Philosophy Mid Term
Logos
A Greek term that means word, utterance, rationale, argument, structure. In Heraclitus, the ordering principle of the world; in the Gospel of John, that according to which all things were made and that became incarnate in Jesus.
Heraclitus believes that opposition a. is an essential and necessary part of reality. b. will eventually be overcome when strife among men ceases. c. is contrary to the logos which unites all things in one. d. prevents the achievement of moderation, which is the chief virtue.
is an essential and necessary part of life
The Form of the Good a. is explained by Plato in terms of still other Forms. b. is the one and only Form that can be seen with the naked eye. c. is the ultimate explainer. d. is located by Plato in the absolute center of the Divided Line.
is the ultimate explainer
The problem with defining piety as what all the gods love is that a. they don't all love the same things. b. it gives only an external characteristic of piety. c. love can mean many things. d. there is only one god, so it cannot be pious to make reference to many.
it only gives an external characteristic of piety
What does Socrates conclude that the god means by human wisdom? a. knowing things and their causes. b. knowing justice and piety. c. knowing that one really knows little or nothing. d. knowing the truth and doing it.
knowing that one really knows little or nothing
What does Aristotle allow for that Plato never valued?
knowledge based on the senses
Which of the following choices match Plato's description(s) of knowledge?
knowledge endures, is always true, result of education/instruction, and backed up by reason
What is the difference between knowledge and wisdom?
knowledge is the retaining of information, wisdom is putting that knowledge into practice.
Induction a. can get us only a probability of truth, never certainty. b. begins from first principles. c. leads from many individual perceptions to universal concepts. d. is a matter of direct intuition of truths.
leads from many individual perceptions to universal concepts
One thing Socrates does not say during his defense speech at the trial is that a. life is the greatest good. b. a good man cannot be harmed. c. it is wicked and shameful to do wrong. d. it is not difficult to avoid death.
life is the greatest good
The term "philosophy" means a. wise thoughts b. love of the brothers c. giving reasons for one's beliefs. d. love of wisdom.
love of wisdom
What is philosophy?
love of wisdom
Gorgias
make the weaker argument into the stronger one using rhetoric, victory over truth
Branches of Philosophy
metaphysics (reality), epistemology (knowledge), politics (government), ethics (morality), theology (faith), cognitive (self), ideology (school of thought)
Timocracy
military dictatorship (war machine)
Eutopos
no good place
The oracle at Delphi told Socrates' friend that a. Socrates was the wisest man alive. b. Socrates should spend his life questioning the Athenians about virtue. c. no one was wiser than Socrates. d. only the god was wise.
no one was wiser than Socrates
slaves
no rights, they were property, and can be murdered
The conclusion reached in the Euthyphro is that piety is a. what all the gods love. b. care of the gods, just as doctors care for their patients. c. sacrifice and prayer. d. none of the above.
none of the above
Truth, according to Aristotle, a. is apparent to the senses, rather than to mystical vision. b. is what all sentences have in common. c. represents things as they are. d. is what logic alone can reveal.
represents things as they are
Pantheism
the belief that the divine reality exists in everything
Achilles
Greatest of the Greek warriors in the fight against Troy.
Menelaus
King of Sparta and husband to Helen, who is seduced away by Paris, son of Priam King of Troy.
Zeus
King of the gods in the Greek Pantheon
Socrates' only commandment is:
Know thyself
For Socrates, all human excellence of what?
Knowledge
Plato is trying to prove the existence of what?
Knowledge and/or truth
Pericles
Leader of Athens during the mid-fifth century B.C. and the beginnings of the Peloponnesian War; author of a famous speech glorifying
What is the proper life for the human being?
Life of contemplation
What exactly did sophists do?
Taught others to be virtuous, debated publicly and privately to prove themselves, were more concerned with persuasion than truth, were among the first professional teachers
Unmoved mover
That without which none of the other movers would move, the goal toward which they are striving, their final cause.
Syllogism
an argument composing two premises and a conclusion, composed of categorical subject-predicate statements; the argument contains just three terms, each of which appears in just two of the statements
relativism
argues the good, the true, and the beautiful are relative to where you live
Xenophanes criticizes the Homeric gods a. for not coming to our aid when we need them. b. as unworthy of our admiration and respect. c. and says there are no gods at all. d. and substitutes other gods from more moral traditions
as unworthy of our admiration
Persuasion
attempts to convince by appeals to emotion, interests, status, etc., bypassing the rational faculties if necessary
The origins of all things is from
chaos
Greek children
considered citizens, cannot be murdered
The objects of knowledge, Plato says, are a. things you can see and touch. b. the things believed in by everyone in your culture. c. items in flux, continually changing from moment to moment. d. Forms (intelligible realities).
forms (intelligible realities)
Categories are a. statements true of everything. b. indicators of the different ways things can be. c. categorically true or false. d. ways of doing something.
indicators of the different ways things can be
The key idea in rhetoric is that a. one should speak the truth, no matter how it affects one's interests. b. one should be able to make a persuasive case for any position. c. with its help, one can avoid sleepwalking through life and align oneself with the logos. d. no one should take advantage of another because of rhetorical skill.
one should be able to make a persuasive case for any position
reason
part of mind that can calculate and make connections, make patterns
appetites
people are enslaved to their desires
Knowing something, according to Plato, a. requires having evidence provided by your senses. b. puts you in touch with reality. c. is the result of persuasion. d. means it is very, very unlikely that you are mistaken about it, though that is always possible.
puts you in touch with reality
The art of persuasion is called
rhetoric
Jesus says, a. "Take care for your soul, which is your pure and noble essence, that it remain undefiled." b. "How hard it will be for those who are poor to enter into the kingdom of God." c. "As you wish that men would do to you, do so to them." d. "No one can serve two masters; indeed, serve no master at all if you would be free."
"As you wish that men would do to you, do so to them"
"In the beginning," the Bible tells us, a. "time and chaos formed all things." b. "day and night, evening and morning, summer and winter manifest the turning of the great wheel of the eternal All." c. "nothing was, nor could be." d. "God created the heavens and the earth."
"God created the heavens and the earth."
In his conversation with Crito, Socrates does not say, a. "Why should we care so much for what the majority think?" b. "The important thing is not life, but the good life." c. "I am the kind of man who listens only to the argument that on reflection seems best to me." d. "Life is the greatest good, and happiness is its ornament."
"Life is the greatest good, and happiness is its ornament
1. excess 2. deficiency 3. mean 4. practical wisdom
1. vice of too much 2. vice of too little 3. virtue of moderation 4. use of reason to develop the habits
Callicles
A Sophist character in Plato's dialogues who argues that the laws of justice are created by the weak to hamstring the strong.
Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
Virtue
A habit that makes it easy to do the right thing in the appropriate circumstances
Philosopher king
A hypothetical ruler, or Guardian, of Plato's ideal city-state. Rules in the pursuit of knowledge and is seen as reliable for choosing the best outcome for his people while simultaneously pursuing the good life.
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Validity
A term for logical goodness in deductive arguments; an argument is valid whenever, if the premises are true, it is not possible for the conclusion to be false. An argument can be valid, however, even if the premises are false.
What is double ignorance?
when you're ignorant of your own ignorance
Atruism
concern for the welfare of others; unselfishmess
Animism
how we make things work, we believe there is a spirit in all things that move
Education
For Plato, the process of turning the soul of the student toward what is more and more real, until finally the student sees for herself the True, the Beautiful, and the Good.
Crito
Friend of Socrates who visited him in prison and tried to convince him to escape
Sophist
From a Greek word meaning "wise one"; in ancient Greece, teachers who taught many things to ambitious young men but who specialized in rhetoric
What happens to Socrates?
He is executed by poison
Kingdom of God
The ideal realm in which God rules and human beings live harmoniously, obeying God's commands
Divided line
The image Plato uses to illustrate the relationships between the intelligible world of Forms and the visible world.
Material cause
The matter constituting some particular thing. What makes it the individual thing it is.
Love of wisdom
The motivational drive that propels us toward more and more satisfying objects for our eros, moving us out of the cave and up the divided line to the ultimately real things
What happens when someone has control over their will, reason, and appetite?
They may become philosopher king
final cause
What something is for, its purpose or goal.
What three parts make up humans
Will, reason, and appetites
What is a sophist?
a debater who pursues winning at any cost
Noble lie
a lie created by philosophers used to create philosophical truth and wisdom among the people
True lie
a lie you incorporate into your perception and it effects your whole reality
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
monotheism
Belief in one God
Atheism
Belief that God does not exist
Knowing
Belief that satisfies four criteria: staying put, being true, being backed up by reasons, and being the result of instruction, not persuasion.
Excellence that pertains to the social aspects of human life are called
Moral virtues
Greek Men
Nobles: have a large family, lots of land, own slaves, usually emperors or kings Plebs: had political rights but had to work
happiness
Not a feeling, but a state of being (Eudaemonia), when the parts of the soul (desire, spirit, and reason) act harmoniously in bringing about action.
What is the word for the idea that there are many viewpoints of the truth and they are all legitimate?
Relativism
Oracle of Delphi
Religious authority that could be asked questions, the answers often being ambiguous in meaning. Said that no one was wiser than Socrates.
Homer
Reputed author of The Iliad, telling of the war that the Greeks fought against Troy. He also wrote The Odyssey, the tale of the adventures of Odysseus making his wandering way home from Troy to Ithaca.
The Law
Rules for living given by God through Moses, recorded in the first five books of the Bible.
In the Crito, Socrates argues that we owe who for our education, upbringing, safety, etc.?
Society
Antiphon
Sophist who taught that the law of nature is one of self-preservation, and that we should do what is to our advantage even if it violates laws of the city—so long as we can get away with it.
First principles
Statements that constitute the basis for all other statements in a certain field. For Aristotle, they can be inferred via induction from particular cases.
Third man argument
The argument that shows there is something wrong with Plato's theory of Forms—that positing a Form to explain a visible fact commits you to an infinite series of Forms, all of which are required to account for that fact.
Formal cause
The characteristics that make some thing the kind of thing it is.
Moderation
The chief virtue recommended in Homer's works: not too much or too little.
Vortex motion
The circular motion of the Boundless that individuates and sorts things according to their kind.
Form
The definition of something; characteristics that are necessary and sufficient to be a certain kind of thing, and which make it the kind of thing that it is
Philosopher Kings
The only foundation for a just and happy society, according to Plato's Republic, is for philosophers (lovers of wisdom) to become kings or for kings to become philosophers
Exodus
The people of Israel leaving captivity in Egypt under the guidance of Moses, finding their way to the "promised land" of Israel.
essence
The set of characteristics that make a certain thing the kind of thing that it is.
Piety
The topic of Plato's dialogue, Euthyphro. What we owe to the divine in the way of attitudes and behavior.
Form of the good
The ultimate explanation of everything, the Form in which everything else, both intelligible and visible, participates.
The Boundless
The unbegun and endless origin of all things, according to Anaximander.
Divine Sign
The voice that came to Socrates, never advising him positively, but preventing him from doing wrong.
Diotima
The woman from whom Socrates claims to have learned about love (eros)
Dialectic is a. a technique for helping others by raising objections to what they believe. b. a technique for convincing others that one's own view is the best. c. a technique for undermining truth by questioning everything. d. a technique for showing how smart you are, thus provoking hostility in your hearers.
a technique for helping others by raising objections to what they believe
Dogmaticism
a term applied by philosophers to holding of views for no adequate reason, and often in the face of contrary evidence
Dialectic
a term of many meanings. For Socrates, it is a progression of questions and answers, exposing unsatisfactory opinions and driving toward less inadequate beliefs.
Relativism
a term of many meanings; central is the view that there are on object standards of good or bad to be discovered and that no objective knowledge of reality is possible; all standards and knowledge claims are valid only relative to times, individuals, or cultures.
What is a philosopher?
a thinker who pursues the truth
Republic (catholic)
a type of government created for a common good
skepticism
a view that doubts whether truth is available to human beings
Parmenides is rightly called a rationalist because a. he rationalizes and deceives himself about the truth. b. he gives reasons explaining all things, even change. c. unlike his predecessors, he was a rational person. d. he is willing to follow the argument wherever it leads.
he is willing to follow the argument wherever it leads
One of the things the Sophists do not teach is a. how to make the weaker argument into the stronger. b. how to prevail in the courts. c. how to discern logically good arguments from bad. d. how to persuade creditors to forgive debts.
how to discern logically good arguments from bad
Socrates "divine sign" a. advises him what to do. b. enables him to foretell the future. c. prevents Socrates from doing or saying certain things. d. is claimed by Socrates to come directly from the gods.
prevents Socrates from doing or saying certain things
What does Protagoras promise to teach Hippocrates? a. Proper management of his own affairs and the affairs of the city. b. Cleverness in speaking so he can avoid paying his debts. c. Geometry, astronomy, and flute playing. d. The traditional Greek virtues, as exemplified in the works of Homer.
proper management of his own affairs and the affairs of the city
Homer's great poem, The Iliad, begins by announcing that his theme will be a. moderation. b. the relations between gods and men. c. rage. d. the Trojan War.
rage
The soul, Plato tells us, has distinct parts, each of which has a function. For instance: a. the ego, which is the reality principle. b. the id, or the set of unconscious desires present in every soul. c. the superego, or one's conscience. d. reason, which guides.
reason, which guides
A reductio ad absurdum argument a. has an absurd conclusion. b. has absurd premises. c. reduces its assumed premise to absurdity. d. makes its proponent look absurd.
reduces its assumed premise to absurdity
Plutocracy
society ruled by the wealthy
Bad tyrant
someone who takes over power by themselves
In his comic play, The Clouds, Aristophanes portrays Socrates as a. a critic of the Sophists. b. the one who burns down the Thinkery. c. the father of Pheidippides, who wants him to learn how to make the weaker argument into the stronger. d. someone who teaches for pay.
someone who teaches for pay
Tyrant
someone willing to take over power in regard to restoring order
Parmenides
tells us we suffer from illusions, names help us separate things but believes all is the same, you are not free because we are involved in a web of cause and effect
Rhetoric
the art of effective or persuasive speaking; one of the principal things taught by the Sophists to young men hoping for influence in democratic Athens
Pacifism
the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.
If Plato is right, then if "Gertrude" names an individual elephant, the term "elephant" names a. the idea of an elephant existing in our minds. b. the eternally existing Form of the Elephant. c. some elephant or other, but no particular one. d. all the individual elephants there are or ever have been.
the eternally existing Form of the Elephant
In Plato's Divided Line, a. the sections must be equal in length to do the symbolic job he requires of them. b. the intelligible world is related to the visible world as visible things are related to likenesses of them. c. the intelligible world is related to the visible world as likenesses are related to the things they are likenesses of. d. science is portrayed as the way to ultimate truth, where the soul can find "traveler's rest and journey's end.
the intelligible world is related to the visible world as visible things are related to likenesses of them
In Aristotle's account of the four causes, a. the efficient cause of the world is God. b. a final cause is pure potentiality. c. the formal cause is the three-dimensional shape (or form) that a material object has. d. the material cause is the one that explains the individuality of things.
the material cause is the one that explains the individuality of things
Which of the following does Democritus not say? a. Moderation increases enjoyment. b. The needy man knows how much he needs. c. It is childish to have immoderate desires d. The brave man is the one who overcomes his pleasures
the needy man knows how much he needs
The Mean
the point between extremes (of feeling or behavior) at which virtuous action lies. Discerned by practical wisdom
In the Myth of the Cave, a. the prisoners represent all of us before we begin to search for wisdom. b. the prisoners are forced to look directly at the fire, though that hurts their eyes. c. the exit represents access to the visible world, lighted by the sun. d. no one who escapes and sees reality as it is would ever return to that dismal place.
the prisoners represent all of us before we begin to search for wisdom
positivism
the true, the good, and the beautiful are enforced by those with power
Objectivism
the true, the good, and the beautiful are universal and do not change across subcultures
subjectivism
the true, the good, and the beautiful is dependent on the subjective (ex. you see what you see, your own truth)
Christians believe that a. humans can only be justified by observing all the precepts of the Law. b. the very wisdom through which the world was made can be found in the life and character of Jesus. c. our salvation will be accomplished through knowledge and education. d. the Jewish Old Testament must be repudiated by believers in Jesus.
the very wisdom through which the world was made can be found in the life and character of Jesus
Agnosticism
the view that we do not know whether God or the gods exist
Socrates believes that a. wrongdoing is due to ignorance. b. we sometimes do know the good but fail to do it. c. laziness and pleasure often distract us from what we know is right. d. we all do sometimes act in ways that we know are bad.
wrongdoing is due to ignorance
What is the source of Socrates' wisdom?
Recognizing his own limits
What technique relies on: proposal-questions-difficulties-new proposal-more-questions-and so on?
Dialectical procedure
What was it about Athens that allowed for the creation and rise of sophistry?
Direct Democracy
Socrates
"The only thing I know is that I know nothing", "The unexamined life is not worth living"
Creation
According to Genesis,the universe was brought into being by the word of God—e.g., "Let there be light."
Word
According to the Gospel of John, the Word is that according to which all things were made, and its character is revealed in the life and death of Jesus of Nazareth
Meletus
Chief accuser of Socrates at his trial
Techne
Applied knowledge, the knowledge of how to do things and accomplish goals.
What is the Greek word for virtue?
Arete
Who is (are) the source(s) from which we know about Socrates?
Aristophanes, Aristotle, Plato, Xenophon
Hubris
Arrogance, setting oneself up above the gods in declining how to live
god of wisdom
Athena and Apollo
Hesiod
Author of Theogony, the Ancient Greek story of the origin of all things, including the gods.
Politeia (Greek)
Citizenship to a city state
Oligarchy
the rule of the many by the few
Aristophanes
Greek comedic playwright who parodies Socrates in The Clouds, making him out to be a corrupt Sophist
Kallipolis
Greek term for Plato's just city
Nous
Greek term usually translatedas "mind." In Aristotle, nous is the active and purely formal principle that engages in thinking and contemplation; he argues that nous is more than just the form of a living body; it is a reality in its own right and is eternal.
Alcibiades
Handsome and brilliant young Athenian, a follower of Socrates, who testifies to Socrates' character, but later turns out badly
In what way is Socrates the teacher like a midwife?
He helps others give birth to their own ideas, and he produces no new life of his own
Socrates is unlike the Sophists in that a. he took very little pay for his teaching, and as a result remained poor, while they grew rich. b. he was interested in the question of human excellence. c. the youth of Athens sought out his company. d. He thought winning was not the main thing.
He thought winning was not the main thing
For Socrates, evil is a product?
Ignorance
1. Prisoner 2. Shadows 3. Puppeteers 4. Exiting 5. Outer World
1. Ignorance 2. Perception 3. Exploiter 4. Learning 5. Knowledge
What is the ranking for the rightful ruler to least powerful within Plato's republic?
1. Philosopher 2. Educators 3. Guardians/Enforcers 4. Poets 5. Craftsmen/Merchants 6. Laborer
What is the word for not knowing whether there is a god or not?
Agnostic
What is Plato's most famous short story?
Allegory of the Cave
Messiah
Anointed one
Thrasymachus
In Plato's Republic, the Sophist who presents the view that justice is the advantage of the stronger, and that immorality will bring happiness.
Agamemnon
Brother to Menelaus, king of Argos, and commander of the Greek forces in their siege of Troy.
What is Aristotle's word for happiness or the good life?
Eudaemonia
What is the worst case scenario for breaking the law?
Everyone else will also break the law
Who said: "Concerning the gods, i am not in a position to know either that they are or that they are not"
Protagoras
Who said: "Of all things, man is the measure"
Protagoras
Forms
Those ideal realities Plato takes to be both the objects of knowledge and the source of the derived reality of the sensible world: the Square Itself, for instance, and the Forms of Justice and the Good.
Res Publica (Roman)
To do with public/state
The Sophists believe we are limited to only opinions because we can only experience how things appear and have no access to how things really are independent of the senses
True
Categories
Very general concepts describing the basic modes of being. Aristotle distinguishes ten, including "substance," "quantity," and "quality."
Arete
Virtue of excellence, particularly the sort of excellence proper to a human being
What are the four virtues that made a good greek?
Wisdom, courage, self-control, justice
Who overthrew the Titans?
Zeus and the other Olympians
When Socrates says that he wants the "form" of piety, he means that he wants a. its general shape. b. the influences that produce or "form" piety in an individual. c. a definition d. what all Athenian citizens agree that piety is.
a definition
Monarchy
a form of government with a monarch at the head.
Aristotle defines happiness (eudaemonia) as a. harmony in the soul. b. a feeling of excellence (arete) pervading the soul. c. activity of the soul in accord with reason. d. whatever makes you feel good about yourself.
activity of the soul in accord with reason
Aristotle explains change in terms of a. atoms and the void. b. flux and opposition. c. the vortex motion of the universe. d. actuality and potentiality
actuality and potentiality
Conversations with Socrates generally end with a. everyone agreeing with Socrates. b. Socrates clarifying the subject with a short speech. c. agreement that a satisfactory answer hadn't been reached. d. a conviction that progress had been made.
agreement that a satisfactory answer hadn't been reached
If all A is B and all B is C, then a. all C is B. b. all C is A. c. all A is C. d. none of the above.
all A is C
anaximander's argument for the Boundless as that out of which all things come a. appeals to the infinite quality of the universe. b. assumes that observable features of the world all need explaining. c. holds that explanations can go back and back infinitely far. d. identifies the Boundless with the gods of Homer's poems.
assumes that observable features of the world all need explaining
Sophists tend to hold that the gods a. exist by nomos. b. exist by physis. c. exist by both nomos and physis. d. do not exist at all.
exist by nomos
mythology
believes everything that moves is powered by a god
The gods, in Homer's poem, a. urge men to be more like themselves. b. live in delight and splendor on Olympus, scarcely ever thinking about the affairs of men. c. function as moral ideals for human beings, who have a hard time living up to the gods' standards. d. care about the honor given them by men.
care about the honor given to them by men
Greek Women
considered citizens, no political rights, and cannot be murdered
The charges against Socrates include a. corrupting the youth. b. the murder of his father, who himself killed a servant. c. aiding Sparta in the war against Athens. d. worshiping Persian gods.
corrupting the youth
How is it that the political promoted the sophists?
direct democracy meant you had to learn to argue and needed teachers to learn from
A statement, according to Aristotle, is a. like a prayer. b. composed of three or more terms. c. like knowledge, always true. d. either true or false.
either true or false
What is Crito trying to convince Socrates to do?
escape
Xenophanes says that with respect to the truth, a. humans have never known it and will never know it. b. it was revealed to us from of old. c. even if we knew it, we couldn't know for sure that we knew it. d. if we seek it, not relying on the stories of the poets, we will be sure to find it.
even if we knew it, we couldn't know for sure that we knew it
Heraclitus
everyone in reality is in constant state of motion, "You cannot step in the same river twice", reason and perception is why we believe things are not changing
What is Socrates awaiting in the Crito?
execution
In saying that all things are full of gods, Thales apparently meant that a. Homer was right in saying that what happens can be attributed to the will of the gods. b. traditional religious views could be defended after all. c. explanations of events in the world could be explained in terms of events in the world. d. science has its limits.
explanations of events in the world could be explained in terms of events in the world
Human beings a. were created sinful, as is shown by the story of Cain killing Abel. b. fell away from their original goodness because they wanted to be like God, making their own rules to live by. c. are destined to live in the "kingdom of God" because of their original goodness. d. help each other according to the Golden Rule.
fell away from their original goodness because they wanted to be like God, making their own rules to live by
Truth
for Aristotle, a property of statements saying of what is that it is and of what is not that it is not
We know about Socrates primarily a. from his own writings. b. through the plays of Aristophanes. c. from Plato's dialogues. d. from the biography written by his wife, Xantippe.
from Plato's dialogues
God, Aristotle says, a. cares for his creatures as a father cares for his child. b. functions as the final cause for the world. c. knows the number of hairs on each person's head. d. is a moved unmover.
functions as the final cause for the world
Justice, in the Homeric world, consists in a. giving to each man his due. b. sharing the spoils of war equally. c. avoiding hubris. d. resigning oneself to what will be
giving each man his due
Socrates refuses Crito's offer of escape from prison because a. he is already seventy years old and would die soon anyway. b. it would be dangerous for his family if he tried to escape. c. he doesn't want to be a burden on those who would have to take him in after the escape. d. in escaping he would do injury to the laws of Athens.
in escaping he would do injury to the laws of Athens
When Anaximander says that things make reparations to each other for injustice, he means that a. even inanimate things must perform intentional actions. b. nothing right ever happens in the world. c. inherent in nature is a principle of balance. d. the gods see to it that their laws are obeyed.
inherent in nature is a principle of balance
Which of the following is not a theme expressed in Euripides' play, Hippolytus? a. Rhetoric corrupts virtue. b. Humans are merely pawns in the hands of powers that care nothing for them. c. Nothing can harm the truly innocent. d. Fortune is ever veering and nothing can be relied upon.
nothing can harm the truly innocent
What does Socrates argue are the only two honorable options left if we cannot legally change the laws?
obey the laws or move away
factionalism
people being divided into different groups by opposing views
will
peoples will is either weak or strong
natural philosophy
philosophy of nature
St. Paul taught that a. the soul is essentially good, and salvation consists in becoming aware of who you are. b. Jesus and Socrates are much alike--men of virtue whom it would be wise to imitate. c. the will is in conflict with itself and we cannot save ourselves. d. unless we live good lives, we cannot inherit the kingdom of Heaven.
the will is in conflict with itself and we cannot save ourselves
When Protagoras says that man is the measure of all things, he means that a. it is only man, of all the animals, that has devised measures for distance, weight, temperature, etc. b. what exists must be measured by what all men have in common. c. there is no objective criterion available to humans by which to judge truth and goodness. d. measuring is important to man for building all sorts of things.
there is no objective criterion available to humans by which to judge truth and goodness
Hesiod claimed to write his poems a. after exhaustive study of the heavens and the earth. b. by collecting stories that had been passed down from the ancestors. c. through divine inspiration. d. because he was bored while herding sheep on holy Helicon.
through divine inspiration
Parmenides says that a goddess spoke and told him a. to believe without question what was to be revealed to him. b. that both the One and the Many exist in harmonious tension. c. that what appears true is true. d. to judge by reasoning what she tells him.
to judge by reasoning what she tells him
According to Plato, education is a. supplying the facts to those who need them. b. everyone's job. c. valuable because it pays off in the acquisition of marketable skills. d. turning the soul of the student toward the real.
turning the soul of the student toward the real
What, according to Heraclitus, is wisdom? a. Minding your own business and being content with what you have. b. Satisfying your desires, even though they are in opposition. c. Recognizing that life in this world is but a dream. d. Understanding the thought that steers all things.
understanding the thought that steers all things
Pleasure, for Aristotle, is a. never to be sought as an end. b. the end that humans are naturally motivated by. c. unsuitable as the principal end for rational creatures. d. the reason we should be virtuous.
unsuitable as the principal end for rational creatures
In discussions with others, Socrates a. held that victory would go to the best speaker. b. used the arts of rhetoric as taught by the Sophists. c. asked questions, but would answer none. d. was happy to be refuted.
was happy to be refuted
Substance
what is fundamental and can exist independently; that which has or underlies its qualities. For Aristotle, the individual things of our experience
Relativism is the view that a. truth is relative to falsehood. b. everything is related to everything else. c. heat is relative to cold. d. what is true for me may not be true for you.
what is true for me may not be true for you
what is single ignorance?
when you're simply ignorant
The Ring of Gyges story poses the problem of a. whether it is right to steal. b. whether we should value moral goodness only for its consequences. c. how to escape punishment for evil deeds. d. how we might become invisible, and thus able to do whatever we want.
whether we should value moral goodness only for its consequences
A moral person a. may have a rough time in life, but will be admired by all in the end. b. may or may not be a happy person. c. is the person considered by a community to be moral. d. will be a happy person.
will be a happy person
The expression "to make the weaker argument into the stronger" means
winning any debate no matter the topic or the side you are assigned, and being able to convince people of anything (even if not true)