Philosophy Quizzes

have a stomachache. It must be those nachos I ate. Is this an argument or explantation?

Explanation

For each of the following enthymemes, determine the missing premise that will create a valid argument. I am eating a banana; therefore, I am eating a fruit.

Missing premise: All bananas are fruit.

Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. " Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." is a

Premise

Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. " Paris is called the "City of Lights." is a

Premise

For each of the following enthymemes, determine the missing premise that will create a valid argument. I am talking to a human; so, I am talking to a mammal.

Missing premise: All humans are mammals.

or each of the following enthymemes, determine the missing premise that will create a valid argument. Anyone who is an accountant is good at math; so, my aunt is good at math.

Missing premise: My aunt is an accountant.

If you start out by drinking only one beer, then pretty soon you will not be satisfied unless you drink two. Then you will need three, and so on. Eventually, you will become an alcoholic.

Slippery Slope

A functional definition of a term specifies the purpose or use of the objects denoted by the term.

True

A rhetorical question occurs when a statement is disguised in the form of a question.

True

A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid

True

A single premise can be used to support independent conclusions.

True

A slippery slope fallacy attempts to convince you that a final event the inevitable outcome of an initial act, by a kind of "chain reaction".

True

A stipulative definition introduces a new meaning to a term or symbol.

True

A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false

True

An argument against the person ( ad hominem) occurs when a claim is rejected or judged to be false based on alleged character flaws of the person making the claim.

True

An invalid argument is automatically an unsound argument.

True

Appeal to an unqualified authority occurs when an argument that relies on the opinions of people who have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand.

True

When premises are dependent, the falsity of any one would weaken the support the others give to the conclusion

True

My mom told me to start exercising and eating right, so I will live a long and healthy life. But since she has smoked since she was a teenager, I don't need to listen to her advice.

Tu quoque

Under what circumstance can we call an argument "TRUE"?

. Under no circumstances: "true" only applies to statements, never to arguments.

A counterexample to an argument is evidence that the conclusion is false

False

A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows probably from the premises

False

A fallacy of division requires that the premises act independently to support the conclusion.

False

A functional definition describes how an object looks.

False

A lexical definition provides a theoretical definition.

False

A red herring fallacy occurs when an argument has at least one false premise.

False

A sound argument can have false premises.

False

A valid argument always has a true conclusion.

False

An argument must have at least two premises

False

An enumerative definition assigns meaning to a term by naming the subclasses denoted by the term.

False

An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong, even if the premises are false

False

An inductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises

False

An operational definition is the study of the history, development, and sources of words.

False

You had better get straight A's this year. If you don't, I will take away your car and your allowance.

Appeal to Force

Since no one has completely proved that ghosts don't exist, it follows that they must exist.

Appeal to Ignorance

Logicians have shown that all known arguments for the existence of God are either unsound or uncogent. We can therefore concluded, that God does not exist.

Appeal to ignorance

Begging the question occurs when an argument uses pity to beg someone to accept the conclusion.

False

Every explanation is an argument

False

In a valid argument, all premises are true.

False

In an appeal to force fallacy the attention is purposely (or accidentally) diverted from the issue at hand.

False

In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is actually false.

False

In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is false.

False

In the fallacy of composition the premises fail to act together to support the conclusion.

False

Ostensive definitions are used only with children learning new terms.

False

The extension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes.

False

Tu quoque occurs when a biased sample is used to construct an argument.

False

ometimes we speak or write for dramatic or exaggerated effect. When this occurs, we are using enthymemes.

False

More damage was done last year from hurricanes than earthquakes. There was $100 million damage last year from hurricanes. There was $70 million damage last year from earthquakes. Is this an argument?

Yes

Misdemeanor" means petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, among other things.

definitions by subclass

A score of 90-100 is the A range for this test.

stipulative

All rectangles are squares. All rectangles are parallelograms. Therefore, all parallelograms are squares.

All R are S. All R are P.All P are S.

Which of the following combinations can never occur in a valid argument?

All the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

In a valid arguments, what can NEVER occur?

All the premises are true while the conclusion is false.

He dresses sloppily. So, he is probably a bad singer.

Argument against the person (ad hominem)

Your neighbor wants you to buy stock in his company. Don't you know that he is an atheist? It stands to reason that you can't trust anything he says.

Argument against the person (ad hominem)

She's the best candidate for the job. I know this, because no one is better qualified.

Begging the question

Are you still taking illegal drugs?

Complex question

Every apple in that barrel weighs very little. So, I predict that the barrel of apples weighs very little.

Composition

Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. "Jim is harming his heart." is a

Conclusion

Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. " There must be at least two cities with the same nickname." is a

Conclusion

Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse can run a mile in under three minutes. Is this a deductive or inductive argument?

Deductive

Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a pet that can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Therefore, Evie's pet is certainly a horse. Is this a deductive or inductive argument?

Deductive

The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a 98 on the exam. Therefore, I did not get a C on the exam. Is this a deductive or inductive argument?

Deductive

That's a massive building. It follows that the nails in the building are massive, too.

Division

"Generator" means the device that allows your car to convert mechanical energy into electricity.

Functional

I ate three mangoes from the Philippines, and they were all sweet. I'm sure that every mango from there must be sweet.

Hasty Generalization

I had two station wagons and they both were terrible. I'm sure that there is something in the design of station wagons that makes them all awful vehicles.

Hasty Generalization

Most horses can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse probably can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Is this a deductive or inductive argument?

Inductive

The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a C on the exam. Therefore, maybe I got a 75 on the exam. is this a deductive or inductive argument?

Inductive

Memorize" means the ability to remember and recall different items.

Lexcial

The term "sandwich" typically means a prepared food consisting of two or more slices of bread with meat, cheese, vegetables, and a condiment

Lexical

I like candy. I love chocolate. I hate peanuts. Also, I don't care for circus acts or water sports. It's OK if you like that stuff. Is this an argument?

No

Most scientists agree that global warming is caused by human activity. Is this an argument?

No

No squares are triangles. No squares are circles. Therefore, no triangles are circles.

No S are T. No S are C.No T are C.

Every time the barometer drops below a certain point, it rains. Then, when it goes back up, the rain stops. The barometer must have the power to start and stop rain.

Post hoc fallacy

Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. "Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium." is a

Premise

Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. "Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium." is a

Premise

We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. " The potential for loss of lives on both sides is high." is a

Premise

Everyone should eat raw vegetables at least twice a day. Therefore, your 3-day-old baby should start eating raw vegetables.

Rigid application of a generalization

Most people over 18 are registered to vote. Lisa is 19 years old. So, Lisa is registered to vote. Is this inductive argument strong or weak?

Strong

Equivocation is the intentional or unintentional use of different meanings of words or phrases in an argument.

True

Every statement is either true or false; these two possibilities are called truth values

True

In a cogent argument, all premises are true.

True

In an appeal to the people fallacy the avoidance of objective evidence in favor of an emotional response defeats the goal of a rational investigation of truth.

True

Language that is used to convey information has cognitive meaning.

True

Premises are dependent when they act together to support a conclusion.

True

Premises are independent when the falsity of either one would not nullify any support the others would give to the conclusion.

True

Some terms have intension but no extension.

True

What do we call a deductive argument in which it can never be the case that all of the premises are true and the conclusion is false?

Valid

Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. John will make the Olympic team. Is this inductive argument strong or weak?

Weak

The term "misdemeanor" is derived from the root "mis" meaning wrong, and "demeanor" meaning behavior.

Word origin

Computers will soon be in every home because the cost of buying one goes down dramatically every year. Is this an argument?

Yes

Newspapers are a good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. Weekly magazines are good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. PBS, CNN, and CSPAN are good sources of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. There is no reason why anyone should remain ignorant of what's going on in the world. Is this an argument?

Yes

Here is what an appendix scar looks like.

ostensive (demonstrative) definition (gesturing)

Please get my cello. It's that big instrument by the desk.

ostensive (demonstrative) definition (gesturing)