Photosynthesis

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

light dependent and light independent reactions (light phase and dark phase/Calvin Cycle)

NADP+

"Empty" Electron Carrier

NADPH formed from

NADP+

Number of CO2 to make 1 G3P

3

Number of CO2 to make 1 glucose

6

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.

Photosystem I

A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane. This one comes second and re-excites the electron being passed down the chain.

Photosystem

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.

G3P

A three-carbon compound that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle. two of them are combined to make glucose. High energy molecule.

ATP Synthase combines these to make ATP

ADP and inorganic phosphate

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with

ATP and NADPH.

The Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of _______ and ________ to convert _________ to sugar

ATP, NADPH, CO2

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the A. stroma. B. mitochondrial matrix. C. thylakoid membrane. D. cytoplasm.

C. Thylakoid membrane

What is the role of Rubisco in the presence of CO2?

Combines a 5 carbon compound with CO2

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? A) the splitting of water B) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll C) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I D) the synthesis of ATP E) the reduction of NADP+

D) the synthesis of ATP

Glucose formed from

G3P which was made from CO2

final electron acceptor of ETC

NADPH

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll

NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.

Photosystem II

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane. This one comes first in the chain. It splits water and excites electrons released into the ETC from the split water.

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the Stroma.

Photosynthesis

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.

Light Reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Carbon Fixation

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).

Calvin cycle

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? a. release of oxygen b. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor c. using NADPH d. consumption of ATP e. carbon fixation

a. release of oxygen O2 is released during the light reactions

Chloroplasts

absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a. NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle b. H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle c. NADPH → O2 → CO2 d. NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 e. H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II

b. H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Which process is most directly driven by light energy? a. creation of a concentration gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane b. exciting of electrons in the Photosystems c. converting NADP+ to NADPH d. ATP synthesis e. carbon fixation in the stroma

b. exciting of electrons in the Photosystems

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? a. Chlorophyll b. A thylakoid c. An electron transport chain d. A chain of glucose molecules e. The Calvin cycle

c. An electron transport chain

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? a. Sucrose (C12H22O11) b. RuBP c. Carbon dioxide (CO2) d. Glucose (C6H12O6) e. G3P (C3H6O3)

c. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP (5 Carbon Compond), and RuBP (the 5 carbon compound) is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle.

What provides electrons for the light reactions? a. CO2 b. The Calvin cycle c. H2O d. Light e. O2

c. H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons.

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? a. CO2 and O2 b. C6H12O6 and O2 c. C6H12O6 and RuBP d. ATP and NADPH e. G3P and H2O

d. ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? a. Mitochondrion b. Ribosome c. Central vacuole d. Chloroplast e. Nucleus

d. Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? a. 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O b. 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 c. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O d. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O e. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

e. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.

How CO2 enters the leaf

in through the stomata

How O2 leaves the leaf

out through the stomata

O2 formed from

oxygen from water being split by photosystem II

Glucose is transported from the leaf throughout the plant through...

phloem

ATP Synthase is powered by

protons flowing through it from high concentration the inside of the thylakoid to low concentration in the stroma

parts of chloroplast

thylakoid, granum, stroma, inner membrane, outer membrane

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts

thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.

main goal of photosynthesis

to make glucose

Water in transported from the roots to the leaf through...

xylem