philosophy MIDTERM

socrates

"The unexamined life is not worth living" is a quote attributed to which famous philosopher?

"one opinion is as good as another"

A "relativist" would be heard to say which of the following?

a rare human being whose very nature represents something elemental about the human condition

A paradigmatic individual is _____.

an active involvement in the audience

A vital aspect of Socratic teaching was _____.

false

According to Bertrand Russell, philosophy is to be studied for the answers it provides. T/F

is an image that has been shared by the whole human race from the earliest times

According to C. G. Jung, an archetype _____.

FALSE

According to Democritus, humans are capable of having a direct experience (perception) of atoms. T/F

casts out the suffering of the soul

According to Epicurus, "there is no use in philosophy" unless it _____.

involves behaving in a conventional way

According to Protagoras, the most practical course for most of us _____.

ignorance

According to Socrates, all evil is _____.

might makes right

According to the Sophists, _____.

is not an option

According to the text, ignorance _____.

a basic image that represents our conception of the essence of a certain type of person

An archetype is _____.

an archetypal individual

Another name for a paradigmatic individual is _____.

true

Athens experienced a cultural crisis brought on by its history of feeling superior and special, then being populated by outside entrepreneurs. T/F

false

Both the sophos and Sophists were professional philosophers and teachers. T/F

FALSE

Callicles preached the doctrine of social obligation known as the "common good." T/F

knowledge claims

Depending on their nature, evaluating _____ involves logical argumentation, scientific experiments and predictions, or the demonstration of skillful performance.

studies knowledge

Epistemology is the area of philosophy that _____.

concerns itself with moral problems

Ethics is the area of philosophy that _____.

indifference to both the presence and absence of material pleasures

For Socrates, temperance meant _____.

FALSE

Heraclitus's philosophy was characterized by belief in an anthropomorphized God, or Logos. T/F

TRUE

It is almost impossible to separate what Socrates taught from his whole personality. T/F

nonknowledge

Jaspers refers to Socrates' profession of ignorance as _____.

studies the rules of correct reasoning

Logic is the area of philosophy that _____.

address the problem of what is real

Metaphysics is the area of philosophy that _____.

willed ignorance

One who is trapped in _____ will mock others' points of view without investigating them.

protagoras

Perhaps the greatest of the Sophists was _____.

False

Philosophers are more concerned with ideas than they are with the reasons offered to support ideas. T/F

false

Philosophers demand that we provide feelings to justify our knowledge claims. T/F

true

Philosophers distinguish between knowledge and wisdom. T/F

a form of true belief

Philosophers generally define knowledge as _____.

true

Practical knowledge consists of skills needed to do such things as play the piano or bake a cake. T/F

FALSE

Protagoras claimed that "all things are measured against nature's standard." T/F

TRUE

Protagoras was a pragmatist. T/F

FALSE

Protagoras was one of the later sophists who taught that might makes right. T/F

a dispute with Eulathus over tuition

Protagoras's wager concerned _____.

TRUE

Pythagoreans believed that the rotation of the heavenly spheres produced a type of music. T/F

true

Relativism is the name for the belief that knowledge is determined by specific qualities of the observer. t/f

TRUE

Socrates asserted that a life devoid of philosophical speculation is not fully functioning and so lacks virtue or excellence. T/F

the human soul

Socrates believed that _____ is the essence of humanness.

TRUE

Socrates believed that an individual who is at the mercy of bodily pleasures has no concern for virtue in any form. T/F

techne

Socrates believed that human excellence was based on a special kind of knowledge that the Greeks referred to as _____.

TRUE

Socrates believed that the teacher's role is to draw wisdom and clarity out of a disordered and confused soul. T/F

a midwife

Socrates compared himself to _____.

physician of the soul

Socrates considered himself to be a kind of _____.

the conscious self

Socrates identified the soul with _____.

TRUE

Socrates insisted that the "real person" is not the body, but the psyche. T/F

DIVINE

Socrates said that to have no wants is _____.

human

Socrates thought he possessed _____ wisdom.

must begin with an honest admission

Socrates thought that the first step toward wisdom _____.

irony

Socrates used _____ to communicate on more than one level.

FALSE

Socrates used sarcasm as a technique for keeping his listeners alert and involved. T/F

egoists

The Ring of Gyges presents the _____ position.

FALSE

The Socratic dialectic is an especially moving speech, one that raises powerful emotions. T/F

the function of education is to draw the truth out of the student

The Socratic method begins with the assumption that _____.

the socratic dialect

The Socratic method is also known as _____.

FALSE

The Sophists taught that good and bad are defined by nature. T/F

relativism

The belief that knowledge is determined by specific qualities of the observer is known as _____.

individual relativism

The belief that no matter how far back we push "ultimate" reasons, they always reduce to someone's preference is known as _____.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

The belief that values reflect the preferences and customs of a given culture is known as _____.

the understanding of reality as it relates to living a good life

The chief goal of wisdom is _____.

FALSE

The early philosopher's "fanatical concern" with logical consistency and rules of thinking led to theories that were both logically consistent and matched the observed facts. T/F

nature and the world order

The first Western philosophers were initially concerned with the nature of _____.

logical reasoning and written argument

The history of Western philosophy has been dominated by _____.

atomism

The philosophy that reality consists of empty space and ultimately simple entities that combine to form objects is known as _____.

ideas have truth value to the extent that they produce practical results

The pragmatic point of view holds that _____.

FALSE

The sophos were highly regarded by the communities in which they lived. T/F

a Shepard and a king

The story of the Ring of Gyges concerns _____.

was invented to mock people who didn't speak greek

The term "barbarian" _____.

THE GROUP IS THE CENTER

The term "ethnocentrism" derives from Greek roots meaning "_____."

PLATO AND XENOPHON

The two main sources of information about Socrates are _____.

lover of wisdom

The word "philosophy" derives from Greek roots meaning "_____."

true

Theoretical knowledge is the accurate compilation and assessment of factual and systematic information and relationships. T/F

is defined as the interest of the stronger party

Thrasymachus tells Socrates that justice _____.

FALSE

To label the Sophists as "amoral" would mean to say that they are "immoral." T/F

experience and maturity

Traditionally, wisdom has been associated with _____ in a way that knowledge has not.

FALSE

Twenty-first century American culture bears no resemblance to the democratic state of Plato's Athens. T/F

the unexamined life is not worth living

What did Socrates say about the unexamined life?

relativistic

What type of reasoning argues that there is no way for one culture to judge another?

no man is wiser than socrates

What was the Oracle at Delphi's ambiguous reply to the question: Is anyone wiser than Socrates?

ad homenim

When we reject a philosopher's argument because we object to that philosopher's beliefs, we commit which type of fallacy?

Heraclitus

Which Presocratic philosopher distinguished between appearance and reality in a way that contrasted apparent permanence with hidden reality?

"Nothing anyone can say will make me change my mind."

Which expression is a reflection of willed ignorance?

winning

Which of the following was most important to the Sophists?

the utilitarian

Which philosophical archetype argues that our private and communal behavior should always maximize pleasure and minimize pain?

the skeptic

Which philosophical archetype believes that any claim to knowledge must be personally verified by our own senses?

cosmos

Which term was first used by the Pythagoreans to characterize the universe as an ordered whole consisting of harmonies of contrasting elements?

theoretical knowledge

Which type of knowledge involves the accurate compilation and assessment of factual systematic information and relationships?

occurs when we hold a belief regardless of the facts

Willed ignorance _____.

false

Wisdom is a form of knowledge based primarily on education and intelligence. T/F

willed ignorance

_____ holds onto a position regardless of the facts.

darrow's cigar

_____ is an example of a sophistic technique mentioned in the text.

wisdom

_____ is general knowledge of what does and does not produce human happiness.

psyche

_____ is what we think of today as a combination of the mind and soul.

belief

_____ refers to the subjective mental acceptance that a claim is true.

protagoras

_____ said that "Man is the measure of all things."

callicies

_____ taught that it is wrong for the superior individual to suffer at all.

humans always seek what they perceive to be their own welfare

socrates believed that ______

so-called truth is subservient to power

sophists taught that _______-