Period 2: Absolutism & Constitutionalism (1600-1750)

3a. James I -Accomplishments -Problems -Fate

-Colonization of Jamestown in the New World; ended the unofficial Anglo-Spanish War; He was able to play off Protestant and Roman Catholic factions of Scottish nobles against each other and rules fairly absolutely -Hated Catholics and had many assassination attempts on his by Catholics; Royal Absolutist: did not get along with Parliament; -Died of old age and was unpopular

2c. Frederick the Great -When/Where -Accomplishments -Problems

-Frederick II was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king. - 1. The Prussian army rapidly became a model admired and imitated in many other states 2. Enlightened government: his insistence on the primacy of state over personal or dynastic interests and his religious toleration widely affected the dominant intellectual currents of the age -7 Years' War

3c. Charles II -Acomplishments -Problems -Fate

-Friendly treaty with France, known as the Merry Monarch for the general relief from the public for going back to a monarchy -Replaced by Oliver Cromwell but eventually invited back to the throne, Anglo-Dutch War, secretly turned Catholic to get money from France, -died of illness, brother James succession

3e. William & Mary -Acomplishments -Problems -Fate

-Glorious Revolution that created a monarchy, constitution created, Parliament given greater role, religious tolerance -William wasn't trusted by the public because he was a foreigner to the throne, religious tolerance not for Catholics and Unitarians -Regarded as great for saving the people from Catholicism

3b. Charles I -Acomplishments -Problems -Fate

-He had 9 children? -Didn't get along with Parliament, went to war against France and Spain, dissolved Parliament 3 times in a span of 5 years -Beheaded by his own nation

2a. Louis XIV -When/Where -Accomplishments -Problems

-King Louis XIV of France led an absolute monarchy during France's classical age. He revoked the Edict of Nantes and is known for his aggressive foreign policy. - 1. Built Versailles Palace 2. Established reforms that cut France's deficit and promoted industrial growth 3. Constructed a more centralized administration with the bourgeoisie, or middle class, as its foundation. 4. Academy of Inscriptions and Belle-Lettres was founded in 1663, followed by the Royal Academy of Music in 1666. He also had Colbert oversee the construction of the Paris Observatory from 1667 to 1672 - The Fronde: a series of civil wars in France 1648-53, in which the nobles whose power had been weakened by the policies of Cardinal Richelieu rose in rebellion against Mazarin and the court during the minority of Louis XIV Wars: The War of Devotion (lost), Franco-Dutch War, Nine Years' War

2b. Peter the Great -When/Where -Accomplishments -Problems

-Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation. - 1. Westernization: Mirroring Western culture, he modernized the Russian alphabet, introduced the Julian calendar, and established the first Russian newspaper. He also reorganized his army to resemble Western standards. 2. Port City- Peter's desire for warm water ports to the West for trade, defense and opening up of Russia to Westernization/modernization. 3. Established the city of St. Petersburg on the Neva River and moved the capital there from its former location in Moscow 4. Abolished Russia's archaic form of government and appointed a viable Senate, which regulated all branches of administration -Peter was also known to be cruel and tyrannical. The high taxes that often accompanied his various reforms led to revolts among citizens, which were immediately suppressed by the imposing ruler.

3d. James II -Acomplishments -Problems -Fate

-Religious tolerance for minorities -Catholic monarch to Protestants, Absolutist and didn't get along with Parliament -Overthrown by the Glorious Revolution

1a. Absolute Monarchy

A despotic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

Petition of Right

A document signed by Charles I of England that limited the powers of the English monarch. The English Parliament forced Charles I to agree to not levy taxes without its consent. Monarch was subject to the law of the land.

1b. Constitutional Monarchy

A system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government. Constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution, whether written or unwritten.

Divine Right Theory

Argument for monarchy that claims kings are appointed by God to rule over men.

House of Lords

Chamber of Parliament composed of members of the noble class and clergy (Anglican Church Leadership)

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Chief Minister of Finance under Louis XIV, a mercantilist economist.

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII's Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

House of Commons

Lower house of Parliament, which had strong Puritan influences in the 17th century

Habeas Corpus Act

Protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment.

Parlimentarians/ "Roundheads"

Roundheads were supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against Charles I of England and his supporters, the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings.

6. What were three characteristics of Baroque art? List two artists.

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century. -Characteristics: grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts. -Rembrandt and Caravaggio

1c. What do both systems have in common?

They are similiar in which they both have monarchs ruling over a government dedicated to establishing hierarchy of authority, rule of law, social order and security. With this comes government taxation, government military needs, government assistance for the poor and disabled (e.g., workhouses, pensioners homes, Welfare and food relief).

4. Why is the Glorious Revolution called "Glorious"?

This revolution is called 'Glorious' because it achieved its objective without any bloodshed

Mercantilism

the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys

5. William and Mary had to agree to sign the English Bill of Rights in exchange for power (1689). List the five main provisions of this document.

1. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws, and the execution of laws, without consent of parliament. 2. By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates, for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power. 3. By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called, The court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes. 4. By levying money for and to the use of the crown, by pretence of prerogative, for other time, and in other manner, than the same was granted by parliament. 5. By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace, without consent of parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law.