Peoples & Cultures Final

social impacts of industrialism

-increased energy usage -rising levels of consumption of good manufactured, spurred by advertising and credit. -increased dependence on goods not produced locally -institutionalized inequality -simplification of ecosystems in agriculture

same-sex policing

-men criticizing men -women surgeons were forced to be more conversational than male surgeons.

gentrification

-the opposite of white flight -where rich people move into poor neighborhoods and sort of push away the poor who live there. ex. nyc

(& elective identity politics for minority groups)

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Anthropology methods & ethics

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BOOK: Behind the Smile (themes and examples)

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Colonialism & globalization

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Culture (characteristics of) and power

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Definition/examples/processes of enculturation

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Emic/etic

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Ethnocentrism/cultural relativism

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Gender/race/class & intersectionality

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READING: "Barbados," Anthony Trollope

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Western dualism of sexuality

19th Century, European dualist ideology: heterosexual (normal), homosexual (abnormal or deviant). Effects of Colonialism: Transmission of Western values and concepts of gender. Reduction of diversity in gender formation around the world.

sexuality as identity

A European concept that sexual practices mark one's identity. Ex. Gay, Queer, Lesbian. Many individuals around the world do not perceive their sexual choices or behaviors as determinant of their identities.

World Bank

A United Nations agency created to assist developing nations with loans guaranteed by member governments.

Behind the Smile

A collection of first hand accounts from people working in the Barbados tourism industry. Shows the intersection of race, colonialism, and globalization.

gender norms

A cultural approach to Male and Female miscommunication. Society's expectations or standards concerning what males and females should be like. Ex. Boys & Girls get different colored hand bracelets in hospital.

culture of consumption

A culture whose major economic, social, and ideological systems are geared to non-sustainable levels of resource consumption and to continual, ever-higher elevation of those levels on a per capita basis. Success is when you produce more year after year. Does not result in more hours of leisure.

FILM CLIP: Trekkies

A film about Star Trek culture. Explores conventions, Klingon, and how elements of Start Trek infiltrate the lives of it's most dedicated fans.

Intersexes

A person born with some combination of male and female sexual, chromosomal, or hormonal characteristics. Despite activism to stop this practice, in America doctors and parents will decide a sex for the child at birth and will "fix the problem." Many times babies are surgically altered to be ambiguously female shortly after birth.

Traditional Chinese Foot Binding

A practice that went until Communism took over where women wanted tiny feet that represent being a proper woman. There are parallels between Imperial Chinese Foot Binding and 21 Century Western Foot Binding (Heels).

Kennewick Man

A skeleton discovered by James Chatters that was C-14 dated to be 9,000 years old and had an indeterminate race. Held from Native Americans as collateral and claimed by The Army Core of Engineers, Scientists, White Supremacists, & Tribes.

READING: "Of Kwanzaa, Cinco de Mayo, and Whispering," Deborah Freedman Lustig

Multicultural education aims to improve understanding among students of different ethnic groups, but it can lessen intergroup conflict only if it is implemented systematically. In one inner-city California high school, the celebration of Kwanzaa leads to exclusion and isolation, and the speaking of Spanish in the classroom sparks conflict and resentments.

READING: "Race Without Color," Jared Diamond

Argues that the visible physical diversity we identify with race is not coterminous with other kinds of physical diversity, & thus doesn't define separate races.

READING: "Reburying the Dead,"

Article about how archaeologists should return Native American bodies back to their original tribes.

NAGPRA

Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990: Called for the return of human remains, burial and ceremonial goods from museums and other collections to Native American groups. 1. Lineal descendants of the disinterred person, and/or people known to have owned disinterred objects. 2. Tribe on whose land the grave was found, or else the tribe whose ancestors occupied the land. 3. Tribe with the closest "cultural affiliation" with the disinterred person or objects.

Bajan

Natives of the Barbados

desert and beverage economies

Based on cash crops, leaving the growers without enough land and resources to meet basic necessities. Third world growers become trapped in a cycle of using their resources to grow non-profitable cash crops (prices are set by the first world countries that consume the largest amounts of these products), then in turn using the cash to buy essential equipment and staple foods from these same first world countries.

international debt development projects (and NGOs)

Non-Governmental organizations (NGO's) help developing countries by setting up shop there but don't usually bother to understand the complex culture.

cultural borrowing

Taking aspects of another culture and making them your own.

development projects

can provide services and resources to citizens of poor countries--but rarely under local leadership.

worldview

Members of the same society make use of shared assumptions about how the world works. As they interpret everyday experiences in light of these assumptions, they make sense of their lives and their lives make sense to other members of the society.

FILM CLIP: The Office, "Back from Vacation"

Michael Scott returns from a Sandals resort in Jamaica with a severe misunderstanding of the economic situation there.

benefits and abuses of colonization

Missionaries (but not motherlands) often set up schools to educate natives, but colonial governments often forced labor with exceedingly poor working conditions and long hours.

intergenerational

Mobility that compares parents' levels to that of their children.

intragenerational

Mobility that plots career shifts within a persons lifetime.

sex

Most individuals are born with the biological traits of either a male, or a female, member of the species.

marrying up

Marrying a member of a higher social/economic class.

religion

-beliefs: worldview and moral order -practices: ritual and worship, moral behavior

READING: "Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?"

"Can we only free Afghan women to be like us, or might we have to recognize that even after liberation from Taliban, they might want different things than we would want for them?"

FILM: Small Happiness

"I'll sell my daughter for whoever brings me 200 bucks." Her sons scolded her for saying too much about the past. She smothered her new baby and buried him. A daughter will be considered a small happiness from the day she is born.

Karl Marx

(1860'-70s): social class is determined by ownership of the "means of economic production." Bottom Class.

Max Weber

(1900s): social class is decided by 'status' or 'social prestige'-along with economic status and opportunity. Middle Class.

Pierre Bourdieu

(1970-80s): social class is decided by one's cultural symbolic capital. High Class.

bricolage/indigenization

(B) To take pieces of the outsiders' culture and integrate them into your own way of life. Ex. of Bricolage: Trobriand Cricket (I) The process of modification to fit the local culture. Includes Bricolage.

science & rationality: McHugh's sociological experiment on psychotherapy and meaning-making

(Sociologist Peter McHugh1968) An experiment in which college students were told they were participating in a new form of psychotherapy. Unbeknown to the student, the therapist delivering his answer from another room over an intercom, determined his response by reference to a list of random numbers.

The 3 conditions leading to globalization & hunger (with examples)

*One consequence of industrialism is the creation of vastly different economies, resulting in extreme poverty and hunger in some places. 1. People lose their land, often through coercion (slavery, war). They then must do wage labor and often are paid less than they need to buy enough food. 2. Commercialization of local food production (cash-crops substituted for food crops): erodes reciprocities and sustainable practices. 3. Money earned is then taken to pay off debt and can't be used to buy food for citizens.

Rethinking the Bering Walk

-Bering crossing theory: people enter North America around 13,000 years ago. -Monte Verde, Chile: 12,000-30,000 years ago. -Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania: 13,00-19,00 years ago? -Fort Rock Cave, Oregon: 12,000-14,000 years ago.

gender and sex as continuums

-Biological Sex: Male, Intersex, Female -Gender Identity: Masculine, 3rd Sex... -Gender Expression -Sexual Orientation

Why is Kennewick Man's Race Unclear?

-Contemporary and historical diversity within Native American populations. -Racial skull profiles are based on aggregate trends, and one skull is not an adequate sample.

globalization (labor, hunger, etc.)

-Outsourcing is subcontracting a process that could have been provided in-house to a third-party company. Possible by exploiting cheap labor markets. -People lose their land, often through coercion (ex. slavery and war). They then must do wage labor and often are paid less than they need to buy food. Commercialization of local food production (cash-crops substituted for food crops) erodes reciprocities and sustainable practices. Money earned is then taken to pay off debt and can't be used to buy food for citizens.

Birds of a feather?

-Paul Fussell -If you feel no need to explicate your allusions or in any way explain what you mean, you are probably talking with someone in your class. -When we think of people who look good together, we think of their class.

identity politics

-Refers to social movements centered around a shared identity of members. Ex. gay rights, minority rights. -For Native Americans, NAGPRA and related issues are tied in with their identity politics-their struggle for full rights and recognition as a minority group within the U.S. with particular claims on the nation, based on their indigenous status.

Kennewick: Scientist & Archeologists

-Repatriation is not justified in this case. -Important scientific knowledge to be gained from study of Kennewick Man's remains -Somebody's going to have their name attached to that important scientific knowledge.

Kennewick: Native Americans

-Some tribal groups as another attempt to take our standing as aboriginal. They see it, as a political move to make them second-comers. -Reburial, not being treated as a scientific 'specimen,' is respectful treatment of ancestors -Concern about hidden racism in the tremendous public interest in Kennewick Man's race.

"Rags to Riches"

-The belief that we live in a meritocracy where social mobility is the result of our hard work.

gender and power

-The cross-cultural occurrence of "Good Old Boy Networks' No Girls Allowed, Thomas Gregor, 1982

unmarked category

-The position of power -In US: white, male, heterosexual, able-bodied, English-speaking. -Important because unmarked categories come with unstated (generally unrecognized) privileges: White Privileges, Male Privileges. -categories mask the way power operates in a society, makes it harder to challenge privilege.

Paul Fussell: Class in America

-Top Out of Sight: Billionaires and multi-millionaires. -Upper Class: Inherited wealth. -Upper Middle: Surgeons & Lawyers -Middle Class: Majority. -High Proletarian: Skilled workers & manual labor. -Middle Prole: Unskilled manual labor. -Low Prole: Non-skilled. -Destitute: Working & non-working poor. -Bottom out of Sigh: Street people. No Voice, influence or voter impact. -Category X: Xers defined by taste, talent and for bowing out of the class system entirely.

READING: "Official Statement on 'Race,'" AAA

Argues that the concept of 'race' has no validity as a biological category in the human species. Because it homogenizes widely varying individuals into limited categories, it impedes research and understanding of the true nature of human biological variations.

adoption

Adopt the outsiders' culture, practices, and ideas as your own.

gender in advertising

Advertisers want to shape consumers' ideas about "the good life." Thus, advertising carries messages, not only about consumption but about work, time, beauty, health, family, community, morality, GENDER, SEX, SEXUALITY.

The Triangular Trade

Africa exports slaves to Caribbean Islands where raw materials are exported to Europe. Goods are manufactured in Europe, sold there, and imported in Africa.

E.E. Evans-Pritchard, 1937

African primitives were irrational and they believed in witchcraft because they didn't know how the world worked.

Sexuality

An Enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes, as well as an individual's sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviors, expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them.

economic capital

Assets, money, stocks, land, etc.

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Barbados (history, colonialism, tourism)

Became an independent country in 1961 after being a British colony. Because it was a settler colony, and because of sugarcane production, it was wealthier than islands such as Jamaica.

ritual

Behaviors that is formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped. Performed earnestly as a social act in special or sacred places at set times. Also includes liturgical orders-set up in advanced, memorization.

global effects of advertising

Being exposed to advertising and products from "stronger" countries creates a depressed self-value. The more TV that people watch, the less they perceive their town as being developed.

READING: "Advertising and Global Culture," Janus

Being exposed to the same advertising and products creates a depressed self-value. The more TV that people watch, the less they perceive their town as being developed.

religious belief and/versus practice

Beliefs: Worldview (Invisible beings) and Moral Order. Practices: Ritual and Worship, moral behavior.

race

Biological characteristics affected by natural selection or gene flow are distributed in geographic gradations. Any two or more gradations are likely to be distributed discordantly. Concerns distinctions made on the basis of inherited, physical characteristics.

Biological determinism

Biological sex determines who you are, your place in society, and your personality.

magic and witchcraft

Manipulation of unseen forces, ritual practices, moral order. Generally premised on the idea that super natural powers can compel certain events to occur.

marked category

Categories that are not assumed, that have to be specified. In US: nonwhite, female, homo- or bisexual, disabled, ESL.

Christianity and civilization

Christianity was the key to spreading civilization. Lands were conquered in the name of religion to "save" their peoples.

READING: "You Are What You Eat"

Compares the health food movement to a religion. Describes the movement as "the organization of a meaningful world view and the construction of a satisfying life."

The Hijras of India

Considered to be a 3rd sex category and are religious figures. Many engage in sex work to support themselves. Paradoxical position: marginalized in certain contexts but revered in others. Differences between KOTI (who undergo some type of surgery, often castration, and XANITH (who use neither surgery nor hormone pills).

covert racism

Covert racism is unstated, sometimes systemic, often unconscious, discrimination against some races in favor of others.

systemic biases

Crime, Justice (Blacks have more contact with law enforcement), The Sentencing Project (Blacks more likely to go to jail), Racism in Athletics (Black positions demand physical speed & quickness), Health care (breast cancer).

READING: "The Price of Progress," John Bodley

Critique of economic development and how it has been detrimental to smaller societies in terms of health, ecological change, quality of life, and relative deprivation.

elective culture

Culture that is adopted by choice, often by the unmarked because they need a stronger identity.

Feminist Anthropology

Focused on the question of male dominance. Is it really universal? What happens in remote areas? How do we explain it?

Film: Mirrors of the Heart: Race and Identity

Describes how race and ethnicity influence self-image and social status. Colonizing society is generally valued more than colonized, but sometimes it is rejected by indigenous peoples (natives).

tradition/modernity/multiple modernities

Each culture has some elements of Western society, but manifest them in different ways. Modernity is not superior to tradition.

embrace

Embrace, in contrast, refers to taking on some element of another culture without your relationship with members of that culture, or their ownership of that cultural element.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Established to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment. Forces countries to compromise on caring for citizens.

Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, Margaret Mead

Ethnographic study of gender in New Guinea. Categories of male and female are not given naturally but by culture. Culture is learned.

intersectionality

Examining how cultural categories like Race, Class, Sexuality, and Gender interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society.

problems with the Black/White model of race

Excludes other groups, doesn't account for multiracial identities, improved in the 2000 census.

Native American spirituality in the Mainstream

Fundamental part of life; interconnectedness of all living things; sacredness of all creation; animism.

Gender in Toys and Toy Advertisements

Girls are encouraged to be domestic while guys are taught to be aggressive and violent. Gender is emphasized through color, style, and design of toys.

READING: "Using Cultural Skills for Cooperative Advantage," Richard Reeves-Ellington

Gives insights to cultural differences when major companies do business in Japan. Talks about the do's and don't of business etiquette with Japanese businesses.

sexual diversity

Heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality have been apparent through out time. The reactions of such behaviors have varied through out cultures and time periods. Example: Berdache

meritocracy

Hierarchy in which one's social standings is determined by one's merit. In fact, the biggest determinant of social achievement in the US is social class, but no one talks about it.

FILM CLIP: The Office: "Gay Witch Hunt"

Homosexuality as a marked category (specified category). Michael & Dwight try to figure out who's gay in the office.

class

How much money you make determines how you think about class: 1.Bottom Class:then you perceive class to be money. 2.Middle Class: some money, education, type of work. 3.Top Class: taste, values, ideas, style, behavior. For anthropologists, class status is determined by BOTH Economic and Cultural (symbolic) Capital.

READING: "A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication," Maltz & Borker

How people let other people know that they are actively listening. Men are more likely to interrupt and challenge, while women focus on friendship and relationship. Children learn their speech patterns and gender roles early on.

Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina victims often were talked about in terms of economics, NOT in terms of how those economics have been influenced by social and historical forces.

extractive colonies

In extractive colonies, the primary intent of the colonizing power was to extract resources from the colonized territory. There were usually relatively few members of the colonizing society present in the colony, in these situations.

settler colonies

In settler colonies, the colonial power sought to establish a new homeland for some of its members. A significant number of members of the colonizing society would move into the colony, displacing native people and using them for labor.

wealth distribution in the U.S.

In the US, class has been racialized, that is, a greater percentage of people of color are adversely affected by the rules of the economy. 80% of the population owns 6% of the wealth. 19% of the population owns 46% of the wealth. 1% of the population owns 48% of the wealth. 75% of all the world's people living on less than $1 a day are women-most of the rest are boys and girls under 15 years old who are often dependent on a woman. Women own 1% of the world's natural resources and grow 60-80% of the world's food.

rites of passage

Includes Separation (withdrawal from larger group and beginning of transformation to new status or place), Liminality (limbo period between states), and Re-incorporation (re-entry into society).

cultural (symbolic) capital

Includes knowledge, judgements of taste, and socially valued characteristics that require economic capital or preexisting social privilege to acquire and can be reconverted into economic capital.

industrialism and environmental damage

Industrialism & trade causes pollution and tends to extract more from the environment than is sustainable

FILM: Life & Debt

It examines the economic and social situation in Jamaica, and specifically the impact thereon of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank's globalization policies.

FILM CLIP: 30 Rock "Jack Meets Dennis"

Jack meets Tina Fey and Dennis at a restaurant. Jack notices that Dennis is just a cheap individual who speaks very informal, aggressive, and dirty. Jack is dressed in a tux and is carrying himself very nicely.

Redcap

Job that entails carrying tourists luggage through customs and outside the terminal through the curb. Normally make their living via tips.

gender and language

Language reveals, embodies, and sustains attitudes to gender. Language users speak or write in (different and distinctive) ways that reflect and perform their gender.

READING: "Doing Gender, Doing Surgery"

Male surgeons are respected regardless of their demanding and aggressive behavior. However, female surgeons who behaved the same way were not tolerated by other female colleagues.

READING: "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are Not Enough," Anne Fausto-Sterling

Male, Female, Hermaphrodite, Male Pseudo-Hermaphrodite, Female Pseudo-Hermaphrodite.

The Cave Man Image of sexual stratification

Man as the hunter, woman as the gatherer. Men were dominant because woman were unable to hunt. In reality, society was egalitarian because women gathered more food than was hunted.

marked identities

Marked identities are identities which are sufficiently set apart from the unmarked norm to be distinctive and noted.

social mobility

Occurs whenever people move across social class boundaries, or from one occupational level to another. Mobility can move upwards or downwards.

the cultural and ecological impacts of over-consumption

On the powerful side, the excess value extracted can be consumed and people are less likely to see shortages develop. On the less powerful side, uncompensated labor can result in unsustainable subsistence efforts.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Organization through which member nations negotiate trading agreements and resolve disputes about trade policies and practices

overt racism

Overt racism is openly-stated or openly-practiced discrimination against some races in favor of others.

Setswana gender norms

Patriarchal society in which women farm and men take other jobs (ex. mining)

ethnicity

Perceived cultural or physical similarities and differences-race is a type of ethnicity, that is, a perceived difference. Concerns distinctions made on the basis of culture, usually parents' culture, usually differing from the dominant culture.

3 aspects of empire (political/economic/cultural)

Political: Territories under control of some ruling power. Leaders are chosen from the ruling power. Economic: Ruling power may decide what industries occur in a territory. Control over who can and can't trade. Cultural: Cultural values (ex. religion, art, etc.) & technologies are spread to new territories and are considered to be more "evolved." Europeans colonized Africa for: 1. Demand for raw materials 2. Need for Markets 3. Commerce, Christianity, Civilization

Circuit model

Stresses a circuit of production, circulation, and consumption of media products. Industry and Audience influence each other.

Culture industry model

Stresses power of media to define gender.

Ifaluk gender norms

Strong and separate (but equal) gender system in which women control the households, children, and garden while men control fish and coconut tree rights and are dependent on women for shelter

Netsilik Eskimo gender norms

Strong gender division of labor (not hierarchy), but all roles are important. Men hunt and make tools and women keep the homestead, but have significant influence. Structures are flexible where men and older women can share authority.

READING: "Sex, Money, and Success," Carroll

Study of how Americans talk about success in terms of money, while the French talk about success in terms of sexual conquests.

READING: "Strange Country This: An Introduction to North American Gender"

Study that shows Native American Berdaches and how they can be considered respectable figures in the Native American Community. Some are chiefs, wives, warriors, etc.

Zande friction oracle

Questions are answered by physical things. Similar to an Ouija board

resistance

Reject (overtly and covertly) outsiders' culture in favor of maintaining your own. "Resurgence" of "Traditional" Identities. Rai Music.

Crossing the Line (the Shellback Ceremony)

Ritual for contemporary Navy Officers. They are often subjected to silly and humiliating acts often simulating homosexual behaviors.

Beach boy

Roam the beaches of Barbados normally to sell something, such as Jet-Ski rides, or jewelry. Some, however, have the intent of sleeping with tourists.

economic empire

Ruling power may decide what industries occur in a territory. Control over who can and can't trade.

FILM: Becoming a Woman in Okrika

Separation: Girls have bands on their legs. Liminality (in between): Girls are fed good food. Fattening houses. Prepares them for child bearing. Changing bodies and changing status. Reincorporation: Final race at the end.

Third Gender

Societies that have institutionalized notions of a "third gender," acceptable and unacceptable same-sex sexualities, ritualized same sex marriage, ritualizing cross-dressing and other forms of gender and sexual expression.

READING: "Cell Phones, Sharing, and Social Status in an African Society," Daniel Jordan Smith

Some African countries such as Nigeria think of cell phone minutes as cultural capital. Author claims that cell phones represent a level of economic achievement that is out of reach to most Nigerians.

FILM: White Shamans and Plastic Medicine Men

Some whites have completely embraced Native American culture. Many, however, disrespect it by selling tokens, adopting unnatural "Native Names," writing books, etc.

FILM CLIP: Trobriand Cricket

Sport was introduced by missionaries to substitute warfare but Trobriands use it as form of exchange with ritual chants & warfare dress.

Audience freedom model

Stressed power of audience to choose, ignore, or subvert messages.

FILM CLIP: The Simpsons, "Kiss, Kiss, Bang, Bangalore"

The Simpsons episode in which Mr. Burns outsources labor to India only to send it back after workers formed a union.

FILM: The House We Live In

The US History of racial identifications and racist practices in the housing industry. Producing and maintaining the current economic stratification between blacks and whites in America. The racist history tends to disappear, making it seem that white families just worked harder and were more successful. In 1968, President Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act. For the first time, racial language was removed from federal housing policy. Non-white families began moving into traditionally white communities in numbers. It was called "block-busting." Real estate agents preyed on the racial fears of white homeowners to get them to sell their homes quickly, for less than market value. The homes were resold to non-whites at inflated prices.

Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande

The Zande mind is logical and inquiring within the framework of its culture and insists on the coherence of its own idiom. Witchcraft provides them with a natural philosophy by which the relations between men and unfortunate events are explained. Witchcraft explains coincidences. Natural logic tells you what happened; magical logic tells you why it happened to you.

myth of classlessness

The ambition and hard work of individuals is the sole responsible factor of success. We are told in different ways to not ask questions about the cultural system that produced economic and power stratifications. Just asking questions brands you a dangerous revolutionary. The system hides itself behind myths and false hope. Class is much more than working hard and making money. Vast majority of people die in or around the class they're born into.

industrialism

The concept of building an economy on large corporations and machines that manufacture goods rather than agricultural production Use of non-human and non-animal energy to do work. Labor (a commodity) replaces work (an activity)- you make money with your labor to buy the products of someone else's labor. Centralization of the workplace. Market economy: very few people involved in producing food and few people produce what they use.

Constructivist position

The constructivist position holds that gender is something you do, not something you have or are.

gender

The cultural rights and tasks assigned to one sex or the other, and the cultural system of understanding and institutionalizing similarities and differences between male and female. In all societies, gender is the primary criterion for assigning social/cultural roles.

Stratification

The division of power and privilege.

the mivumba debate

The entanglement of culture and economy. Mivumba is a Luganda word referring to second-hand clothing imported from America and Europe. Strong reliance on mivumba has both economic and cultural advantages and disadvantages. Proposals to tax mivumba, to stimulate the Ugandan clothing industry, has been met with strong resistance.

the colonial era

The era in which powerful Western countries traveled to and took over foreign lands as colonies transmitting Western values and reducing diversity. May not be over.

Essentialist position

The essentialist position holds that there are fundamental, real differences between men and women.

Oppression

The exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. Related to racism.

colonial ideology: the "White Man's Burden"

The ideas, values, beliefs, perceptions and understandings that are known to members of a society and that guide their behaviors. The White Man's Burden is the rational given for spreading these to new places.

repatriation

The making of amends for wrong or injury done.

one-drop rule

The one-drop rule is a historical colloquial term in the United States for the social classification as black of individuals with any African ancestry; meaning any person with "one drop of black blood" was considered black.

postcolonialism

The postcolonial view of the contemporary period is over, and we live in a new era with new dynamics of culture and power.

enculturation

The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations.

READING: "What's In a Name?"

The story of an African-American woman from Brooklyn who found out that Tribal affiliation is more important in African culture than having the right name.

FILM: BabaKiueria

The story of what would happen if indigenous peoples had discovered & colonized an English Australia.

craniometry

The study of the differences of the skull size and the shape of humans form various races.

neocolonialism

The world continues to be characterized by the same dynamics of culture and power as in the colonial period. But today, there are few examples of outright political control of colonies; rather more subtle forms of economics, political, and cultural domination continue.

appropriate

To appropriate something means to take it. In the cultural realm, appropriation refers to using some element from another culture in a way which in some sense hurts the people of that culture.

berdache

Two-spirited Native Americans who were born as one gender but opted to become the other. This is an example of third sex positivity.

class inequality in the world

US had to most unequal distribution of wealth than any other industrialized nation. The wealthiest 1% of Americans have more wealth than the poorest 95% Americans combined. The world's 225 richest people own more than the combined wealth of the world's 2.5 billion poorest people. Just 4% of the income of the world's richest people would be enough to malnutrition, stop and prevent most diseases, and provide everyone in the world with a safe home and running water.

unmarked identities

Unmarked identities are identities that go without saying--default identities. In American society, mainstream white middle-class identities are the primary unmarked identity (the dominant "us" of public discourse, most generic target of advertising, etc.)

tourism (history of; effects of; types of; relation to global stratification)

Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines.

tourism (history of; effects of; types of; relation to global stratification)

Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines.Destinations are forced to meet needs of tourists which causes dramatic & disruptive cultural change as well as environmental damage. Destination economies generally begin to depend on tourism. Stratification: There is an imbalance in the way that tourism functions. Resources don't flow in the expected and Caribbean countries don't benefit

FILM: Killing us Softly III, Jean Kilbourne

What ads say to us about gender and how do they influence us. For women, what's most important is how we look. Photoshop retouching.

Why is Kennewick Man's Race Important?

What is the point of racializing these remains? It serves only to clothe 21st century issues like NAGPRA in the conceptual apparatus and vocabulary of the 19th century.-Physical anthropologist Jonathan Marks

READING: "Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"

Whites are taught to ignore the fact that they enjoy social privileges that blacks do not because we live in a society of white dominance.

Iraq- The Mustergil of the Ma'dan Clan

Women or Widowed women may declare themselves social men after first menstruation. Allowed most rights of men, except to marry or inherit property. Patriarchal Society.

FILM: People Like Us

You can learn to be apart of another class by studying small aspects of it. Smashing your peas.

structural adjustment

forces poor countries to compromise on caring for their citizens, in order to repay international debts.

racialization

the social and historical process by which groups acquire a racial identity