Perfusion - 111

what is the average end-diastolic volume?

120 ml

Normal sodium BMP levels?

135-145 mEq/L

Normal potassium BMP levels?

3.5-5mmol/L

In what position should a nurse place the head of the bed to obtain the most accurate reading of jugular vein distension?

30 degrees

what is the average adule CO?

4-8 L/min

what is the average end-systolic volume?

50 ml

Where do you palpate the apical pulse?

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

what is the average stroke volume?

60-100 ml per beat

what is a nomal heart rate?

70-80 bpm

name the heart valves

Atrioventricular Valves (Tricuspid and Mitral Valve) Semilunar Valves (Pulmonary and Aortic Valve)

what are you monotoring during a cardiac stress test?

ECG, rhythm, and ischemic changes

what is central perfusion?

Force of blood movement generated by cardiac output

what are nursing diagnoses for perfusion?

Impaired perfusion Impaired gas exchange Acute/Chronic Pain Impaired sensation Imbalanced nutrition Knowledge deficit

what factors affcet cardiopulmonary functioning and oxygenation?

Level of Health Developmental Considerations Medication Considerations Lifestyle considerations Environmental considerations Physchological considerations

A nurse is palpating a client's pulse on the inner aspect of his ankle, below the medial malleolus. Which pulse is the nurse assessing?

Posterior tibial

Name the nodes of the heart

SA node AV node Bundle of His Right bundle branch Left bundle branch Purkinje Fibers

CO formula

SV x HR

The nurse notices that a client's heart rate decreases from 63 to 50 bpm on the monitor. What should the nurse do first?

Take the client's blood pressure.

The nurse is unable to palpate the client's left pedal pulses. What should the nurse do first?

Use a Doppler ultrasound device.

What is cardiac output?

Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute

what is local perfusion?

Volume of blood that flows to target tissue

what is contactility?

ability of heart muscle fibers to shorten

are arteries passive or active?

active

where must the oxygen and carbon dioxide move through to be carried to and from body cells by the blood?

alveoli

what are the five points of auscultation of the heart in order?

aortic pulmonic tricuspid mitral valve erbs point

what does BMP stand for?

basic metabolic panel

where is the pericardial cavity?

between pericardium and epicrdium

what do arteries do?

carry blood away from the heart

what do veins do?

carry blood back to the heart

When auscultating a client's chest, a nurse assesses a second heart sound (S2). What would the nurse determine is the cause of this sound?

closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves

what is cholesterol the precursor to?

corticosteroids sex hormones bile salts

what is myocardial ischemia?

decreased oxygen supply to the heart caused by insufficient blood supply

is perfusion greater in independent or dependent areas?

dependent areas

what does oxygen do in plasma?

dissolves

stroke volume formula

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume = stroke volume

what does one need to do to prep for a cardiac stress test?

fast for 4 hours prior avoid stimulants (tobacco, caffeine)

what is the main organ of circulation?

heart

whta factors determine CO?

heart rate contractility preload afterload

why do infants have high heart rates?

high metabolic rate and Oxygen needs

do you use the diaphragm of a stethoscope to hear low or high-pitched sounds?

high pitched

is systemic circulation low or high pressure?

high pressure

what does increased afterload to the cardiac workload?

increased cardiac workload

what does stimulation of the medulla do?

increases the rate and depth of ventilation

what is the nurses duty for a patient getting ready to have TEE?

keep patient NPO for 24 hours

A nurse can auscultate for heart sounds more easily if the client is

leaning forward.

what is cholesterol produced by?

liver

what are LDLs?

low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol)

do you use the bell of a stethoscope to hear low or high-pitched sounds?

low pitched

is pulmonary circulation low or high pressure?

low pressure

what is transthoracic echocardiography used for?

measure ejection fraction examine size, shape, and movement of cardiac structures

what may be the first signs of cardiac issues?

mental health changes

what is the nurses follow-up care for a pateint who undergoes cardiac catheterization?

monitor site for bleeding assessing peripheral pulses, cap refill, temp, and color of affected extremity screening for dysrhythmias bedrest for 2-6 hours

During a physical examination, a nurse asks a client to hold their breath briefly, and then uses a stethoscope to auscultate over the carotid arteries. Which finding is normal when auscultating over these arteries?

no sounds over either carotid artery

The nurse assesses an older adult for signs of dehydration. Which findings would be consistent with a diagnosis of dehydration?

orthostatic hypotension

what nervous system slows heart rate?

parasympathetic

are veins active or passive?

passive

name the 3 layers of the heart

pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

how is oxygen carries through the blood?

plasma and RBC

what happens id there is a decrease in CO?

poor tissue perfusion - leads to tissue necrosis

what are serum lipids bound to in the blood?

proteins

what is afterload?

resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

what are the two main blood vessels that provide coronary circulation?

right and left coronary arteries

what are some relative contraindications for cardiac catheterization?

severe congestive heart failure severe electrolyte abnormalties bleeding diathesis serum creatinine is less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL Poor patient cooperation

what is Romberg's test looking for?

standing balance - looking for swaying when eyes are closed and legs are straight

what nervous system increases heart rate?

sympathetic

what is stroke volume?

the amount of blood ejected by the heart in each beat

describe systolic pressure

the amount of pressure on the ventricle when its contracted

describe diastolic pressure

the amount of pressure when the heart is at rest

what is internal respiration?

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and the tissue cells

what is Starling's law?

the greater the volume, the greater the stretch, and the greater the force of contraction to accomplish emptying

What is perfusion?

the process in which oxygenated blood flows to the tissue

what does the SA node initiate?

the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals

how is cholesterol absorbed?

through food

what is a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)?

transducer goes through the mouth into the esophagus to view cardiac structures

where is the main storage of lipids?

triglycerides

what do serum lipids consist of?

tryglycerides cholesterol phospholipids

what is preload?

volume of blood is in the heart at the end of diastole, right before it contracts