Pharmacology

Question text Alzheimers disease has been thought to arise due to reduced synthesis of which of the following neurotransmitters? Select one: a. Glycine b. GABA c. Norepinephrine d. Serotonin e. Acetylcholine

Feedback The correct answer is: Acetylcholine

Question text Androgens have been widely abused for their anabolic effects. Therapeutic uses of androgens include: Select one: a. Hereditary angioneurotic edema (17-alpha alkylated analogs) b. Hypogonadism c. Stimulation of erythropoiesis d. All of these options e. Breast carcinoma

Feedback The correct answer is: All of these options

Question text Which of the following is an example(s) of agents that affect ion conductance (affecting cellular membrane potentials)? Select one: a. Aspartate b. Glutamate c. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) d. Acetylcholine e. All of these options

Feedback The correct answer is: All of these options

Question text Which of the following is associated with nicotinic cholinergic receptor activation? Select one: a. Sodium entering the cell (down its concentration and electrical gradient) b. Depolarization (EPSP) c. Acetylcholine binding d. Activation of ion channel e. All of these options

Feedback The correct answer is: All of these options

Question text In general, mechanisms of laxation include: Select one: a. adding bulk to the stool b. All of these options. c. lubricating the passage of stool d. emulsifying aqueous and fatty substances with stool e. increasing peristaltic activity

Feedback The correct answer is: All of these options.

Question text A pharmacology laboratory is given a new compound for screening. This drug causes mydriasis and bradycardia, and causes pain and difficulty in micturition. You would classify this compound as a(an): Select one: a. Muscarinic agonist b. Anticholinergic c. Nicotinic antagonist d. Alpha agonist e. Beta blocker

Feedback The correct answer is: Alpha agonist

Question text In respects to carbidopa, which of the following is a correct statement? Select one: a. Carbidopa inhibits L-DOPA decarboxylase b. Carbidopa decrease the plasma half-life of levodopa c. Carbidopa induces peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine d. Carbidopa is a prodrug of serotonin e. Carbidopa crosses the Blood Brain Barrier

Feedback The correct answer is: Carbidopa inhibits L-DOPA decarboxylase

Question text In relation to corticosteroids and the treatment of asthma which of the following is CORRECT? Select one: a. In acute asthma, corticosteroids increase airway obstruction; therefore corticosteroids should only be used for chronic treatment. b. Corticosteroids work systemically at low inhaled doses c. Corticosteroids reduce patient responsiveness to beta agonists d. Corticosteroids inhibit the inflammatory response. e. Corticosteroids relax smooth muscle

Feedback The correct answer is: Corticosteroids inhibit the inflammatory response.

Question text Norepinephrine receptor does NOT play a role in which of the following? Select one: a. Euphoria b. Panic attacks c. Anxiety states d. Depression

Feedback The correct answer is: Euphoria

Question text In respects to Parkinson's disease which of the following statements is correct? Select one: a. Falling levels of the excitatory transmitter dopamine leads to under stimulation of muscles and paralysis. b. Falling levels of the inhibitory transmitter dopamine leads to over stimulation of muscles. c. Rising levels of the excitatory transmitter dopamine leads to over stimulation of muscles. d. Rising levels of the inhibitory transmitter dopamine leads to over stimulation of muscles. e. Rising levels of the inhibitory transmitter dopamine leads to under stimulation of muscles.

Feedback The correct answer is: Falling levels of the inhibitory transmitter dopamine leads to over stimulation of muscles.

Question text Valium (diazepam) acts through this receptor system: Select one: a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. aspartate d. glutamate e. serotonin

Feedback The correct answer is: GABA

Question text Of the following anti-anxiety agents, which one has the greatest degree of antihistaminic action: Select one: a. Chlorodiazepoxide b. Oxazepam c. Hydroxyzine d. Memprobamate e. Diazepam

Feedback The correct answer is: Hydroxyzine

Question text Patient Name: TR Age: 75-year old, nursing home patient Past medical history: Alzheimers disease, Raynauds disease, Stroke at age 70, partial disability on left side Hypercholesterolemia. Allergies: Penicillin. Current medications: donepezil (Aricept) 5 mg daily nifedipine (Adalat XL) 30 mg daily. ASA 325 mg daily. Lorazepam (Ativan) 1 mg qhs prn. Pravastatin (Pravachol) 20 mg qhs. You participate in the bi-monthly review of TRs medical progress and medication review with the physician, nurse, nutritionist, and physiotherapist. The physiotherapist asks you how donepezil (Aricept) works. You reply that donepezils (Aricepts) main pharmacological action is to: Select one: a. Acts as a gamma aminobutyric acid agonist b. Inhibit the breakdown of serotonin in the brain c. Decrease dopamine levels in the CNS d. Increase acetylcholine levels in the brain

Feedback The correct answer is: Increase acetylcholine levels in the brain

Question text The diuretic agent, furosemide, is known to produce which of the following effects? Select one: a. Decreased renin production and aldosterone release b. Increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate c. Redistribution of blood from the renal cortex to the medulla d. Back spasms e. Skin rashes

Feedback The correct answer is: Increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate

Question text In respects to metformin which of the following is NOT one of its anti-diabetic functions? Select one: a. It stimulate insulin sensitivity (ie reduces insulin resistance) b. It increases plasma insulin levels c. It reduces hepatic output d. It increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle

Feedback The correct answer is: It increases plasma insulin levels

Question text Regarding the combination product Sinemet (carbidopa/levodopa): Select one: a. Levodopa can be converted to dopamine in the blood b. Levodopa is converted to carbidopa in the blood c. None of these options d. Carbidopa crosses the blood-brain barrier to prevent tremors e. Carbidopa is converted to levodopa in the blood

Feedback The correct answer is: Levodopa can be converted to dopamine in the blood

Question text All of the following are secreted in the duodenum EXCEPT: Select one: a. Stomach b. Pancreas c. Luteinizing hormone d. Bile e. Secretin Cholecystokinin Trypsin Lipase

Feedback The correct answer is: Luteinizing hormone

Question text Statements which explain the mechanism of action of oral sulfonylurea agents include all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. Increased tissue sensitivity to insulin b. Increased insulin binding to the insulin receptor c. Decreased hepatic glucose production d. Regenerate beta cells of the pancreas e. Correction of post-receptor defects which contribute to insulin

Feedback The correct answer is: Regenerate beta cells of the pancreas

Question text Which of the following is an effect of nitric oxide on vascular smooth muscle? Select one: a. Demarcation b. Extension c. Relaxation d. Contraction e. Reperfusation

Feedback The correct answer is: Relaxation

Question text Amitryptilline works on which of the following neurotransmitter system? Select one: a. Nitric oxide b. Adenosine c. GABA d. Serotonin-norepinephrine e. Dopamine

Feedback The correct answer is: Serotonin-norepinephrine

Question text Which one of the following can be classed as an example(s) of an intracellular receptor? Select one: a. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor b. Enzyme-linked receptors c. Beta-adrenergic receptor d. Steroid receptor e. G protein-coupled receptors

Feedback The correct answer is: Steroid receptor

Question text Which one of the following anti-asthma agents acts in part by activating pulmonary beta-receptors thus increasing cAMP? Select one: a. Ipratropium b. Methoxamine c. Beclomethasone d. Terbutaline e. Cromolyn

Feedback The correct answer is: Terbutaline

Question text Conventional antipsychotics block dopamine non-specifically by blocking dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular region. They have the potential to cause all, except Select one: a. Tremors and rigidity b. Thermal dysregulation c. Acute dystonia d. Tardive dyskinesia

Feedback The correct answer is: Thermal dysregulation

Question text Pharmacological effects of calcium-channel blocking agents may include: Select one: a. Arteriodilatation b. Hypertension c. Venoconstriction d. Increased conduction at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes e. Positive inotropic effect

Feedback The correct answer is: Venoconstriction

Question text Which one of the following is CORRECT about competitive inhibition? Select one: a. With competitive inhibition, the dose effect curve is shifted to the right b. At high concentrations of agonist, a maximal physiological responds is not possible even in the presence of the antagonist c. It is irreversible d. It is produced by antagonists that have the ability to activate receptors e. The binding of the inhibitor to the inactive site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa

Feedback The correct answer is: With competitive inhibition, the dose effect curve is shifted to the right

Question text Correct statement regarding metoclopramide: Select one: a. central nervous system dopamine receptor agonist b. peripheral blockage of acetylcholine at muscarinic synapse c. decreases lower esophageal sphincter pressure d. increases motility of colon e. adverse effects include dystonic or extrapyramidal effects

Feedback The correct answer is: adverse effects include dystonic or extrapyramidal effects

Question text The correct statement regarding metoclopramide: Select one: a. peripheral blockage of acetylcholine at muscarinic synapse b. increases motility of colon c. decreases lower esophageal sphincter pressure d. adverse effects include dystonic or extrapyramidal effects e. central nervous system dopamine receptor agonist

Feedback The correct answer is: adverse effects include dystonic or extrapyramidal effects

Question text Your pharmacology laboratory has been given a new compound for screening. It is found to increase the heart rate but has no effect on the eye. It also caused a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure as well as relaxation of the bronchial muscle. This compound would be categorized as: Select one: a. antimuscarinic b. beta antagonist c. beta agonist d. muscarinic e. alpha antagonist

Feedback The correct answer is: beta agonist

Question text Means by which physiological effects due to cAMP-dependent processes are terminated: Select one: a. reuptake b. cAMP degradation c. requires gene regulation change

Feedback The correct answer is: cAMP degradation

Question text Example of an agent that activates cytokine receptor: Select one: a. vitamin D b. norepinephrine c. growth hormone d. corticosteroids e. isoproterenol

Feedback The correct answer is: growth hormone

Question text Propranolol may cause all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. reduced myocardial contractility b. prevention of the dilation of vessels caused by circulating epinephrine c. bronchiolar constriction d. bradycardia e. hyperglycemia

Feedback The correct answer is: hyperglycemia

Question text Propranolol produces most of its important effects by antagonizing the beta adrenergic effects of catecholamines released by sympathetic nerve stimulation or from the adrenal medulla. It therefore results in all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. lowering plasma renin activity b. negative inotropic effect on the heart c. hyperglycemia d. bronchoconstriction e. negative chronotropic effect on the heart

Feedback The correct answer is: hyperglycemia

Question text Agents primarily used to treat hypercholesterolemia which work by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme include: Select one: a. lovastatin b. clofibrate c. niacin d. gemfibrozil e. colestipol

Feedback The correct answer is: lovastatin

Question text One mechanism to reduce gastric acid secretion is by blocking the H+-Na+ ATPase pump in the parietal cell. One drug that has this pharmacologic action is: Select one: a. isoniazid b. misoprostol c. serotonin d. omeprazole e. pirenzepine

Feedback The correct answer is: omeprazole

Question text Drug which exerts anti-peptic ulcer effects through histamine-2 receptor antagonism: Select one: a. metoclopramide b. ranitidine c. sucralfate d. omeprazole e. misoprostol

Feedback The correct answer is: ranitidine

Question text The diuretic agent which acts by inhibiting aldosterone at the distal tubular renal cell is: Select one: a. bumetanide b. triamterene c. chlorothiazide d. spironolactone e. ethacrynic acid

Feedback The correct answer is: spironolactone

Question text Which of the following diuretics acts as an aldosterone antagonist that inhibits Na reabsorption and K secretion in the distal tubule? Select one: a. furosemide b. ethacrynic acid c. hydrochlorthiazide d. acetazolamide e. spironolactone

Feedback The correct answer is: spironolactone

Question text Anti-estrogens are useful in the treatment of hormonally responsive breast cancer. Agents which have anti-estrogenic activity at the estrogen receptor include: Select one: a. goserelin b. norethynodrel c. tamoxifen d. aminoglutethimide e. ketoconazole

Feedback The correct answer is: tamoxifen