Philosophy Mid Term

Logos

A Greek term that means word, utterance, rationale, argument, structure. In Heraclitus, the ordering principle of the world; in the Gospel of John, that according to which all things were made and that became incarnate in Jesus.

Heraclitus believes that opposition a. is an essential and necessary part of reality. b. will eventually be overcome when strife among men ceases. c. is contrary to the logos which unites all things in one. d. prevents the achievement of moderation, which is the chief virtue.

is an essential and necessary part of life

The Form of the Good a. is explained by Plato in terms of still other Forms. b. is the one and only Form that can be seen with the naked eye. c. is the ultimate explainer. d. is located by Plato in the absolute center of the Divided Line.

is the ultimate explainer

The problem with defining piety as what all the gods love is that a. they don't all love the same things. b. it gives only an external characteristic of piety. c. love can mean many things. d. there is only one god, so it cannot be pious to make reference to many.

it only gives an external characteristic of piety

What does Socrates conclude that the god means by human wisdom? a. knowing things and their causes. b. knowing justice and piety. c. knowing that one really knows little or nothing. d. knowing the truth and doing it.

knowing that one really knows little or nothing

What does Aristotle allow for that Plato never valued?

knowledge based on the senses

Which of the following choices match Plato's description(s) of knowledge?

knowledge endures, is always true, result of education/instruction, and backed up by reason

What is the difference between knowledge and wisdom?

knowledge is the retaining of information, wisdom is putting that knowledge into practice.

Induction a. can get us only a probability of truth, never certainty. b. begins from first principles. c. leads from many individual perceptions to universal concepts. d. is a matter of direct intuition of truths.

leads from many individual perceptions to universal concepts

One thing Socrates does not say during his defense speech at the trial is that a. life is the greatest good. b. a good man cannot be harmed. c. it is wicked and shameful to do wrong. d. it is not difficult to avoid death.

life is the greatest good

The term "philosophy" means a. wise thoughts b. love of the brothers c. giving reasons for one's beliefs. d. love of wisdom.

love of wisdom

What is philosophy?

love of wisdom

Gorgias

make the weaker argument into the stronger one using rhetoric, victory over truth

Branches of Philosophy

metaphysics (reality), epistemology (knowledge), politics (government), ethics (morality), theology (faith), cognitive (self), ideology (school of thought)

Timocracy

military dictatorship (war machine)

Eutopos

no good place

The oracle at Delphi told Socrates' friend that a. Socrates was the wisest man alive. b. Socrates should spend his life questioning the Athenians about virtue. c. no one was wiser than Socrates. d. only the god was wise.

no one was wiser than Socrates

slaves

no rights, they were property, and can be murdered

The conclusion reached in the Euthyphro is that piety is a. what all the gods love. b. care of the gods, just as doctors care for their patients. c. sacrifice and prayer. d. none of the above.

none of the above

Truth, according to Aristotle, a. is apparent to the senses, rather than to mystical vision. b. is what all sentences have in common. c. represents things as they are. d. is what logic alone can reveal.

represents things as they are

Pantheism

the belief that the divine reality exists in everything

Achilles

Greatest of the Greek warriors in the fight against Troy.

Menelaus

King of Sparta and husband to Helen, who is seduced away by Paris, son of Priam King of Troy.

Zeus

King of the gods in the Greek Pantheon

Socrates' only commandment is:

Know thyself

For Socrates, all human excellence of what?

Knowledge

Plato is trying to prove the existence of what?

Knowledge and/or truth

Pericles

Leader of Athens during the mid-fifth century B.C. and the beginnings of the Peloponnesian War; author of a famous speech glorifying

What is the proper life for the human being?

Life of contemplation

What exactly did sophists do?

Taught others to be virtuous, debated publicly and privately to prove themselves, were more concerned with persuasion than truth, were among the first professional teachers

Unmoved mover

That without which none of the other movers would move, the goal toward which they are striving, their final cause.

Syllogism

an argument composing two premises and a conclusion, composed of categorical subject-predicate statements; the argument contains just three terms, each of which appears in just two of the statements

relativism

argues the good, the true, and the beautiful are relative to where you live

Xenophanes criticizes the Homeric gods a. for not coming to our aid when we need them. b. as unworthy of our admiration and respect. c. and says there are no gods at all. d. and substitutes other gods from more moral traditions

as unworthy of our admiration

Persuasion

attempts to convince by appeals to emotion, interests, status, etc., bypassing the rational faculties if necessary

The origins of all things is from

chaos

Greek children

considered citizens, cannot be murdered

The objects of knowledge, Plato says, are a. things you can see and touch. b. the things believed in by everyone in your culture. c. items in flux, continually changing from moment to moment. d. Forms (intelligible realities).

forms (intelligible realities)

Categories are a. statements true of everything. b. indicators of the different ways things can be. c. categorically true or false. d. ways of doing something.

indicators of the different ways things can be

The key idea in rhetoric is that a. one should speak the truth, no matter how it affects one's interests. b. one should be able to make a persuasive case for any position. c. with its help, one can avoid sleepwalking through life and align oneself with the logos. d. no one should take advantage of another because of rhetorical skill.

one should be able to make a persuasive case for any position

reason

part of mind that can calculate and make connections, make patterns

appetites

people are enslaved to their desires

Knowing something, according to Plato, a. requires having evidence provided by your senses. b. puts you in touch with reality. c. is the result of persuasion. d. means it is very, very unlikely that you are mistaken about it, though that is always possible.

puts you in touch with reality

The art of persuasion is called

rhetoric

Jesus says, a. "Take care for your soul, which is your pure and noble essence, that it remain undefiled." b. "How hard it will be for those who are poor to enter into the kingdom of God." c. "As you wish that men would do to you, do so to them." d. "No one can serve two masters; indeed, serve no master at all if you would be free."

"As you wish that men would do to you, do so to them"

"In the beginning," the Bible tells us, a. "time and chaos formed all things." b. "day and night, evening and morning, summer and winter manifest the turning of the great wheel of the eternal All." c. "nothing was, nor could be." d. "God created the heavens and the earth."

"God created the heavens and the earth."

In his conversation with Crito, Socrates does not say, a. "Why should we care so much for what the majority think?" b. "The important thing is not life, but the good life." c. "I am the kind of man who listens only to the argument that on reflection seems best to me." d. "Life is the greatest good, and happiness is its ornament."

"Life is the greatest good, and happiness is its ornament

1. excess 2. deficiency 3. mean 4. practical wisdom

1. vice of too much 2. vice of too little 3. virtue of moderation 4. use of reason to develop the habits

Callicles

A Sophist character in Plato's dialogues who argues that the laws of justice are created by the weak to hamstring the strong.

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Virtue

A habit that makes it easy to do the right thing in the appropriate circumstances

Philosopher king

A hypothetical ruler, or Guardian, of Plato's ideal city-state. Rules in the pursuit of knowledge and is seen as reliable for choosing the best outcome for his people while simultaneously pursuing the good life.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Validity

A term for logical goodness in deductive arguments; an argument is valid whenever, if the premises are true, it is not possible for the conclusion to be false. An argument can be valid, however, even if the premises are false.

What is double ignorance?

when you're ignorant of your own ignorance

Atruism

concern for the welfare of others; unselfishmess

Animism

how we make things work, we believe there is a spirit in all things that move

Education

For Plato, the process of turning the soul of the student toward what is more and more real, until finally the student sees for herself the True, the Beautiful, and the Good.

Crito

Friend of Socrates who visited him in prison and tried to convince him to escape

Sophist

From a Greek word meaning "wise one"; in ancient Greece, teachers who taught many things to ambitious young men but who specialized in rhetoric

What happens to Socrates?

He is executed by poison

Kingdom of God

The ideal realm in which God rules and human beings live harmoniously, obeying God's commands

Divided line

The image Plato uses to illustrate the relationships between the intelligible world of Forms and the visible world.

Material cause

The matter constituting some particular thing. What makes it the individual thing it is.

Love of wisdom

The motivational drive that propels us toward more and more satisfying objects for our eros, moving us out of the cave and up the divided line to the ultimately real things

What happens when someone has control over their will, reason, and appetite?

They may become philosopher king

final cause

What something is for, its purpose or goal.

What three parts make up humans

Will, reason, and appetites

What is a sophist?

a debater who pursues winning at any cost

Noble lie

a lie created by philosophers used to create philosophical truth and wisdom among the people

True lie

a lie you incorporate into your perception and it effects your whole reality

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

monotheism

Belief in one God

Atheism

Belief that God does not exist

Knowing

Belief that satisfies four criteria: staying put, being true, being backed up by reasons, and being the result of instruction, not persuasion.

Excellence that pertains to the social aspects of human life are called

Moral virtues

Greek Men

Nobles: have a large family, lots of land, own slaves, usually emperors or kings Plebs: had political rights but had to work

happiness

Not a feeling, but a state of being (Eudaemonia), when the parts of the soul (desire, spirit, and reason) act harmoniously in bringing about action.

What is the word for the idea that there are many viewpoints of the truth and they are all legitimate?

Relativism

Oracle of Delphi

Religious authority that could be asked questions, the answers often being ambiguous in meaning. Said that no one was wiser than Socrates.

Homer

Reputed author of The Iliad, telling of the war that the Greeks fought against Troy. He also wrote The Odyssey, the tale of the adventures of Odysseus making his wandering way home from Troy to Ithaca.

The Law

Rules for living given by God through Moses, recorded in the first five books of the Bible.

In the Crito, Socrates argues that we owe who for our education, upbringing, safety, etc.?

Society

Antiphon

Sophist who taught that the law of nature is one of self-preservation, and that we should do what is to our advantage even if it violates laws of the city—so long as we can get away with it.

First principles

Statements that constitute the basis for all other statements in a certain field. For Aristotle, they can be inferred via induction from particular cases.

Third man argument

The argument that shows there is something wrong with Plato's theory of Forms—that positing a Form to explain a visible fact commits you to an infinite series of Forms, all of which are required to account for that fact.

Formal cause

The characteristics that make some thing the kind of thing it is.

Moderation

The chief virtue recommended in Homer's works: not too much or too little.

Vortex motion

The circular motion of the Boundless that individuates and sorts things according to their kind.

Form

The definition of something; characteristics that are necessary and sufficient to be a certain kind of thing, and which make it the kind of thing that it is

Philosopher Kings

The only foundation for a just and happy society, according to Plato's Republic, is for philosophers (lovers of wisdom) to become kings or for kings to become philosophers

Exodus

The people of Israel leaving captivity in Egypt under the guidance of Moses, finding their way to the "promised land" of Israel.

essence

The set of characteristics that make a certain thing the kind of thing that it is.

Piety

The topic of Plato's dialogue, Euthyphro. What we owe to the divine in the way of attitudes and behavior.

Form of the good

The ultimate explanation of everything, the Form in which everything else, both intelligible and visible, participates.

The Boundless

The unbegun and endless origin of all things, according to Anaximander.

Divine Sign

The voice that came to Socrates, never advising him positively, but preventing him from doing wrong.

Diotima

The woman from whom Socrates claims to have learned about love (eros)

Dialectic is a. a technique for helping others by raising objections to what they believe. b. a technique for convincing others that one's own view is the best. c. a technique for undermining truth by questioning everything. d. a technique for showing how smart you are, thus provoking hostility in your hearers.

a technique for helping others by raising objections to what they believe

Dogmaticism

a term applied by philosophers to holding of views for no adequate reason, and often in the face of contrary evidence

Dialectic

a term of many meanings. For Socrates, it is a progression of questions and answers, exposing unsatisfactory opinions and driving toward less inadequate beliefs.

Relativism

a term of many meanings; central is the view that there are on object standards of good or bad to be discovered and that no objective knowledge of reality is possible; all standards and knowledge claims are valid only relative to times, individuals, or cultures.

What is a philosopher?

a thinker who pursues the truth

Republic (catholic)

a type of government created for a common good

skepticism

a view that doubts whether truth is available to human beings

Parmenides is rightly called a rationalist because a. he rationalizes and deceives himself about the truth. b. he gives reasons explaining all things, even change. c. unlike his predecessors, he was a rational person. d. he is willing to follow the argument wherever it leads.

he is willing to follow the argument wherever it leads

One of the things the Sophists do not teach is a. how to make the weaker argument into the stronger. b. how to prevail in the courts. c. how to discern logically good arguments from bad. d. how to persuade creditors to forgive debts.

how to discern logically good arguments from bad

Socrates "divine sign" a. advises him what to do. b. enables him to foretell the future. c. prevents Socrates from doing or saying certain things. d. is claimed by Socrates to come directly from the gods.

prevents Socrates from doing or saying certain things

What does Protagoras promise to teach Hippocrates? a. Proper management of his own affairs and the affairs of the city. b. Cleverness in speaking so he can avoid paying his debts. c. Geometry, astronomy, and flute playing. d. The traditional Greek virtues, as exemplified in the works of Homer.

proper management of his own affairs and the affairs of the city

Homer's great poem, The Iliad, begins by announcing that his theme will be a. moderation. b. the relations between gods and men. c. rage. d. the Trojan War.

rage

The soul, Plato tells us, has distinct parts, each of which has a function. For instance: a. the ego, which is the reality principle. b. the id, or the set of unconscious desires present in every soul. c. the superego, or one's conscience. d. reason, which guides.

reason, which guides

A reductio ad absurdum argument a. has an absurd conclusion. b. has absurd premises. c. reduces its assumed premise to absurdity. d. makes its proponent look absurd.

reduces its assumed premise to absurdity

Plutocracy

society ruled by the wealthy

Bad tyrant

someone who takes over power by themselves

In his comic play, The Clouds, Aristophanes portrays Socrates as a. a critic of the Sophists. b. the one who burns down the Thinkery. c. the father of Pheidippides, who wants him to learn how to make the weaker argument into the stronger. d. someone who teaches for pay.

someone who teaches for pay

Tyrant

someone willing to take over power in regard to restoring order

Parmenides

tells us we suffer from illusions, names help us separate things but believes all is the same, you are not free because we are involved in a web of cause and effect

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking; one of the principal things taught by the Sophists to young men hoping for influence in democratic Athens

Pacifism

the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

If Plato is right, then if "Gertrude" names an individual elephant, the term "elephant" names a. the idea of an elephant existing in our minds. b. the eternally existing Form of the Elephant. c. some elephant or other, but no particular one. d. all the individual elephants there are or ever have been.

the eternally existing Form of the Elephant

In Plato's Divided Line, a. the sections must be equal in length to do the symbolic job he requires of them. b. the intelligible world is related to the visible world as visible things are related to likenesses of them. c. the intelligible world is related to the visible world as likenesses are related to the things they are likenesses of. d. science is portrayed as the way to ultimate truth, where the soul can find "traveler's rest and journey's end.

the intelligible world is related to the visible world as visible things are related to likenesses of them

In Aristotle's account of the four causes, a. the efficient cause of the world is God. b. a final cause is pure potentiality. c. the formal cause is the three-dimensional shape (or form) that a material object has. d. the material cause is the one that explains the individuality of things.

the material cause is the one that explains the individuality of things

Which of the following does Democritus not say? a. Moderation increases enjoyment. b. The needy man knows how much he needs. c. It is childish to have immoderate desires d. The brave man is the one who overcomes his pleasures

the needy man knows how much he needs

The Mean

the point between extremes (of feeling or behavior) at which virtuous action lies. Discerned by practical wisdom

In the Myth of the Cave, a. the prisoners represent all of us before we begin to search for wisdom. b. the prisoners are forced to look directly at the fire, though that hurts their eyes. c. the exit represents access to the visible world, lighted by the sun. d. no one who escapes and sees reality as it is would ever return to that dismal place.

the prisoners represent all of us before we begin to search for wisdom

positivism

the true, the good, and the beautiful are enforced by those with power

Objectivism

the true, the good, and the beautiful are universal and do not change across subcultures

subjectivism

the true, the good, and the beautiful is dependent on the subjective (ex. you see what you see, your own truth)

Christians believe that a. humans can only be justified by observing all the precepts of the Law. b. the very wisdom through which the world was made can be found in the life and character of Jesus. c. our salvation will be accomplished through knowledge and education. d. the Jewish Old Testament must be repudiated by believers in Jesus.

the very wisdom through which the world was made can be found in the life and character of Jesus

Agnosticism

the view that we do not know whether God or the gods exist

Socrates believes that a. wrongdoing is due to ignorance. b. we sometimes do know the good but fail to do it. c. laziness and pleasure often distract us from what we know is right. d. we all do sometimes act in ways that we know are bad.

wrongdoing is due to ignorance

What is the source of Socrates' wisdom?

Recognizing his own limits

What technique relies on: proposal-questions-difficulties-new proposal-more-questions-and so on?

Dialectical procedure

What was it about Athens that allowed for the creation and rise of sophistry?

Direct Democracy

Socrates

"The only thing I know is that I know nothing", "The unexamined life is not worth living"

Creation

According to Genesis,the universe was brought into being by the word of God—e.g., "Let there be light."

Word

According to the Gospel of John, the Word is that according to which all things were made, and its character is revealed in the life and death of Jesus of Nazareth

Meletus

Chief accuser of Socrates at his trial

Techne

Applied knowledge, the knowledge of how to do things and accomplish goals.

What is the Greek word for virtue?

Arete

Who is (are) the source(s) from which we know about Socrates?

Aristophanes, Aristotle, Plato, Xenophon

Hubris

Arrogance, setting oneself up above the gods in declining how to live

god of wisdom

Athena and Apollo

Hesiod

Author of Theogony, the Ancient Greek story of the origin of all things, including the gods.

Politeia (Greek)

Citizenship to a city state

Oligarchy

the rule of the many by the few

Aristophanes

Greek comedic playwright who parodies Socrates in The Clouds, making him out to be a corrupt Sophist

Kallipolis

Greek term for Plato's just city

Nous

Greek term usually translatedas "mind." In Aristotle, nous is the active and purely formal principle that engages in thinking and contemplation; he argues that nous is more than just the form of a living body; it is a reality in its own right and is eternal.

Alcibiades

Handsome and brilliant young Athenian, a follower of Socrates, who testifies to Socrates' character, but later turns out badly

In what way is Socrates the teacher like a midwife?

He helps others give birth to their own ideas, and he produces no new life of his own

Socrates is unlike the Sophists in that a. he took very little pay for his teaching, and as a result remained poor, while they grew rich. b. he was interested in the question of human excellence. c. the youth of Athens sought out his company. d. He thought winning was not the main thing.

He thought winning was not the main thing

For Socrates, evil is a product?

Ignorance

1. Prisoner 2. Shadows 3. Puppeteers 4. Exiting 5. Outer World

1. Ignorance 2. Perception 3. Exploiter 4. Learning 5. Knowledge

What is the ranking for the rightful ruler to least powerful within Plato's republic?

1. Philosopher 2. Educators 3. Guardians/Enforcers 4. Poets 5. Craftsmen/Merchants 6. Laborer

What is the word for not knowing whether there is a god or not?

Agnostic

What is Plato's most famous short story?

Allegory of the Cave

Messiah

Anointed one

Thrasymachus

In Plato's Republic, the Sophist who presents the view that justice is the advantage of the stronger, and that immorality will bring happiness.

Agamemnon

Brother to Menelaus, king of Argos, and commander of the Greek forces in their siege of Troy.

What is Aristotle's word for happiness or the good life?

Eudaemonia

What is the worst case scenario for breaking the law?

Everyone else will also break the law

Who said: "Concerning the gods, i am not in a position to know either that they are or that they are not"

Protagoras

Who said: "Of all things, man is the measure"

Protagoras

Forms

Those ideal realities Plato takes to be both the objects of knowledge and the source of the derived reality of the sensible world: the Square Itself, for instance, and the Forms of Justice and the Good.

Res Publica (Roman)

To do with public/state

The Sophists believe we are limited to only opinions because we can only experience how things appear and have no access to how things really are independent of the senses

True

Categories

Very general concepts describing the basic modes of being. Aristotle distinguishes ten, including "substance," "quantity," and "quality."

Arete

Virtue of excellence, particularly the sort of excellence proper to a human being

What are the four virtues that made a good greek?

Wisdom, courage, self-control, justice

Who overthrew the Titans?

Zeus and the other Olympians

When Socrates says that he wants the "form" of piety, he means that he wants a. its general shape. b. the influences that produce or "form" piety in an individual. c. a definition d. what all Athenian citizens agree that piety is.

a definition

Monarchy

a form of government with a monarch at the head.

Aristotle defines happiness (eudaemonia) as a. harmony in the soul. b. a feeling of excellence (arete) pervading the soul. c. activity of the soul in accord with reason. d. whatever makes you feel good about yourself.

activity of the soul in accord with reason

Aristotle explains change in terms of a. atoms and the void. b. flux and opposition. c. the vortex motion of the universe. d. actuality and potentiality

actuality and potentiality

Conversations with Socrates generally end with a. everyone agreeing with Socrates. b. Socrates clarifying the subject with a short speech. c. agreement that a satisfactory answer hadn't been reached. d. a conviction that progress had been made.

agreement that a satisfactory answer hadn't been reached

If all A is B and all B is C, then a. all C is B. b. all C is A. c. all A is C. d. none of the above.

all A is C

anaximander's argument for the Boundless as that out of which all things come a. appeals to the infinite quality of the universe. b. assumes that observable features of the world all need explaining. c. holds that explanations can go back and back infinitely far. d. identifies the Boundless with the gods of Homer's poems.

assumes that observable features of the world all need explaining

Sophists tend to hold that the gods a. exist by nomos. b. exist by physis. c. exist by both nomos and physis. d. do not exist at all.

exist by nomos

mythology

believes everything that moves is powered by a god

The gods, in Homer's poem, a. urge men to be more like themselves. b. live in delight and splendor on Olympus, scarcely ever thinking about the affairs of men. c. function as moral ideals for human beings, who have a hard time living up to the gods' standards. d. care about the honor given them by men.

care about the honor given to them by men

Greek Women

considered citizens, no political rights, and cannot be murdered

The charges against Socrates include a. corrupting the youth. b. the murder of his father, who himself killed a servant. c. aiding Sparta in the war against Athens. d. worshiping Persian gods.

corrupting the youth

How is it that the political promoted the sophists?

direct democracy meant you had to learn to argue and needed teachers to learn from

A statement, according to Aristotle, is a. like a prayer. b. composed of three or more terms. c. like knowledge, always true. d. either true or false.

either true or false

What is Crito trying to convince Socrates to do?

escape

Xenophanes says that with respect to the truth, a. humans have never known it and will never know it. b. it was revealed to us from of old. c. even if we knew it, we couldn't know for sure that we knew it. d. if we seek it, not relying on the stories of the poets, we will be sure to find it.

even if we knew it, we couldn't know for sure that we knew it

Heraclitus

everyone in reality is in constant state of motion, "You cannot step in the same river twice", reason and perception is why we believe things are not changing

What is Socrates awaiting in the Crito?

execution

In saying that all things are full of gods, Thales apparently meant that a. Homer was right in saying that what happens can be attributed to the will of the gods. b. traditional religious views could be defended after all. c. explanations of events in the world could be explained in terms of events in the world. d. science has its limits.

explanations of events in the world could be explained in terms of events in the world

Human beings a. were created sinful, as is shown by the story of Cain killing Abel. b. fell away from their original goodness because they wanted to be like God, making their own rules to live by. c. are destined to live in the "kingdom of God" because of their original goodness. d. help each other according to the Golden Rule.

fell away from their original goodness because they wanted to be like God, making their own rules to live by

Truth

for Aristotle, a property of statements saying of what is that it is and of what is not that it is not

We know about Socrates primarily a. from his own writings. b. through the plays of Aristophanes. c. from Plato's dialogues. d. from the biography written by his wife, Xantippe.

from Plato's dialogues

God, Aristotle says, a. cares for his creatures as a father cares for his child. b. functions as the final cause for the world. c. knows the number of hairs on each person's head. d. is a moved unmover.

functions as the final cause for the world

Justice, in the Homeric world, consists in a. giving to each man his due. b. sharing the spoils of war equally. c. avoiding hubris. d. resigning oneself to what will be

giving each man his due

Socrates refuses Crito's offer of escape from prison because a. he is already seventy years old and would die soon anyway. b. it would be dangerous for his family if he tried to escape. c. he doesn't want to be a burden on those who would have to take him in after the escape. d. in escaping he would do injury to the laws of Athens.

in escaping he would do injury to the laws of Athens

When Anaximander says that things make reparations to each other for injustice, he means that a. even inanimate things must perform intentional actions. b. nothing right ever happens in the world. c. inherent in nature is a principle of balance. d. the gods see to it that their laws are obeyed.

inherent in nature is a principle of balance

Which of the following is not a theme expressed in Euripides' play, Hippolytus? a. Rhetoric corrupts virtue. b. Humans are merely pawns in the hands of powers that care nothing for them. c. Nothing can harm the truly innocent. d. Fortune is ever veering and nothing can be relied upon.

nothing can harm the truly innocent

What does Socrates argue are the only two honorable options left if we cannot legally change the laws?

obey the laws or move away

factionalism

people being divided into different groups by opposing views

will

peoples will is either weak or strong

natural philosophy

philosophy of nature

St. Paul taught that a. the soul is essentially good, and salvation consists in becoming aware of who you are. b. Jesus and Socrates are much alike--men of virtue whom it would be wise to imitate. c. the will is in conflict with itself and we cannot save ourselves. d. unless we live good lives, we cannot inherit the kingdom of Heaven.

the will is in conflict with itself and we cannot save ourselves

When Protagoras says that man is the measure of all things, he means that a. it is only man, of all the animals, that has devised measures for distance, weight, temperature, etc. b. what exists must be measured by what all men have in common. c. there is no objective criterion available to humans by which to judge truth and goodness. d. measuring is important to man for building all sorts of things.

there is no objective criterion available to humans by which to judge truth and goodness

Hesiod claimed to write his poems a. after exhaustive study of the heavens and the earth. b. by collecting stories that had been passed down from the ancestors. c. through divine inspiration. d. because he was bored while herding sheep on holy Helicon.

through divine inspiration

Parmenides says that a goddess spoke and told him a. to believe without question what was to be revealed to him. b. that both the One and the Many exist in harmonious tension. c. that what appears true is true. d. to judge by reasoning what she tells him.

to judge by reasoning what she tells him

According to Plato, education is a. supplying the facts to those who need them. b. everyone's job. c. valuable because it pays off in the acquisition of marketable skills. d. turning the soul of the student toward the real.

turning the soul of the student toward the real

What, according to Heraclitus, is wisdom? a. Minding your own business and being content with what you have. b. Satisfying your desires, even though they are in opposition. c. Recognizing that life in this world is but a dream. d. Understanding the thought that steers all things.

understanding the thought that steers all things

Pleasure, for Aristotle, is a. never to be sought as an end. b. the end that humans are naturally motivated by. c. unsuitable as the principal end for rational creatures. d. the reason we should be virtuous.

unsuitable as the principal end for rational creatures

In discussions with others, Socrates a. held that victory would go to the best speaker. b. used the arts of rhetoric as taught by the Sophists. c. asked questions, but would answer none. d. was happy to be refuted.

was happy to be refuted

Substance

what is fundamental and can exist independently; that which has or underlies its qualities. For Aristotle, the individual things of our experience

Relativism is the view that a. truth is relative to falsehood. b. everything is related to everything else. c. heat is relative to cold. d. what is true for me may not be true for you.

what is true for me may not be true for you

what is single ignorance?

when you're simply ignorant

The Ring of Gyges story poses the problem of a. whether it is right to steal. b. whether we should value moral goodness only for its consequences. c. how to escape punishment for evil deeds. d. how we might become invisible, and thus able to do whatever we want.

whether we should value moral goodness only for its consequences

A moral person a. may have a rough time in life, but will be admired by all in the end. b. may or may not be a happy person. c. is the person considered by a community to be moral. d. will be a happy person.

will be a happy person

The expression "to make the weaker argument into the stronger" means

winning any debate no matter the topic or the side you are assigned, and being able to convince people of anything (even if not true)