Philosophers and Philosophies

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Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher often considered the father of western philosopher

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; who said "i think therefore i am" and believed mind and matter were completly seperate.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher who believed that human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Existentialism

A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans which emphasised ethical and logical behaviour.

Peter Singer

Australian philosopher and ethicist who argued that ethics is not a moral code; believes in promoting the "best consequences"

Thales of Miletus

Pre-Socratic philosopher that believed that the nature of all matter is water

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.

Utilitarianism

The idea that focuses on bringing about what's best for the majority.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

(1889-1951), Austrian philosopher, argued that great philosophical issues are a waste of time because conclusions reflect the opinions of individuals

Jean-Paul Sartre

(1905-1980) French existentialist most famous for his statement that "existence precedes essence"--i.e., first we exist and then our decisions and choices shape our character or essence.

Simone de Beauvoir

(1908-1986) Existentialist and feminist who has written on the psychology and social position of women.

Empiricism

a philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience

Humanism

a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance

Contractualism

a political theory that stipulates that individuals must leave the state of nature, give up their natural rights, to join in freedom and equality

Thomas Aquinas

argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.

Hannah Arendt

political scientist who wrote extensively on evil

Epicurus

Greek philosopher who believed that the world is random and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who dismissed reason, democracy, and progress as empty ideas, proclaimed religion as a 'slave morality' and argued life is meaningless.

Immanuel Kant

German who believed that reason is the basis of all morality

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Hypatia

AD300-400; teacher and philosopher who focused on mathematics and astronomy

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Lao Tzu

Chinese philosopher; taught about Daoism (following the way of nature) and yin/yang

Soren Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher, founder of existentialism, said "truth is subjectivity", religion is a personal matter, and relationships with God require suffering.

Phillipa Foot

English philosopher focusing on ethics. She argued that values are chosen, not nature. Creator of the Trolley Problem.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" and also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Karl Marx

Father of Communist theory

Feminism

the philosophy that women should possess the same political, social and economic rights as men


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