Philosophy Final Quiz (Potential)

The three formal modes of the Five Modes of Skepticism are called _'s Trilemma

Agrippa

Briefly explain Sextus's analogy with Apelles the Painter

Apelles was the best painter in Greece, who was having difficulty finding the right way to paint the foam coming out of a horses mouth. In his frustration, he threw his sponge at the painting, which created exactly the right sort of foam. Through this analogy, Sextus was explaining that satisfaction (not success, as Apelles had) comes out of moments of frustration. Apelles had a suspension of judgement when he threw his sponge at the painting and accurately painted the foam. Through this, he found tranquility/quietude through a suspension of judgement because he did not have to make a decision about how to paint the foam.

An epicurean meal: ______ cakes and _____.

Barley; water

According to Epictetus, how can one completely avoid misfortune?

By getting rid of aversions to things out of one's control. Do not seek to have events happen as you want them to, but instead want them to happen as they do happen, and your life will go well. Most things are predetermined. Epictetus suggests we accept things as they come.

The problem posed by the Two Modes of Skepticism is often called the Problem of the _

Criterion

Cynicism is named after what animal?

Dog

Briefly explain the significance of Epicurus' materialism regarding the soul

Epicurus believed that the soul is a material composed of fine particles of three different kinds (like breath, like fire, unnamed). When the body is destroyed, the material of the soul is scattered and now longer enjoys the same powers, so it does not possess sensation. This leads to the loss of sensation, and therefore death should not be feared.

According to the Epicureans, how does perception work? And wherein is the source of error?

Everything is made up of matter (atoms) and void. The atoms are constantly vibrating ("the swerve"). They give off thin films/skins (eidola) that act as images. These films are what our senses perceive. The source of error is human opinions that are placed onto these images.

True or False: Epicureans believed that there are no gods

False

Marcus regularly invokes the PreSocratic philosopher _ for his view of change

Heraclitus

______ was a woman who famously practiced _____ philosophy

Hipparchia; cynic

What was Diogenes the Cynic looking for when he said he was searching for an honest man?

In wandering around in the daylight with a lit lantern, Diogenes was looking for an "honest man" (sometimes translated as "human"): someone who knows what it is to be human, in the same way that someone who knows music is a musician. As a cynic, he did not believe this existed so his search was futile.

Explain why Epicurus would say that injustice is not itself an evil.

Injustice is not an evil in itself, but only in its consequences, namely, the terror that is excited by apprehension that those appointed to punish such offenses will discover the injustice. It is impossible for the man who secretly violates the law to feel confident he will remain undiscovered.

In response to the worry that Stoicism is boring or ruinous, one reply is that Marcus holds the Doctrine of Stoic _

Joy

Marcus and Epictetus belong to Stoicism's _ Period

Late

Explain Epictetus' analogy of the play

Life is like a play and people are like actors. Actors do not determine what role they are cast into or how long the play is. The best they can do is accept their role and play it with skill.

Explain the Backfire Problem for Lucretius' argument against fearing death

Lucretius' Symmetry Argument states that because we do not fear the time before we existed, and this is a symmetrical form of existence to the time after we have existed, then we should not fear the time after we existed (death). The Backfire Problem argues that based on this reasoning, if one does fear the time before one existed, then they should also fear the time after they existed.

Epicureans: ______ pleasures are easy to get

Natural

Pyrrhonism is a form of skepticism named after

Pyrrho

What is skepticism's end and what are its means?

Skepticism's end is quietude in matters of opinion and moderate in things unavoidable. The means of achieving this are 1) a progression of setting out to find truths 2) finding contradictions 3) suspending judgment 4) achieving quietude

What is the Lazy Argument, how does it challenge Stoicism?

Stoics treat all externals as indifferents. IF one treats externals as indifferents, then one will never act. Therefore, the Stoic will never act. In that case, the challenge is the question: "what does the Stoic do?"

According to Sextus Empiricus, how does disagreement show that there is nothing good by nature?

The Argument from Disagreement goes as follows: If x is F is by nature, then x will move naturally to Fx. However, people disagree about all things, whether they are good or not. Therefore, nothing is good by nature. If, then, things which move by nature move all men alike, while we are not all moved alike by the so called goods, there is nothing good by nature.

What is the paradox of Cynical Philosophy?

The Cynic strives for self-sufficiency and highlight the absurdity of those living lavishly in the city. However, they rely on other people in order to survive and, in order to practice their philosophy, they need people to be living lavishly. Diogenes for example relies on other people to feed him. So obviously this is not self-sufficiency.

How do the Stoics think of themselves in the Socratic tradition?

The Paradox of Invulnerability (idea that a good man cannot be harmed by a worse man....Stoics view one can't be harmed by people outside of things that are up to us) and the Socratic Method *check*

What is the Skeptical fourfold? To what is is proposed as a solution?

The Skeptical fourfold is the solution to the Apraxia Challenge, which asks how the Skeptic practically while living a skeptical life. The fourfold describes a regime of life including the 1)guidance of nature 2) constraints of the passions 3) the traditions, laws, and customs of those around us, and 4) adapting to the productive arts

Briefly explain the two models for Skeptical equipollence

The first model of Skeptical equipollence is the vectorial model, in which two arguments collide head-to-head and destroy each other. The undercutting model involves asking questions until reaching a point of not knowing, and achieving equipollence (similar to a 5 year old continuing to ask "why?" until the parent does not know the answer)

Explain the basic form of the self-refutation problem for Skepticism

The self-refutation problem is that skeptics contradict themselves in stating their skepticism. Academic skeptics claim to know that there is no knowledge, which in itself is self-refuting. In terms of Pyrrhonism, the various modes amount to a proof that proof is impossible (which is self-refuting): If P is a proof and P is, then there is proof. The Skeptical Proof is a proof. Therefore, there is proof.

Briefly explain the Two Modes of Skepticism

The two Modes of Skepticism state that truths are either apprehended through themselves (are self-evident) or through something else (a criterion). If we knew we had truths we could develop a criterion, or if we knew we had a criterion, we could determine truth. We don't have knowledge of either, and we need to know both. Therefore, self-evidence and criteria fail us because it creates a wheel, and so we should suspend judgment.

Outline the three domains of perfection for the Stoics

There are three domains of activity in Stoicism. The Perfection of Judgment means controlling one's assent and only believing the truth. The Perfection of Action is doing what is appropriate/one's duty. The Perfection of Desire is desiring only what is in your control and worth desiring (virtue).

Explain Epictetus' distinction between what is up to us and what is not.

Things like opinions, desires, and aversions are up to us and by their nature are free. We are never coerced here... never blame, no enemies. Things like possessions, offices, and reputation are not up to us and by their nature are hindered. We are regularly thwarted here... regularly blame, lots of enemies

What is the Epicurean fourfold cure?

To achieve pure happiness, 1) do not fear the gods or 2) death, and 3) believe that what is good is easy to get and 4) what is terrible is easy to endure.

In what way is the contemporary use of the term "Epicurean" not accurate about the ancient Epicureans?

To be a modern Epicurean is to be a hedonistic slave to pleasure. Rather, ancient Epicureans strove for natural and necessary pleasures, to live a blessed life with a healthy body. Water and barley cakes can be extremely pleasurable if you are hungry enough/need them enough. Modern epicureanism is pleasure loving revolved around feelings of enjoyment and refined tastes. The ancient version is almost the opposite and is about small pleasures and getting enjoyment from living minimalists. For example, Epicurus slept in a barrel.

Epictetus' grand division: there are things that are ____ and things that are ____.

Up to us; not up to us

For Epicurus, everything that exists is made up of _ and _

atoms; void

Diogenes the Cynic's father: deface/debase the:

coinage

When seeing a child drink with cupped hands, Diogenes the Cynic smashed his _____.

cup

Lucretius' Symmetry Argument: the time after we _____ should be treated as we treat the time before we are ____

die; born

According to Epicurus, our sense-perceptions are produced by:*

eidola

Contrast of station in life: Marcus Aurelius was an _, and Epictetus was a _.

emperor; teacher/ slave

Sextus: from the _ of two judgments one then _ judgment *

equipollence; suspends

According to Epictetus, things that are up to us are, by their nature, _.

free

Parrhesia roughly was the exercise of_____

free-speech

Sextus distinguishes between _ skepticism, which is about principles of skeptical philosophy, and _ skepticism, which is the demonstrative application of these tools

general; special

There are two types of fears that both Epicurus and Lucretius think we should eliminate. These are the fear of the _ and the fear of _.

gods; death

How to the Skeptics think of themselves in the Socratic tradition?

in his belief that he does not know and his consequent use of the Socratic Method to determine knowing. Academic Skepticism claims that it does not fully know, and follows the paradox of self-reference. Pyrrhonists refuse to make strong judgments at all. This coincides with Socrates insistence that he does not know (and would therefore not make judgment)

The _ model for Pyrrhonism is that people are sick with dogmatism, and the skeptic's job is to cure them with argument

medicinal

Sextus holds that if there are things that are good by nature, they should yield _ assent or agreement about their goodness*

natural

Epictetus holds that there is a difference between the Stoic _ and the Stoic sage.

progressor

Stoic exercises are for those who are ____

progressors

Diogenes the Cynic: Who is rich? He who is____

self-sufficient

True or false: Epicurus holds that the young should be taught philosophy

true

The Stoic sufficiency thesis: ______ is sufficient for a good life

virtue