Pharmacology Chapter 3-4

Medication labels must contain all of the following information except

contraindications. The medication label contains important information about the drug (Table 4-1). The most crucial information is the drug name (both generic and trade), the strength, the amount, and the expiration date. Special handling instructions (e.g., refrigeration, keeping medication from direct light), the drug form, and its intended administration route are also key pieces of drug information contained on the label. (For more details, see Chapter 2.)

Write the correct abbreviation for each of the following.Drop

gtt The accepted abbreviation for drop is gtt.

Write the correct abbreviation for each of the following.Milliequivalent

mEq The accepted abbreviation for milliequivalent is mEq.

All of the following must be read aloud when identifying a drug except

manufacturer. The most crucial information is the drug name (both generic and trade), the strength, the amount, and the expiration date. The circulator reads vital label information aloud just before delivery to the sterile field and shows the label to the scrub person (Fig. 4-6). Finally, the scrub person repeats the label information aloud to confirm the correct drug. Alternately, both the scrub person and the circulator may read the information aloud together before delivering the medication to the sterile field.

All of the following are acceptable to store medication in on the sterile table, except

opened ampules. Opened ampules can be hazard because of the risk of broken glass in the medication from opening it.

When recapping a needle you should

use the one-handed method. Standard precautions state that used needles must never be recapped, because most needle puncture injuries are the result of attempting to recap a used needle. However, leaving an unsheathed hypodermic needle exposed on the sterile table during a surgical procedure is also dangerous. If a needle must be recapped for protection between repeated uses during a surgical procedure, a one-handed technique (Fig. 4-21) should be used or a recapping device intended for that purpose can be used.

Using the correct formulas C = 5/9 (F-32) and F = (9/5 x C) + 32, convert the following:

0 To convert degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, use the formula C = 5/9 (F-32).Note: Remember to perform the calculations in the parentheses first. In addition, when a number (in this case a fraction) is next to a parenthesis, it means to multiply that number times the number within the parentheses.C= 5/9 (32-32); C= 5/9(0); C=0 Note: Any number times 0 is equal to 0.

In the decimals 0.0000332 and 0.0000035, which has the larger value?

0.0000332 To compare the values of two decimals, look to the right of the decimal point and find the first numbers that are different. In these two numbers, the fifth place over shows a 3 in the first number and a 0 in the second. Because 3 is larger than 0, the larger value is 0.0000332.

0.003 × 1.25 =

0.00375 The rationale is the same as in problem 22; 0.003 has three decimal places, and 1.25 has two decimal places for a total of five. Add zeros to the left of the answer (3 × 125 = 375) to obtain the correct number of decimal places needed. By adding two zeros to the left of 375, the correct number is 0.00375.

What is the decimal form of the fraction 1/8?

0.125 To convert fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by the denominator resulting in 8 ÷ 1 = 0.125.

Seven o'clock in the morning, military time, would be written as

0700. Seven o'clock in the morning, written in military time, is 0700 without the need for the AM designation.

Your surgery supervisor asks you to report to work by seven thirty in the morning. How would this be written in military time?

0730 In military time, seven thirty in the morning would be written as 0730

1/12 + 5/12 =

1/2 To add two fractions whose denominators are the same, add the numerators and retain the same denominator: 1 + 5 = 6/12. Note: Always reduce fractions to their lowest terms.

Using the correct formulas C = 5/9 (F-32) and F = (9/5 x C) + 32, convert the following:

10 Using the same rationale from the previous example, substitute the degrees Fahrenheit into the formula: C = (F - 32): C = (50 - 32); C = (18); C = 10.

7.05 + 3.221 =

10.271 To add two decimal numbers, line up the decimal points and carry out the calculations. 7.050 + 3.221 = 10.271.Note: Adding zeros to the right of a number on the right side of the decimal point does not change its value.

16 5/6 - 5 2/5=

11 13/30 To subtract two fractions with different denominators, first convert the fractions to equivalent fractions with the lowest common denominators, then subtract the numerators. The least common denominator of these two fractions is 30. Therefore 16 5/6 can be written as 16 25/30, and 5 2/5 can be written as 5 12/30. Now the fractions can be subtracted as 16 25/30 - 5 12/30. 16 - 5 = 11 and 25/30 - 12/30 = 13/30 . The answer is 11 13/30, which is in the lowest terms.

The surgeon's preference card asks for a 1:1:3 solution of polymyxin B sulfate, bacitracin, and saline mixture on the sterile field. What percentage of the solution does each ingredient represent?

20%, 20%, 60% 1:1:3 = 1 + 1 + 3 = 5; 1/5 = 1 ÷ 5 = 0.2, move decimal two places to the right = 20%; another 1/5 = 0.2 or 20%; 3/5 = 3 ÷ 5 = 0.6, move decimal two places to the right = 60%

Which of the following hypodermic needles has the smaller lumen?

27-gauge The larger the gauge of the needle, the smaller the diameter of the lumen.

20 is what percent of 50?

40 To find the percent of one number to another, change the percent to a decimal or fraction and then to a percent. The fraction is 20/50. A percent's denominator is always 100; therefore multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by 2 to make the denominator 100: 20 × 2 = 40 and 50 × 2 = 100; it can be written as 40%.

A surgeon requests the use of an embolectomy catheter that has a 3mL balloon. Which of these syringes is the BEST choice for inflating this balloon?

5 mL syringe The 5 mL or cc syringe would be the best choice for inflating the tiny 3 mL balloon of the embolectomy catheter.

8 is what percent of 12?

66.6% 8/12 is reduced using the number 4 to equal 2/3; 2 ÷ 3 = 0.666 or 66.6%.

When changing shifts, the incoming surgical technologist notices one of the medications on the sterile field is not accurately labeled. What should he or she do?

Discard the medication and ask the circulator for a new dose. Occasionally, the scrubbed surgical technologist may be replaced during a procedure (e.g., shift change, lunch break). All medications must be plainly labeled and reported to the new scrub person. If any doubt remains as to the identity of a solution, then it must be discarded and a new medication must be obtained.

What is the first action that should be taken by the scrubbed surgical technologist when withdrawing medication from an inverted vial held by the circulator?

Draw air into the syringe. Alternatively, the circulator may hold the vial in an inverted position while the scrub withdraws the drug from the vial with a syringe and needle (Fig. 4-8). The scrubbed surgical technologist should first draw some air into the syringe, then puncture the rubber stopper with the needle and inject air into the vial, which will allow the contents of the vial to enter the syringe rapidly.

Write the correct abbreviation for each of the following.

L The accepted abbreviation for liter is L.

The most common type of syringe used in surgery is the

Luer-loc. The most common type of syringe tip used in surgery is the Luer-loc tip, which has a screw-type locking mechanism used to attach a hypodermic needle securely.

Improper or inadequate labeling of medications may be considered which one of the following?

Negligence No excuse is acceptable for the presence of unlabeled (unidentified) medications on the sterile back table. Improper or inadequate labeling of drugs may be considered negligent.

Which of these is not one of the "five rights" but is crucial in medication administration?

Right documentation It is crucial that medications given from the sterile table be accurately recorded in the operative record

Who is responsible for passing a medication to the surgeon for administration during the surgical procedure?

Scrubbed surgical technologist The surgical technologist is responsible for passing the medication to the surgeon.

3 5/8 written as an improper fraction is

To convert a fraction into an improper fraction, multiply the whole number by the denominator and then add the numerator. This new number becomes the numerator and the denominator stays the same: 3 would be 8 × 3 + 5 = 29. Place this new number over the old denominator as for the improper fraction.

To convert fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by the denominator resulting in 8 ÷ 1 = 0.125.

cm The accepted abbreviation for centimeter is cm.