included in this child's plan of care?

Remove restraints one at a time and provide range-of-motion exercises. Rationale: Removing restraints one at a time is safer than simultaneously. The infant should have the restrained extremities assessed frequently for signs of neurologic or vascular impairment, and range-of-motion exercises should be performed with these assessments. Under no circumstances should restraints be applied to the client continuously. Documentation of assessment findings regarding the restrained extremities must occur much more frequently than every 72 hours; however, the reason for using restraints must be justified and should be stated in the medical record.

A child comes to the school nurse complaining of itching. Further assessment reveals that the child has impetigo. What action should the nurse take?

Send the child home with the parents to see the health care provider before returning to school. Rationale: Impetigo is a staphylococcal infection and is transmitted by person-to-person contact. The child should be sent home with a note to the parents explaining the condition

The nurse notes that a 16-year-old male client is refusing visits from his classmates. Further assessment reveals that he is concerned about his edematous facial features. Based on these assessment findings, the nurse should plan interventions related to which nursing diagnosis?

Social isolation Rationale: Peer acceptance and body image are significant issues in the growth and development of adolescents. The answer addresses the problem of a lack of contact with peers stemming from his desire to protect his ego.

Prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed for a child who has mitral valve damage. The nurse should advise the parents to give the antibiotics prior to which occurrence?

Urinary catheterization Rationale: Prophylactic antibiotics are usually prescribed prior to any invasive procedure for children who have valvular damage.