philosopy test 2

Berkeley affirms there is (are) ____ type(s) of substance we can know:

One: mind

What is Hume's fact-value distinction?

facts themselves are valueless

What is the principle of sufficient reason?

nothing happens without a reason

Kant's philosophy is a direct response to David Hume.

true

According to our text, what is a skeptic?

A person who demands clear, observable, undoubtable evidence based on experience

Gettier:

Argues that knowledge is not a necessary condition of justified true belief

What are synthetic a priori concepts?

Concepts that shape how we experience the world, and which must therefore be a part of our mind before we have experiences.

Hume thought that the cause and effect relationship could be proven scientifically.

False

The Cartesian Genesis is Descartes' interpretation of the Catholic book of Genesis.

False

According to Descartes, we can (ultimately) trust our clear and distinct ideas because:

God exists and is not a deceiver

We have an idea of perfection (call it "God"). Descartes thinks the content of that idea couldn't have come from us; therefore, the idea itself couldn't be our own making. He concludes that because something cannot come from nothing, our idea of perfection:

Is like God's trademark on our mind -- God is the source of the idea b. Is an innate idea c. Proves that God exists

Which of the following is not true of "Cogito Ergo Sum"?

It means: "I cogitate, therefore the Sum is true"

The empirical criterion of meaning:

Proposed by Hume as a method for determining the significance of a philosophical term b. Claims that a philosophical term is meaningless if it is not derived from an impression

The idea that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause is known as:

Reality Principle

What are Kant's three transcendental ideas?

Self, Cosmos, and God

What is the only thing that Descartes thought that we could NOT doubt?

That I am a thing that thinks

What is Kantian formalism?

The idea that knowledge is the interaction between mind and sensation.

What is Locke's idea of the 'tabula rasa'?

The idea that the mind at birth is like a 'blank tablet'

What is the phenomena and the noumena?

The world as we experience it and the things as they exist independently of us.

Which of the following is an example of an a priori idea?

Triangles have three sides

"Locke's Predicament" arises from his affirmation of these two claims: 1) we can only know what we can experience; 2) material substance exists, though we do not have direct experience of it

True

A belief is when one holds the propositional attitude towards a certain proposition that the proposition is true.

True

Descartes thought that the way criteria by which we assess the truth of an idea is its clarity and distinctness

True

Empiricism comes from the Greek empeiria, meaning "experience".

True

Epistemological dualism affirms the commonsense view that there is an objective, external world that is independent of perceivers.

True

Hume says that if people tell you they saw a miracle, you should consider whether it is more probable that they seek to deceive you (or are themselves deceived).

True

Kant would agree with the following claim: "knowledge is as much a feature of you as it is a representation of the world".

True

Locke affirms there is (are) ____ type(s) of substance we can know

Two: matter and mind

Hume affirms there is (are) ____ type(s) of substance we can know:

Zero: we can only know the present bundle of perceptions

Nozick:

a-Modifies the classical understanding of knowledge in order to avoid Gettier cases b. -Argues that in order for us to know something, we must believe it and our belief must track the truth

Transcendental Ideas:

a. Are ideas triggered by experience and help us to unify the whole of our experience b. Are three: Self, Cosmos, God

Which of the following is characteristic of Rationalism?

a. Bases knowledge on the a priori c. Typically contrasted with Empiricism

Transcendental Idealism:

a. Is a theory of knowledge created by Immanuel Kant b. Claims that what can be known must conform to the structure of our mind (rather than the usual view that our mind conforms to what can be known) c. Claims that our minds add something (like causation) to the raw data of experience; however, we can't know the something that we add (like causation) apart from experience

Hume believed in the possibility of a priori synthetic judgments.

false

Hume thought the 'self' persists when asleep.

false

The classical understanding of knowledge is that knowledge:

is a necessary condition of justified true belief