philosopy test 2
Berkeley affirms there is (are) ____ type(s) of substance we can know:
One: mind
What is Hume's fact-value distinction?
facts themselves are valueless
What is the principle of sufficient reason?
nothing happens without a reason
Kant's philosophy is a direct response to David Hume.
true
According to our text, what is a skeptic?
A person who demands clear, observable, undoubtable evidence based on experience
Gettier:
Argues that knowledge is not a necessary condition of justified true belief
What are synthetic a priori concepts?
Concepts that shape how we experience the world, and which must therefore be a part of our mind before we have experiences.
Hume thought that the cause and effect relationship could be proven scientifically.
False
The Cartesian Genesis is Descartes' interpretation of the Catholic book of Genesis.
False
According to Descartes, we can (ultimately) trust our clear and distinct ideas because:
God exists and is not a deceiver
We have an idea of perfection (call it "God"). Descartes thinks the content of that idea couldn't have come from us; therefore, the idea itself couldn't be our own making. He concludes that because something cannot come from nothing, our idea of perfection:
Is like God's trademark on our mind -- God is the source of the idea b. Is an innate idea c. Proves that God exists
Which of the following is not true of "Cogito Ergo Sum"?
It means: "I cogitate, therefore the Sum is true"
The empirical criterion of meaning:
Proposed by Hume as a method for determining the significance of a philosophical term b. Claims that a philosophical term is meaningless if it is not derived from an impression
The idea that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause is known as:
Reality Principle
What are Kant's three transcendental ideas?
Self, Cosmos, and God
What is the only thing that Descartes thought that we could NOT doubt?
That I am a thing that thinks
What is Kantian formalism?
The idea that knowledge is the interaction between mind and sensation.
What is Locke's idea of the 'tabula rasa'?
The idea that the mind at birth is like a 'blank tablet'
What is the phenomena and the noumena?
The world as we experience it and the things as they exist independently of us.
Which of the following is an example of an a priori idea?
Triangles have three sides
"Locke's Predicament" arises from his affirmation of these two claims: 1) we can only know what we can experience; 2) material substance exists, though we do not have direct experience of it
True
A belief is when one holds the propositional attitude towards a certain proposition that the proposition is true.
True
Descartes thought that the way criteria by which we assess the truth of an idea is its clarity and distinctness
True
Empiricism comes from the Greek empeiria, meaning "experience".
True
Epistemological dualism affirms the commonsense view that there is an objective, external world that is independent of perceivers.
True
Hume says that if people tell you they saw a miracle, you should consider whether it is more probable that they seek to deceive you (or are themselves deceived).
True
Kant would agree with the following claim: "knowledge is as much a feature of you as it is a representation of the world".
True
Locke affirms there is (are) ____ type(s) of substance we can know
Two: matter and mind
Hume affirms there is (are) ____ type(s) of substance we can know:
Zero: we can only know the present bundle of perceptions
Nozick:
a-Modifies the classical understanding of knowledge in order to avoid Gettier cases b. -Argues that in order for us to know something, we must believe it and our belief must track the truth
Transcendental Ideas:
a. Are ideas triggered by experience and help us to unify the whole of our experience b. Are three: Self, Cosmos, God
Which of the following is characteristic of Rationalism?
a. Bases knowledge on the a priori c. Typically contrasted with Empiricism
Transcendental Idealism:
a. Is a theory of knowledge created by Immanuel Kant b. Claims that what can be known must conform to the structure of our mind (rather than the usual view that our mind conforms to what can be known) c. Claims that our minds add something (like causation) to the raw data of experience; however, we can't know the something that we add (like causation) apart from experience
Hume believed in the possibility of a priori synthetic judgments.
false
Hume thought the 'self' persists when asleep.
false
The classical understanding of knowledge is that knowledge:
is a necessary condition of justified true belief