period 1-5 progress check answers
Which of the following can be concluded based on the situation in which Calhoun gave this speech? A The United States attempted to establish trade with western American Indian nations. B Americans debated how to integrate conquered territories into the United States. C Americans wanted to access natural resources in the western North America. D The United States sought to gain markets for its manufactured goods in East Asia.
B
Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause. Lincoln's rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following arguments? A Allowing slavery to exist was still a political option. B Maintaining the blockade of Southern states was difficult. C Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause. D Achieving the Confederacy's unconditional surrender was the Union's main objective.
C
A piece of evidence used by Howe in the second paragraph of the excerpt to support his argument about the goals of prison reform was that prison reformers A. saw prisons primarily as a form of punishment B. intended to use prisons to rehabilitate criminals C. sought to expand prisons to force debt repayments D. thought prisons were only to hold people before trial
B
Dickinson's concern for the "mischiefs" in the states is best understood in the context of which of the following? A. Popular support in the states for making George Washington king B. The extensive power of the executive in state governments C. Continued warfare between some states and Great Britain D. The threat to state governments from popular uprisings
D
English colonists in North America in the 1600s and 1700s most typically sought which of the following? A) Chances to spread Christianity to Native Americans B) Jobs working in factories C) Political independence from England D) Opportunities to improve their living conditions
D
Hamilton claimed in the excerpt that state sovereignty A. increased the unity of the United States B. guaranteed Americans the protection of their liberties C. encouraged Americans to pursue the common good in politics D. allowed states to ignore the requests of the central government
D
Ideas in the excerpt would most likely have influenced which of the following? A Arguments supporting defining slavery on the grounds of states' rights B Claims that the United States should occupy all Mexican territory C Attempts to convince plantation owners to stop farming cash crops D Efforts at assisting enslaved people in escaping from the South
D
At the time the petition was produced, Congress most likely interpreted the petition's purpose as A. requesting federal funding for transportation construction projects B. rallying support to end commercial relations with Great Britain C. encouraging White settlers to use canals to migrate to new states D. promoting the development of agriculture at the expense of industry
A
Both authors would most likely suggest that the historical situation described in the excerpts contributed to which of the following? A The continued alteration of Native American culture and society B The failure of Reconstruction policies to enforce constitutional amendments C The debate over the rights of states to nullify federal laws D The controversy over the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford
A
During the period of the American Revolution, Locke's point of view in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting a form of government based on... A. natural rights B. military rule C. hereditary privilege D. religious beliefs
A
Hakluyt's call for the English to learn about Native American "language, manners, and customs" best represents which of the following developments in the 1500s? A. Native Americans and Europeans partnered for trade. B. Europeans introduced maize cultivation to the Americas. C. Native Americans were sent in large numbers into slavery in Europe. D. Europeans refused defensive military alliances with Native Americans.
A
People who shared the views expressed in the image most likely supported which of the following? A The extension of political opportunities to formerly enslaved people B The rejection of suffrage rights for women C The expansion of the power of Southern Democrats D The enforcement of temperance laws in the North
A
The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making The speech given by Calhoun relates to which of the following? A The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making B The ways in which immigration changed American culture C The efforts by national leaders to expand the Pacific trade D The widespread support for the immediate end of slavery
A
The excerpt from Locke's Two Treatises of Government could best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the following topics? A. The impact of the Enlightenment on Revolutionary political thought B. The use of Revolutionary pamphlets to mobilize colonial resistance to British policies C. The attempts by African Americans to seek freedom during the American Revolution D. The influence of the American Revolution on ideas about republicanism overseas
A
The expansion of participatory democracy in the Jacksonian era most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening by A. giving rise to individualistic beliefs B. transforming gender roles in the family C. increasing membership in the national political parties D. generating opposition to the abolitionist movement
A
The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men by the 1820s and 1830s most directly contributed to the A. emergence of political rallies and events to encourage people to vote for particular parties B. increase in the autonomy of state legislatures C. expansion of labor union activism that demanded better conditions for workers D. establishment of representative democracy through the United States Constitution
A
The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men in the early nineteenth century most directly resulted in which of the following? A. The growth of new political parties B. The abolition of slavery in the northern states C. The signing of peace treaties with Native Americans D. The employment of women in textile manufacturing
A
The principle of federalism embodied in the United States Constitution had most in common with which of the following earlier aspects of British colonial government? A. The autonomy of colonial legislatures from Great Britain B. The absence of colonial representation in Parliament C. The enforcement of commercial regulations by British officials D. The authority of the king over his colonial governors
A
The reaction to the situation described in the third paragraph represented a continuity with which of the following earlier colonial developments? A) strict racial system was established that separated enslaved people from European colonists. B) Some enslaved Native Americans were incorporated into colonial society. C) Some colonists used Enlightenment principles to argue for racial equality between Europeans and Africans. D) The institution of slavery was transferred to colonial America unaltered from West Africa.
A
The trend from 1660 to 1710 depicted in the table most strongly indicates which of the following? (refer to chart) A) The rise of the trans-Atlantic trade of enslaved Africans B) The increase in the practice of indentured servitude C) The escalation of conflict between the British and Native Americans D) The continued Anglicization in the British colonies
A
The trend in the population per ce nt increase from 1790 to 1800 most likely indicates which of the following? A. The rapid movement of migrants to newly settled states such as Kentucky and Tennessee B. The increased arrival of indentured servants in established areas in Virginia and Maryland C. The restriction of the intemational slave trade to North and South Carolina D. The growth of new industrial cities in Georgia
A
Washington most likely wrote about political parties for which of the following purposes? A. To wam the public that political parties result in national divisions B. To explain how political parties are good for the economy C. To assert that political parties only work in democratic republics D. To argue that political parties encourage foreign interference
A
Which of the following best characterizes the Mississippian societies described in the excerpt? A. They had mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. B. They were nomadic peoples who utilized river systems to move throughout the region. C. They lived in isolated, impermanent communities and left very little trace of their presence once a settlement had been abandoned. D. They used advanced agricultural practices like irrigation to support economic growth.
A
Which of the following best describes a purpose of the excerpt? A) The Virginia governor is seeking support from the colonial legislature for his plan to address conflict between settlers and American Indians in frontier areas. B) The Virginia governor is warning American Indians that he will authorize military action if they continue assaults on settlers. C) The Virginia governor is seeking pardon from the House of Burgesses for his inability to protect them from violent conflict with American Indians. D) The Virginia governor is soliciting the support of allied American Indians for his plan to provide security in the West.
A
Which of the following best describes an overall argument of the excerpt? A) The makeup of emigrant populations led to greater reconstruction of English family life in New England than it did in the Chesapeake. B) British colonial settlers were disproportionately young and male compared to the overall population of England. C) Tobacco and sugar plantations in the southern colonies attracted the most settlers in British North America. D) By the end of the seventeenth century, the population makeup of the British colonies resembled the population makeup of England.
A
Which of the following best explains the depiction of George Washington in the painting? A. The development of a sense of American identity among Patriots B. The attempts of colonists to gain support for declaring independence C. The desire of colonists to commemorate conquests over Native Americans D. The tensions between northem and southern colonies during the Revolutionary War
A
Which of the following claims is supported by the arguments made by both Levine and Langguth? A Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights. B White southerners accepted racial and political equality. C Republicans permanently changed the balance of political power in the South. D African Americans gained property rights while becoming self-sufficient
A
Which of the following conclusions can best be reached based on the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A Sectional tensions erupted because most Southerners did not support Abraham Lincoln. B Sectional divisions were showing signs of diminishing. C The Compromise of 1850 prevented the outbreak of long-term conflict. D The election of 1860 was a success for the idea that territories should vote whether or not to have slavery.
A
Which of the following describes a context that most influenced the implementation of the government policy discussed in the excerpt? A. Many Americans desired the United States to expand its western land claims. B. Many Americans asserted the separation of public and private spheres. C. Some Americans were influenced by European literary and cultural models. D. Some Americans began to oppose the spread of slavery.
A
Which of the following developments most directly contributed to the events described in the excerpt? A) Protestant evangelism came to the colonies from Great Britain and Europe. B) The beliefs of Puritan leaders had an increased impact on colonial religious practices. C) Colonists became less interested in religion as they became more involved with trans-Atlantic trade. D) Local clergy members in the colonies routinely welcomed the preaching of diverse religious doctrines.
A
Which of the following developments was most directly connected to the collapse of the Whig Party in United States politics during the 1850s? A The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions B Abraham Lincoln's debates with Stephen Douglas over popular sovereignty C The rejection of Manifest Destiny by a growing percentage of American people D Disagreement over the constitutionality of federal internal improvements funding
A
Which of the following does the author (George S. Wood) use to support his argument about the power of the states under the Confederation? A. Foundational political documents written during the American Revolution B. Journals written by leaders of the Continental Army C. Arguments eventually published as The Federalist papers D. Treaties signed with Great Britain and France
A
Which of the following does the author use as evidence to support her argument that slaveholders were "keen to master their slaves' senses of pleasure"? A. Slaveholders held parties to encourage the loyalty of the enslaved. B. Slaveholders regularly listened to and sang slave spirituals. C. Enslaved African Americans held their own illicit parties. D. Enslaved African Americans regularly broke curfews and violated pass laws.
A
Which of the following represented a change in the labor force of the southern British colonies by the 1700s as depicted in the excerpt A) Slavery became more widespread than indentured servitude. B) The rise of manufacturing led to an increased need for skilled artisans and craftsmen. C) The encomienda was adopted from the Spanish to provide Native American workers. D) People newly freed from slavery frequently worked on plantations.
A
Which of the following was a piece of evidence Hamilton used to support his argument in the excerpt (Federalist papers)? A. Earlier attempts to form associations of states in Europe had failed B. The United States had the authority to mandate funding under the Articles of Confederation C. Some people believed that the states would agree to follow the congressional directives D. States sometimes needed to form alliances to achieve shared goals.
A
Which of the following was the most important reason that Native American relations with English settlers differed from Native American relations with other groups of European settlers in the 1600s? A) Larger numbers of English colonists settled on land taken from Native Americans. B) English settlers were technologically more advanced than other European settlers. C) Native Americans understood the English language better than other European languages. D) English colonization along the Eastern Seaboard provided fewer opportunities for conflict between the two sides than did colonization in the interior.
A
By the 1770s, to which of the following groups would Otis' argument that the colonies "must obey" Parliament most appeal? A. Farmers in the New England colonies B. Loyalists in New York C. Enslaved people in the southern colonies D. Artisans in port cities
B
Changes in ideas about men's and women's gender roles in the family, resulting from the market revolution, most directly contributed to which of the following shifts in American social practices during the same period? A. The rise of widespread support for women's right to vote in national elections B. A new emphasis on the separation between the public and private spheres C. Calls for mothers to guide their children's education in republican values and citizenship D. The growth of a political culture blending European and uniquely American elements
B
Dickinson's desire to preserve "a certain degree of agency" for states is best explained by which of the following developments in the early United States? A. The popularity of George Washington B. The retention of regional cultural identity in conjunction with national unity C. The proposals of Alexander Hamilton to address the financial system D. The challenge of gaining support for infrastructure projects
B
In the excerpt, Crosby makes which of the following claims about the transmission of Old World diseases to the Americas? A. It had minimal effect on Native Americans. B. It was an unintended consequence of contact between the New World and the Old World. C. It was significant in the centuries prior to Columbus' arrival in the Americas. D. It was a deliberate act on the part of Columbus.
B
In the first half of the 1800s, which of the following resulted from the debates about the cotton economy described in the excerpt? A. Northerners began to frame antislavery arguments in ecological terms. B. A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged. C. Large numbers of immigrants moved to Southern cities to pursue economic opportunities. D. The federal government built an extensive network of roads, canals, and railroads to support cotton agriculture.
B
In which of the following ways did the Spanish impose racial hierarchies in the regions of the Americas that they controlled during the 1500s and 1600s? A. The Spanish promoted the status of Native American peoples who supported them to a level in the hierarchy equivalent to the Spanish colonizers. B. The Spanish created a caste system that incorporated people of European, Native American, and African descent. C. The Spanish avoided using enslaved African laborers and tried to bar them from Spanish colonies. D. The Spanish banned interracial marriages and sought to maintain a racially distinct Spanish population as a colonial elite.
B
Innovations in shipping and the growth of commercial networks were most directly related to which of the following other developments of the first half of the nineteenth century? A. A decrease in the availability of jobs for recent immigrants B. An increase in the number of Americans moving west of the Appalachian Mountains C. The spread of industrialization to most cities in the South D. An increase in the production in the home of goods used by families
B
Interpretations of Locke's assertions regarding a "state of freedom" and a "state also of equality" most directly influenced which of the following? A. The grievances of American colonists during the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) B. The political rhetoric of Patriots during the American Revolution C. The end of American involvement in the international slave trade D. The demands by colonists to settle beyond the current frontier boundaries
B
Rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following? A The creation of societies to send formerly enslaved people to Africa B The immediate end to the practice of slavery through legal reform C The expansion of slavery in new territories through popular sovereignty D The encouragement of enslaved people to take up arms and revolt
B
The claims in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as opposing which of the following existing federal government policies at the time? A. Financing a national banking system B. Promoting economic development through foreign trade C. Acquiring western Native American land D. Levying tariffs on imported manufactured goods
B
The efforts of Spanish colonists to convert Native Americans to Christianity were most directly influenced by which of the following simultaneous developments? A) The effect of the Columbian Exchange on the population of Europe B) The extraction of gold and other wealth from the land in the Americas C) The arrival of English colonists seeking religious freedom in the Americas D) The success of the French and the Dutch in their interactions with Native Americans
B
The events of the First Great Awakening led to A) established clergy strengthening their control over the religious and social life of colonial society B) new denominations attracting followers who were drawn to the dynamic sermons of the new preachers C) religious enthusiasm declining in cities where it had to complete more directly with Enlightenment ideas D) few changes in most people's lives beyond increased church attendance and very little change in how they interacted with others
B
The excerpt best reflects the development of which of the following? A The emergence of an abolitionist movement in the western territories B The widely held belief that the United States had a right to expand westward C The increasing importance of cotton exports to the United States economy D The debates about Native Americans and Mexican nationals dispossessed of land in California
B
The excerpt best serves as evidence that, in 1861, A citizens in the Northern states did not want Abraham Lincoln as president B citizens in the Southern states were deeply divided over secession C citizens in the Northern states were prepared to accommodate slavery D citizens in the Northern states would not accept a Confederate government
B
The experience of enslaved people in the southern British colonies as described in the excerpt was similar to the experience of enslaved people in the northern British colonies because A) many enslaved people in both regions had rights that were recognized under colonial law B) many enslaved people in both regions developed strategies to resist slavery C) most enslaved people in both regions performed skilled labor in port cities D) most enslaved people in both regions had opportunities to earn their freedom
B
The framers of the United States Constitution initially responded to abuses of executive authority by the British monarch in which of the following ways? A. They granted the Supreme Court the ability to veto treaties negotiated by the president. B. They established the separation of powers between the president and Congress. C. They provided for the popular election of the president by all voters. D. They guaranteed that basic rights could not be limited by the president
B
The paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims? A) Emigrants to the Chesapeake came as family groups more often than emigrants to New England did. B) The settlers of New England varied in age more than emigrants to the Chesapeake did. C) The settlers of both New England and the Chesapeake were disproportionately young adults. D) More young adults migrated to New England than to the Chesapeake colonies.
B
The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was intended to resolve debates about which of the following issues in the 1850s? A The increase in immigration B The expansion of slavery C The fate of the Second Party system D The growth of low-wage factory labor
B
The percentages of White and African American populations in South Carolina shown in the table most directly suggest the A. availability of land for settlement in the Deep South B. expansion of slavery in the Deep South C. growth of textile manufacturing in southem states D. reliance on immigrant labor in southern states
B
Which of the following arguments about the Mexican-American War do the excerpts best support? A It resulted in the first efforts at western expansion. B It generated debates over citizenship. C It ended sectional tensions between the North and South. D It contributed to the elimination of the domestic slave trade.
B
Which of the following best describes Jefferson's point of view about government as expressed in the excerpt? A. The federal government should financially support internal improvements. B. Government should limit interference in the lives of its citizens. C. Governments should provide economic assistance to all citizens. D. State governments should have more authority than the federal government.
B
Which of the following best describes the context from which the ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged? A. Popular opinion supported intervention in Europe against France. B. Political leaders sought to encourage domestic economic development. C. Voters pressured state governments to drop property restrictions on voting. D. Religious revivals encouraged the widespread development of reform movements.
B
Which of the following best explains a result of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)? A. France sold the Louisiana Territory to GB. B. GB gained a claim to land extending to the Mississippi River. C. GB and Spain established an alliance. D. British influence over its North American colonies decreased.
B
Which of the following best explains how the purpose of the speech in the excerpt was interpreted by federal officials? A. Red Jacket wanted to increase Iroquois commerce with the United States. B. Red Jacket sought to protect Iroquois independence from the United States. C. Red Jacket desired to abandon traditional Iroquois religious practices for Christianity. D. Red Jacket wished to help United States migrants form new settlements on Iroquois land.
B
Which of the following best explains why Washington warned against foreign alliances? A. No nations attempted to sign commercial agreements with the United States. B. Britain and France were at war with each other, and both threatened United States interests C. Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans forced the president to agree to a policy of neutrality. D. The power of European empires in the Americas had already begun to decline
B
Which of the following can be concluded about the United States based on the author's descriptions in the excerpt? A. Regional political interests dominated political debates. B. A common national culture was developing. C. Educational reforms contributed to increased literacy. D. New transportation routes made shipping books easier.
B
Which of the following claims did Hamilton make in the excerpt about the powers of the United States under the Articles of Confederation? A. The United States could not engage in diplomacy with foreign countries B. The United States was not empowered to raise sufficient money for the government C. The United States could act without the unanimous consent of the states D. The United States was able to raise military forces sufficient to defend the country
B
Which of the following contributed most significantly to the population trend in pre-Columbian Mexico described in the excerpt? A. Migration in pursuit of fertile lands B. Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation C. Low birth rates and high death tolls as a result of European diseases D. Internal conflict between groups causing political instability
B
Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the third paragraph of the excerpt that enslaved people engaged in oppositional activities? A. Slaveholders allowed some enslaved African Americans to work unsupervised. B. Enslaved African Americans routinely caused tools to break or worked more slowly as means of resistance. C. Abolitionists criticized slaveholders for separating enslaved children from their parents. D. Enslaved African Americans assigned to plantation homes had easier working conditions than those who worked in the fields.
B
Which of the following describes an overall argument of the excerpt? A. Slavery is not economically important for the northem colonies. B. Slavery is contrary to the ideals of the American Revolution. C. Enslaved Africans should be rewarded for their loyalty to Great Britain D. Enslaved Africans should be retumed to Africa.
B
Which of the following developments most directly led to the activities described in the excerpt? A. prohibition on the northern extent of slavery in territories west of the Mississippi River B. The acquisition of significant territory following the Mexican-American War C. The vetoing of the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States D. The completion of the first transcontinental railroad to the Pacific Ocean
B
Which of the following pieces of evidence would best refute Jackson's claim about his predecessors' policies toward American Indians, as described in the first paragraph of the excerpt? A. President James Madison used the federal army to defeat an American Indian confederacy in the Northwest Territory. B. President George Washington enforced treaties guaranteeing American Indians in New York rights to their land. C. President James Monroe forced American Indians in Florida to move to a reservation after the First Seminole War. D. President Thomas Jefferson suggested purchasing territory from indebted American Indian groups.
B
Which of the following resulted from the mass production of cotton described in the excerpt? A. Southern planters eventually sought to diversify the crops they grew. B. Some southerners relocated their plantations to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. C. A cotton gin was developed that processed raw cotton more quickly. D. Southerners supported protective tariffs to stimulate the United States economy.
B
Which of the following was a major purpose of Otis' pamphlet? A. To recruit foreign allies to support the claims of the colonists against GB. B. To encourage opposition to Parliament's regulation of colonial commerce C. To propose a plan to send colonial delegates to sit in Parliament D. To advocate for colonial independence from Great Britain
B
Which of the following was most likely a main purpose of Jefferson's inaugural address? A. To advocate and explain the constitutionality of certain laws B. To summarize his beliefs about the ideal political system C. To warn European countries against renewing conflicts with the United States D. To justify the cost of the Louisiana Purchase
B
Evidence in the excerpt most strongly suggests which of the following? A Southern opinions regarding slavery were changing. B Southern businesses rejected paying federal taxes. C Southern voters viewed the presidential election with contempt. D Southern politicians were anxious to form alliances with European countries.
C
GB's victory in the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) had which of the following economic consequences for its American colonies? A. The British government granted certain American colonists a monopoly on the fur trade without French competition. B. The British gov. paid for the construction of canals to encourage trade between the Great Lakes region and the East Coast. C. The British gov. increased taxation of colonial goods to help pay off the debt created by the war. D. The British gov. forced American merchants to supply the British Royal Navy without payment.
C
George Washington's suggestions about United States foreign relations reflect which of the following situations? A. The need to establish industries to export more goods B. The desire to encourage immigration from northern and western Europe C. The continued European colonial presence along United States borders D. The challenge of spreading American revolutionary ideals abroad
C
Greenberg's argument most differs from Hietala's in that Greenberg claims that A race was a defining factor in the tensions leading up to the Mexican-American War B pioneers, not politicians, were a major factor in building the American empire C most Americans believed that Mexicans in the new territories could not assimilate D the granting of citizenship to people in the territories was welcomed by many Americans after the war
C
How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? A What prevented European powers from supporting the South B What motivated African Americans during the war C How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy D How Confederate strategy prevented a rapid Union victory
C
How were European economic systems in the American colonies in the 1500s and 1600s different from existing economic systems in Europe? A. Most European colonies were based on agriculture. B. French colonists engaged in commercial activities such as the fur trade. C. Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations. D. Most colonial economies were tightly regulated by the imperial and colonial governments.
C
In the third paragraph of the excerpt, which of the following pieces of evidence does de Gante use to support his argument about the emperor of Spain's obligations to Native Americans? A. Native Americans have their own religious practices. B. Native American workers were eager to fulfill the emperor's wishes. C. The emperor has benefited from the riches acquired in the Americas. D. The royal governors have followed the crown's decrees in the Americas.
C
Levine's argument about Reconstruction in the excerpt differs from that of Langguth in that Levine argues A African Americans were held in a perpetual state of slavery B White Southerners willingly worked alongside the emancipated population C Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies D White plantation owners conceded to Republican policies in the South
C
The Fourteenth Amendment emerged from which of the following contexts? A Abolitionists' fears that African Americans would be barred from voting B Expectations that formerly enslaved people would run for political office C Republican concerns that African Americans would be denied citizenship rights D Former Confederate leaders' support for multiple new amendments to the Constitution
C
The White and Black populations in New England shown in the table most directly suggest the (refer to chart) A) movement of indentured servants from the South to New England B) expansion of plantation agriculture to New England C) minimal use of enslaved labor in New England compared to other regions D) spread of trans-Atlantic print culture among Puritans in New England
C
The artist who created the image would have most likely opposed which of the following developments? A The creation of the Republican Party B The construction of canals and railroads C The ending of Reconstruction D The passage of laws promoting economic development in the West
C
The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments? A. The termination of cultural connections with Great Britain B. The popularization of the belief in human perfectibility C. The creation of a unique American culture D. The foundation of a trans-Atlantic print culture
C
The failure of the Articles of Confederation resulted in which of the following changes in the government of the United States? A. The immediate end to property qualifications for White male suffrage B. The ban on women's political participation under the ideas of republican motherhood C. The ratification of a constitution that established a stronger central government D. The enactment of the Northwest Ordinance, which outlined the admission process for new states
C
The first paragraph of the excerpt (blacks like all men have natural and inalienable rights) makes the claim that A. slavery should encourage religious conversion to Christianity B. concepts of independence should apply only to White men C. all people should have the same inherent liberties D. the ideals of the American Revolution should also apply to other nations
C
The ideas in the excerpt (John Locke's Two Treatises of Government) were most likely interpreted by American colonists in the 1770s as a call to reject which of the following? A. The holding of private property B. The establishment of representative democracy C. The acceptance of the divine right of kings D. The creation of political parties
C
The industrial resources of the North during the Civil War most likely accounted for which of the following? A The Southern reliance on cotton production and export, along with the system of enslaved labor B The Confederate strategy that focused on the western theater of operations during the war C The willingness of African Americans to fight for the Union cause in the conflict D The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies
C
The petition could best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the following? A. The effects of new transportation links on industry in the Northeast B. The lives of immigrant laborers constructing new infrastructure C. The ideas that led some Americans to advocate for improved transportation D. The reasons that regional interests opposed internal improvements
C
The share of White and African American populations in the various states shown in the table most strongly suggests which of the following? A. African American migrants were moving from the southern to the northern states B. Small subsistence farms dominated older, more established states such as Virginia and Maryland C. Newly settled states such as Kentucky and Tennessee relied less on slave labor than did regions elsewhere in the South D. The use of slave labor was declining throughout the South by 1800.
C
This paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims about the populations of men and women in the colonies? A) New England settlers included more young men than Chesapeake settlers did. B) Emigrants to New England were predominantly unmarried women. C) The populations of men and women in New England were roughly equal from the time of its founding. D) The population of the Chesapeake achieved a balanced sex ratio more quickly than New England did.
C
Which of the following arguments about Reconstruction policies would both authors most likely disagree with? A White Southerners across all economic classes rejected Reconstruction policies. B With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies. C Reconstruction policies failed to prevent the spread of violence against formerly enslaved people. D Unfair labor conditions in the South persisted despite Reconstruction policies.
C
Which of the following best describes a context in the first half of the 1800s that influenced the development of slavery as described in the excerpt? A. The United States expanded its participation in the international slave trade. B. Northern business leaders sought enslaved people as laborers for transportation projects. C. Southern planters used enslaved people to produce cotton for international markets. D. Protestant religious revivalists encouraged the growth of antislavery movements.
C
Which of the following best describes a historian's likely interpretation of the situation in which the excerpt was produced in the early 1800s? A. Political leaders agreed on policies for developing the economy. B. Most Americans sought to turn away from European influences. C. Some Americans promoted international strength through a unified national economy. D. Business leaders argued that the Constitution limited federal spending.
C
Which of the following best describes evidence used by Crosby to support his argument about the change in Native American populations after 1492 ? A. The Spanish sought to use Native Americans as laborers on encomiendas. B. Columbus trained Native Americans as translators and guides. C. Native Americans who were taken to Europe as slaves experienced high mortality rates. D. Some diseases affecting Native Americans originated in the Americas.
C
Which of the following best describes the political situation in which Jefferson gave the address in the excerpt? A. Federalists sought compromise with Democratic-Republican politicians. B. The Federalist Party remained more powerful than the Democratic-Republicans. C. The Democratic-Republican Party had won the presidency for the first time. D. Democratic-Republicans had gained increased support from wealthy merchants.
C
Which of the following best explains a major reason for the emergence of the Second Great Awakening in the United States? A. The expansion of participatory democracy fostered popular engagement in religion as well. B. The arrival of large numbers of immigrants from Europe brought new religious ideas to the United States. C. The rise of individualistic and evangelical spiritual beliefs inspired religious conversion. D. The proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere created a sense of spiritual independence.
C
Which of the following best explains the spread of images of George Washington in the United States after the American Revolution? A. The republican belief that political power should be inherited B. The embrace of political party campaigning by electoral candidates C. The desire of Americans to develop a new national culture D. The refusal of former Loyalists to accept the outcome of the war
C
Which of the following describes Crosby's overall argument in the excerpt about the reason for the change in Native American populations after 1492 ? A. Slaveholders overworked enslaved Native Americans in silver and gold mines. B. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella commanded Native Americans to immigrate to Spain. C. Native Americans had no immunity to new diseases introduced by Europeans. D. Christopher Columbus pursued a policy of genocide against Native Americans.
C
Which of the following developments in the 1500s is best illustrated by the excerpt? A. European settlers faced resistance from Native Americans. B. Europeans transported enslaved Africans to the Americas to produce sugar. C. Europeans sought new sources of wealth in the Americas. D. European missionaries traveled to the Americas seeking religious converts.
C
Which of the following developments most likely influenced the argument expressed in the image? A The Mexican-American War resulted in the expansion of United States territories. B The continued westward movement of settlers increased agricultural production. C The conclusion of the Civil War stirred debates over citizenship. D The invention of new sailing technologies made international trade easier.
C
Which of the following developments resulted most directly from the gold rush described in the excerpt? A An anti-Catholic movement arose in western mining communities. B Plantation agriculture spread from the South to the Pacific coast. C People from America, Europe, and Asia migrated to the region. D The West Coast became a major industrial center for the United States.
C
Which of the following groups would most likely have supported secession from the United States after the 1860 presidential election? A Northern abolitionists B Members of the Free Soil Party C Southern Democrats D Northern Democrats
C
Which of the following groups would most likely oppose the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A) White settlers on the western Virginia frontier B) White settlers in coastal Virginia C) Members of allied American Indian groups D) Members of the House of Burgesses
C
Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre-Columbian American societies described in the excerpt? A. Creation of military forces stronger than those of most rival societies B. Access to waterways to transport goods and trade with other societies C. Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit D. Transfer of power through inheritance, which reinforced spiritual claims to authority
C
Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision in Philadelphia referenced in the excerpt to build a specific meeting house for the new preachers? A) Leaders in cities such as Philadelphia wanted to do all they could to limit the spread of new Protestant denominations in the colony. B) Local authorities worried about radical ideas and believed that a central meeting house would make it easier to censor the sermons of the new preachers. C) Religious pluralism was more accepted in the middle colonies and particularly in the colony of Pennsylvania than elsewhere. D) Commerce was more important than religion to most colonists, so building a small meeting house would keep the new preachers isolated.
C
Which of the following most directly led to the expansion of participatory democracy in the first half of the nineteenth century? A. Development of a canal system connecting different parts of the country B. Encouragement of citizens to settle the western territories C. Reduction of property ownership requirements for voting D. Threats by South Carolina to nullify federal laws it deemed unconstitutional
C
Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify the argument in the excerpt that many enslaved people engaged in oppositional activities? A. When possible, enslaved African Americans sought to escape to the North. B. Some enslaved African Americans learned to read in spite of laws banning it. C. Large-scale rebellions by enslaved African Americans in the first half of the 1800s were largely unsuccessful. D. Many enslaved African Americans maintained family units, even with spouses and children on other plantations.
C
Which of the following pieces of evidence would best refute Jackson's claim about his predecessors' policies toward American Indians, as described in the first paragraph of the excerpt? A. Some representatives of Jackson profited by purchasing land from American Indians who were forcibly relocated. B. Some of Jackson's agents encouraged American Indians from Ohio and Florida to leave their homelands as well. C. Jackson had led United States armies that conquered American Indian peoples in the Southeast and forced land cessions. D. Jackson believed that relocating American Indians was the only action that would enable them to preserve their way of life.
C
In James Otis' "The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and proved" 1764 pamphlet, Otis was responding to which of the following developments (he said it's our duty to obey Parliament)? A. The publication of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense." B. The threat of French invasion of British North America. C. The introduction of widespread boycotts against imported British goods. D. The British gov.'s attempts to pay for the costs of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War).
D
One piece of evidence that de Gante used in the excerpt to support his overall argument about the treatment of the people of Mexico is that Native Americans A. were not subjects of the Spanish crown B. were first encountered by de Gante himself C. had sufficient time to learn about Christianity D. did not have enough supplies to support their families
D
Supporters of Washington's comments would most likely have agreed with which of the following foreign policies? A. Forming a large military B. Expanding territorial control C. Establishing mutual defense alliances D. Maintaining economic relationships
D
The Second Great Awakening was most directly related to which of the following other historical developments of the early nineteenth century? A. Innovations in manufacturing technology and agricultural equipment B. Opposing political views on the powers of the federal government C. Celebrations of American patriotism and national culture D. Challenges to Enlightenment views of rationalism
D
The change in White and Black populations in the various regions (New England, Middle Colonies, Chesapeake, Carolinas, West Indies) most strongly suggests the influence of which of the following? (refer to chart) A) The eventual decline of slave labor in the Chesapeake and Carolinas B) The colonists' growing resistance to British imperial control in New England C) The spread of epidemic diseases across North America D) The demand in Europe for commodities such as tobacco and sugar
D
The conclusion of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) had which of the following effects on Native American societies? A. Native Americans allied with GB gained the right to become British citizens, angering the colonists. B. British and French officials agreed to force Native Americans to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River. C. Native Americans gained control of all the western fur trade with British colonists. D. The British gov. attempted to restrict western settlement to reduce tensions between colonists and Native Americans.
D
The excerpt best provides evidence about which of the following historical situations in the late 1840s? A Increased conflict between urban immigrants and nativists B Compromises between the Supreme Court and national leaders C The expanding influence of the Northern abolitionist movement D Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American war
D
The excerpt could best be used by historians studying the A. origins of the Second Great Awakening B. effects of the market revolution on family roles C. colonization of eastern North America by English settlers D. resistance against the expansion of United States influence
D
The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? A The development of new transportation technologies B The emergence of nativist political parties C The relocation of Native Americans from the South D The growth of the abolition movement in the United States
D
The growth of manufacturing in the United States from 1800 to 1850 was most directly connected to which of the following broader historical processes? A. Abolitionists advancing moral arguments to bring an end to slavery B. Political parties debating about the need for a national bank C. Supreme Court decisions confirming the primacy of federal laws over state laws D. Large numbers of international migrants moving to northern cities
D
The phrase in the excerpt "Some of them seem willing to fight for you" could most likely be interpreted as having which of the following purposes? A Authorizing the policy of total war by Union generals in fighting in the South B Addressing the difficulties of feeding runaway enslaved people at military encampments C Acknowledging the shuffling of commanding officers in the Union army D Highlighting the enlistment of formerly enslaved people into the Union army
D
The point of view expressed by the Virginia governor in the excerpt is that he: A) opposes the expansion of colonial settlements into western lands where White settlers could encounter violent opposition from America Indians B) believes that White Virginians must learn to protect themselves if they are to expand their settlements C) values the lives of White Virginians equally with those of allied American Indians D) feels a responsibility to protect White frontier settlers from violent encounters with American Indians
D
The second paragraph of the excerpt proposes that the Massachusetts legislature (that gives rights to all men) should A. allow enslaved Africans to serve in the state's militia B. find a way to resolve its conflicts with Britain peacefully C. write a constitution explaining how natural rights apply to enslaved people D. abolish slavery and release enslaved African Americans upon adulthood
D
What was a major difference between the Spanish encomienda system and the Spanish caste system in the Americas? A. The encomienda system privileged people of Spanish descent, while in the caste system people of indigenous descent had political power. B. The encomienda system relied on the support of the Catholic Church, while the caste system was opposed by the Catholic Church. C. The encomienda system required inequality, while the caste system assumed social equality. D. The encomienda system was based on using Native Americans for forced labor, while the caste system was based on a diverse and racially mixed population.
D
Which of the following best describes an argument made by de Gante in the letter? A. The Catholic Church should abandon conversion efforts in the Americas. B. The emperor should sponsor voyages to discover new American kingdoms. C. De Gante should be rewarded for his missionary work in the Americas. D. The Spanish should require less tribute after conquest to avoid Native American
D
Which of the following can be concluded about the relationship between the United States and Europe based on the situation described in the excerpt? A. American writing was considered more refined than European writing. B. European artists traveled to the United States for inspiration. C. Most American literature was written for European consumption. D. European styles continued to influence American society.
D
Which of the following claims is supported by the author's main argument in the excerpt? A. White settler demand for land was the principal cause of Indian removal policies. B. Partnerships between White settlers and American Indians prevented most removals. C. Andrew Jackson planned Indian removal to punish American Indians after conflicts. D. Andrew Jackson can be blamed for the unintended effects of Indian re
D
Which of the following describes a piece of evidence used by Howe to support his overall argument about the motivations of religious reformers? A. They believed that they should focus their efforts only on the United States. B. They sought to compete with other churches for religious converts. C. They viewed reform mainly as a means of social control. D. They desired to teach people personal autonomy.
D
Which of the following developments in the late 1400s and early 1500s is depicted in the excerpt? A. Native Americans adapted to diverse geographical environments and developed complex societies. B. Alliances with Europeans aided some Native American societies in their efforts to conquer rival powers. C. Europeans persecuted for their religious beliefs established new separatist settlements in the Americas. D. Europeans undertook voyages across the Atlantic to the Americas in search of new sources of wealth.
D
Which of the following developments most directly related to the increased sectional strife immediately prior to the election of 1860? A The addition of territory to the United States through the annexation of California B The rise of nativist political groups in Northern urban areas C The differing viewpoints over the use of the tariff to protect domestic industry D The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship
D
Which of the following evidence is used by the author (George S. Wood) to support his argument about state independence? A. The ability of state govemments to nullify the laws of other states B. The ability of the central government to declare war C. The inability of state governments collect taxes D. The inability of the central government to carry out many laws
D
Which of the following is a piece of evidence used by Howe to support his claim in the third paragraph of the excerpt about religious organizations in the early nineteenth century? A. Religious voluntary associations were limited to focusing on local efforts. B. Many religious reformers also worked for large nationwide corporations. C. The Second Bank of the United States was one of many national federal organizations. D. Members of the Evangelical United Front employed more people than the Post Office did.
D
Which of the following most directly contributed to the development described in the excerpt? A. The introduction of enslaved Africans in the 1600s into what is now the United States B. The election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency and his decision to enforce tariff collections C. A series of slave insurrections and rebellions in the first half of the 1800s D. A belief by southern businessmen that the southern economy should focus on the export of select agricultural products
D
Which of the following overall arguments did Hamilton make about the Articles of Confederation? A. The United States should invite other countries to ally with it under the terms of the Articles B. Americans should adopt the Artidles as the constitution of the United States. C. Americans should donate money to Congress because of flaws in the Articles. D. The United States should abandon the Articles to form a stronger central government.
D
