PHIL 3440 Quiz 7-14

A sending neuron's axon comes close to a receiving neuron's dendrite at A neurite A synapse An activation threshold

A synapse

In the Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith's (1985) false belief experiments, which group performed poorly despite having a relatively high IQ for their age? Children with Down's syndrome Autistic children Unimpaired children

Autistic children

Which of the following best describes a state that is (A)ccess-conscious in Block's sense? A. It is characterized by its phenomenal, qualitative properties B. It is available for use in reasoning Both A and B

B. It is available for use in reasoning

Which of the following is an algorithm used to train multilayer neural networks? The Perceptron Algorithm The Automation Principle Cardio Bodyweight Workout Backpropagation

Backpropagation

Why is it unsurprising that the brain makes use of the body to scaffold cognition? (Clark & Webb) Because without a body the brain would be unable to survive. Because it makes evolutionary sense for the brain to take advantage of any stable features of its environment, such as the body. Because it is what the symbolic approach to cognition dictates This is a trick question: the brain does not make use of the body to scaffold cognitive processes.

Because it makes evolutionary sense for the brain to take advantage of any stable features of its environment, such as the body.

Which of the following is not one of the six "views of embodied cognition" discussed by Wilson? Cognition is situated Cognition is time-pressured Cognition is symbolic Off-line cognition is body-based

Cognition is symbolic

Deep learning is best viewed as a descendant of Connectionism The physical symbol system hypothesis Dualism Generative grammar

Connectionism

According to Baron-Cohen's model of how mindreading develops, only one of the following is typically in place by the age of 9-months. Which one is it? ToMM (Theory of Mind Mechanism) SAM (Shared Attention Mechanism) EDD (Eye direction detector)

EDD (Eye direction detector)

Which of these is not one of the examples of language creation mentioned by Boeckx? Creoles (out of pidgins) Nicaraguan Sign Language Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language Esperanto

Esperanto

According to the massive modularity hypothesis, the mind is a collection of specialized modules that -- Are capable of domain-general problem-solving Evolved to solve specific tasks confronted by our early ancestors Provide inputs to a single central processing system

Evolved to solve specific tasks confronted by our early ancestors

Which of is not one of the "easy" problems of consciousness, according to Chalmers? Explaining the reportability of mental states Explaining the "what it's like" aspect of conscious experience Explaining the difference between wakefulness and sleep Explaining the ability to discriminate, categorize, and react to stimuli

Explaining the "what it's like" aspect of conscious experience

According to Cosmides & Tooby, humans are able to reason successfully about cooperation, competition and threats because natural selection equipped them with abstract, general-purpose reasoning strategies, True False

False

According to Fodor, the central cognitive system is modular True False

False

According to Laurence & Margolis, an empiricist learner has innate language-specific biases that guide her in the acquisition process. True False

False

According to dynamical systems theorists, a good model of a cognitive ability must be (i) representational, (ii) computational, (iii) sequential, and (iv) decomposable True False

False

Any Boolean function can be represented by a single-layer network True False

False

In artificial neural networks there is a clear distinction between information storage and information processing True False

False

In supervised learning you use unlabeled data True False

False

Pietroski argues that normal experience can "tell" a child acquiring English that a sentence like 'John is eager to please' cannot have the meaning "John is eager for John to be pleased" True False

False

The phenomenon of double dissociation is used to argue for: Deep learning in neural networks Anatomical differentiation of cognitive systems Functional independence of cognitive systems Computationalism about the mind

Functional independence of cognitive systems

Which of the following is the least plausible example of a task for a cognitive module? Face recognition General problem-solving Syntactic analysis of heard utterances Shape analysis in vision

General problem-solving

According to Baron-Cohen, psychopaths (sociopaths) are: (Choose one) Good at mindreading but have little capacity for empathy Very empathetic, but have poor mindreading skills Impaired at both empathy and mindreading Good at both mindreading and empathy

Good at mindreading but have little capacity for empathy

Convolutional networks are primarily used for processing ... Text Images Audio Tax returns

Images

Which of the following are the main factors that—according to our video lecture—were behind the success Deep ConvNets in the early 2010s? (There may be more than one correct option: choose all the right ones) Increased investments in advertising Increases in computing power Vast amounts of training data Sheer luck

Increases in computing power Vast amounts of training data

Deep learning theorists have taken the mammalian visual cortex as a model because The visual cortex illustrates supervised learning Information-processing in the visual cortex is hierarchically organized Deep learning algorithms are inspired by experimental studies of vision

Information-processing in the visual cortex is hierarchically organized

Which of these is one of the behavioral pieces of evidence for the domain-specificity of face recognition discussed by Kanwisher? Inversion-sensitivity The M170 response Activation of the fusiform gyrus Face conditioning

Inversion-sensitivity

Which of the following achievements are made possible by SAM (the shared attention mechanism), on Baron-Cohen's model? (Choose all those that apply, there may be more than one) Detecting agency from motion Joint attention Triadic representations Attributing the full range of mental states

Joint attention Triadic representations

When representations are used to represent other representations they are called: Metarepresentations Primary representations Secondary representations

Metarepresentations

Which of these is one of Cowie's criticisms to Poverty of Stimulus arguments? The child's linguistic competence is more complex and subtle than nativists think The problem of language acquisition is not one of general induction, but rather of failing to project in expected ways Nativists have failed to provide evidence for the alleged poverty of the data Poverty shmoverty. Bah!

Nativists have failed to provide evidence for the alleged poverty of the data

According to Evolutionary Psychology, most of our key cognitive capacities are the product of ... Social learning Genetic drift Natural selection

Natural selection

Rumelhart and McLelland built a network to model the ___ effect in the acquisition of English verbs

Overregularization

Dynamical systems models of infant walking behavior explain the U-shaped trajectory of infant walking in terms of Cortical maturation Parameters such as gravity, leg strength, inertia, and leg fat Motor algorithms and spatial representations

Parameters such as gravity, leg strength, inertia, and leg fat

Which of the following is not of the Chomskyan theses identified by Cowie? Biological boundedness (B) Platonism (P) Representationalism (R) Universal Grammar (U)

Platonism (P)

Kanwisher compares two cases: one is a person who has normal object recognition but suffers from the syndrome known as ___ , which involves impaired face discrimination and recognition. The other is patient CK, who suffers from object agnosia but has unimpaired face recognition. The purpose of this comparison is establishing a ___ between face recognition and object recognition.

Prosopagnosia Double dissociation

Which of these is not one of the ideas and approaches that connectionism draws on? "Brain-like" architecture Psychoanalysis Computationalism

Psychoanalysis

Consider the following perceptron: Question 1: If we assume the following values, the total input to C will be ___ aa = 0.5ab = 1.5wca= 1.0wcb=1.0 Question 2: If the activation function for C is given by the binary threshold rule, and its threshold is set at 1.5, then—given the total input—the activation value for C will be ___

Question 1: 2 Question 2: 1 INPUT(C) = (aa wc,a) + (ab wc,b) θ= threshold 1, if net input ≥ θ 0, otherwise

Which of these is one of the most widely used activation rules in the hidden layers of deep artificial neural networks? Binary threshold Weighted sum ReLU Backpropagation

ReLU

According to global (neuronal) workspace theory, which of these types of task requires consciousness? Tasks that are domain-specific Tasks that are domain-general Tasks that draw on restricted databases of information

Tasks that are domain-general

One fundamental idea behind the simulation theory is: That there is a dedicated theory of mind module That there is a dedicated simulation module That mindreading is carried out by the same mechanisms that carry out ordinary decision-making

That mindreading is carried out by the same mechanisms that carry out ordinary decision-making

When evolutionary psychologists talk about the "Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation" they are referring to The African savannah, from about 1.8 million years ago to 10,000 years ago The whole world, during the last 10,000 years Northern Europe, during the Industrial Revolution

The African savannah, from about 1.8 million years ago to 10,000 years ago

The "depth" of a network refers to ... The profundity of its insights The number of hidden layers it contains The number of units in its hidden layer Its speed

The number of hidden layers it contains

In artificial neural networks (connectionist networks), information is carried by The pattern of weights across the network Individual units that form language-like structures The learning algorithm

The pattern of weights across the network

One of these is a brain area that, according to Rebecca Saxe (video), is implicated in our mindreading capacity. Which one? The cerebellum The right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ) The left lateral geniculate nucleus (LLGN)

The right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ)

Leslie postulates a mechanism whose job it is to inhibit the bias in favor of attributing true beliefs. It is called: The selection processor The false belief selector The decoupling mechanism The Leslietron

The selection processor

Fodor describes modules as "domain-specific" because They are not affected by what goes on elsewhere in the mind They perform highly specialized and circumscribed information-processing tasks They respond automatically to appropriate stimuli They operate quickly and efficiently

They perform highly specialized and circumscribed information-processing tasks

According to Cosmides and Tooby, domain-general cognitive mechanisms could not have evolved, because there are no domain-general fitness criteria. True False

True

According to Fodor, input systems are usually encapsulated True False

True

According to Kanwisher, face recognition involves mandatory processing of the whole face True False

True

According to Leslie, primary representations can be decoupled from their usual functions. This occurs both in pretend play and in metarepresentation. True False

True

According to Pietroski, language-learners project beyond their experience in ways that the input does not even suggest. True False

True

Connectionist networks perform parallel processing True False

True

Connectionists see themselves as providing an alternative to classical computation. True False

True

Dynamical systems theorists think that traditional cognitive scientists are mistaken in trying to reverse-engineer the mind as an information-processing system. True False

True

Empiricists and nativists disagree on how rich our innate psychological endowment is True False

True

In order to pass the false belief test, children need to be able to override their own knowledge of where the marble really is and think about the information that Sally has available to her True False

True

Unlike traditional neural networks, the weights in a given layer of a convolutional neural are not completely independent of each other. True False

True

Boolean functions are defined over Truth values Numerals Numbers Network units

Truth values

Smith uses the case of Christopher the savant as an example of: Impaired linguistic capacities coexisting with unimpaired intellectual capacities Unimpaired linguistic capacities coexisting with impaired intellectual capacities Impaired linguistic capacities coexisting with impaired intellectual capacities Unimpaired linguistic capacities coexisting with unimpaired intellectual capacities

Unimpaired linguistic capacities coexisting with impaired intellectual capacities

According to Goodale and Milner, which of the following does not require conscious awareness? Vision for action Vision for perception Vision for interpretation

Vision for action

According to Lakoff & Johnson, human concepts are mostly ___ and they are often crucially shaped by our ___

metaphorical bodies

Which of these is not one of the four claims of evolutionary psychology (Lavelle) the human brain is a product of natural selection. the human brain adapted to solve particular problems which our ancestors faced the brains we have now are dramatically different from those of our Pleistocene ancestors the adaptive cognitive capacities developed by our ancestors were heritable

the brains we have now are dramatically different from those of our Pleistocene ancestors

According to the Clark & Webb , the "naked brain" fallacy consists in ... treating the brain as an embodied, rather than isolated, system. denying the existence of the external world denying the existence of the brain treating the brain as an isolated, rather than embodied, system.

treating the brain as an isolated, rather than embodied, system.

The defining feature of ___ is that patients lack awareness of sensory events in the contralesional side of space (i.e. on the opposite side of the world to the side of the brain that is damaged)

unilateral spatial neglect

The strength of a connection between two units i and j in a network is indicated by the connection's ___ , wij, which is usually a number between -1 and 1. A negative value for wij indicates an ___ connection, whereas a positive one indicates an ___ connection

weight inhibitory excitatory