Phi 120 Midterm
If Carly works hard and is not distracted, then she will get done on time. Select the Well Formed Formula that best represents the argument above:
( W · ~ D ) ⊃ T
"Building fuel-efficient cars helps reduce gasoline consumption. Dependency on foreign oil for gasoline production is a drain on the economy. Offshore oil drilling is dangerous. Oil spills through faulty drilling are hazardous to life; so are large tanker spills. Carbon emissions are hurting the environment. We need to start building more fuel-efficient cars" In this argument, "We need to start building more fuel-efficient cars" is a:
Conclusion
The vast majority of students who don't have a book for the course, and who don't do the homework, wind up failing the course. I know for a fact that Michael doesn't have a book and he doesn't do the homework. Michael will fail the course. The argument above is:
Strong
A valid argument can be an unsound argument.
True
An inclusive disjunction is where both disjuncts can be true at the same time.
True
In ordinary language the words "only if" typically precedes the consequent of a conditional statement.
True
Use your knowledge of conjunction, disjunction, negation and truth tables to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. Note on identifying the premises and conclusions in these kinds of questions: Premise 1 is the first line (I ⊃ ~ C); Premise 2 is just below it (C); and the Conclusion is always after the the forward slash (~ I ) I ⊃ ~ C C / ~ I
Valid
The following questions refer to the counterexample method. Argument 10 All squares are parallelograms. All rectangles are parallelograms. Therefore, all squares are rectangles.
All S are P. All R are P. All S are R.
More damage was done last year from hurricanes than earthquakes. There was $100 million damage last year from hurricanes. There was $70 million damage last year from earthquakes. The collection of statements above are:
Argument
My aunt invested $1000 in the stock market last month. The TV announcer said that the average stock has lost 20% in value this month. I guess we know what that means. My aunt probably lost $200 in stock value.
Argument
Since there is biological evidence that the genetic characteristics for nonviolence have been selected over time by the species, we should see an overall decrease in violence among humans worldwide in the coming centuries. The collection of statements above is:
Argument
Use your knowledge of truth tables to determine if the following sets of statements are contradictory, consistent, or inconsistent. P ⊃ Q P v ~ Q
Consistent
Use your knowledge of truth tables to determine if the following two statements are contradictory, consistent, or inconsistent. S ≡ U S v U
Consistent
Use your knowledge of truth tables to determine if the following two statements are contradictory, consistent, or inconsistent. A v ~ B ~ A v B
Consistent
"Every horse has four legs. Samson has a horse. Therefore, Samson's horse has four legs." This argument is:
Deductive
There has been an overall decrease in violence among humans worldwide throughout recorded history. Biologically speaking, this is because the genetic characteristics for nonviolence have been selected over time by the species. This is an example of:
Explanation
A counterexample to an argument is evidence that the conclusion is false.
False
A self-contradiction is a statement that is sometimes true .
False
A simple statement requires at least one logical operator.
False
A single counterexample to an inductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid.
False
A tautology is a statement that is sometimes false.
False
Use your knowledge of conjunction, disjunction, negation and truth tables to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. ( J v Y ) v A ~ Y / J
Invalid
Use your knowledge of conjunction, disjunction, negation and truth tables to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. P ⊃ ( P v S ) P / S
Invalid
Use your knowledge of conjunction, disjunction, negation and truth tables to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. (Note: There is only one premise in this argument. The conclusion is after the forward slash, P) ( ~ R · ~ S ) ⊃ P / P
Invalid
Use your knowledge of truth tables to determine if the following two statements are logically equivalent. ~ R · ~ S ~ ( R v S )
Logically equivalent
Use your knowledge of truth tables to determine if the pairs of statements are logically equivalent. ( S · R) v ( S · W) S · ( R v W )
Logically equivalent
The following questions refer to the counterexample method. No cars are trucks. All trucks are heavy equipment. Therefore, no cars are heavy equipment.
No C are T. All T are H. No C are H.
L ~ ⊃ P Determine whether the above arrangement of logical operator symbols makes a Well Formed Formula (WFF).
Not a WFF
If ( P v Q ) is true, then what can you say about the truth value of P?
P can be true or false.
If ( P · Q ) is false, then what can you say about the truth value of P?
P can be true or false.
If ( P v Q ) is false, then what can you say about the truth value of P?
P is false.
"Building fuel-efficient cars helps reduce gasoline consumption. Dependency on foreign oil for gasoline production is a drain on the economy. Offshore oil drilling is dangerous. Oil spills through faulty drilling are hazardous to life; so are large tanker spills. Carbon emissions are hurting the environment. We need to start building more fuel-efficient cars" In this argument, "Building fuel-efficient cars helps reduce gasoline consumption" is:
Premise
"Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows that Jim is harming his heart." Here, "Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart" is:
Premise
It will rain tomorrow and we will not go to the beach. Select the Well Formed Formula that best represents the argument above:
R · ~ B
( L · ~ P ) · Q Identify the main operator.
Right dot
Which one of the following substitutions shows the argument in the question above as invalid?
S = cats, P = mammals, and R = dogs.
Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. Of those receiving phone calls from the selection committee, 20% will make the team. John received a phone call from the selection committee. John will probably make the Olympic team. The argument above is:
Weak
The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a C on the exam. Therefore, maybe I got a 75 on the exam. The inductive argument above is:
Weak
It is not the case that either Lee Ann or Mary Lynn is a vegetarian. Select the Well Formed Formula that best represents the argument above:
~ ( L v M)
When premises are dependent, the truth of any one is sufficient to justify the conclusion.
False
1 All fires need oxygen. 2 There is no oxygen in that room. So, 3 there is no fire in that room. Determine the correct diagram for each argument.
Which one of the following substitutions shows the argument in the question above as invalid?
C = cats, T = dogs, and H = mammals.
"Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows that Jim is harming his heart." In this argument, "Jim is harming his heart" is:
Conclusion
~ L ⊃ ( ~ P v ~ Q ) Identify the main operator.
Horseshoe
Use your knowledge of truth tables to determine if the following two statements are contradictory, consistent, or inconsistent. ~ A · B A · ~ B
Inconsistent
"The coin came up tails ten times in a row. It probably will come up heads on the next toss." The argument above is:
Inductive
If it walks like a duck and talks like a duck, then it's a duck. Select the Well Formed Formula that best represents the argument above:
( W · T ) ⊃ D
A compound statement has at least one simple statements as a component.
True
A truth table is an arrangement of truth values for a compound proposition that displays for every possible case how the truth value of the proposition is determined by the truth values of its simple components.
True
