Photosynthesis
Does the Calvin cycle require light energy?
no
Sunlight is absorbed as packets of energy called _____________
photons
What is the ultimate source of energy?
sunlight
The energy for the Clavin Cycle is ___ and _____ made during the light reactions
1. ATP 2. NADPH
___ is the energy molecule used by cells and must be remade by ATP ________ or chemiosmosis
1. ATP 2. synthase .
Most plants on Earth (80%) are known as __ plants and use the _____ cycle to make sugars
1. C3 2. calvin
The Calvin Cycle does ___ require light energy and occurs in the ______ of the chloroplast
1. C3 2. stroma
The gas ___ is used in the Calvin Cycle to make sugars _______
1. CO2 2. glucose
What four things go into the Calvin Cycle?
1. CO2 2. NADPH 3. ATP 4. rubisco
Chlorophyll absorbs ____ and ___ colors of light the best
1. blue 2. red
What are the three parts of the Calvin Cycle
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration
___________ are plant pigments that include ___, orange, and ______ colors
1. carotenoids 2. red 3. yellow
ions move through down their concentration gradient through the ________ of the enzyme ATP ________ to form ATP from ___
1. channels 2. synthase 3. ADP
CAM plants _____ their stomata during the hot day and ____ them at night
1. close 2. open
Name two possible routs energized electrons can take durning the light reactions of photosynthesis
1. cyclic electrons flow 2. non cyclic electron flow
Both photosystem I and II use ________ transport _____ (ETC) to produce
1. electron 2. chain
ATP is made using the ________ _________ chain and the enzyme ___ ________
1. electron transport 2. ATP synthase
Chemical ______ is released from sugars during _______ ___________
1. energy 2. cellular respiration
Plants store ______ in the chemical bonds of _____
1. energy 2. sugars
Stacks of thylakoids are called _____ and are _________ to each other
1. grana 2. connected
In CAM plants, the _____ reactions occur during the day, while the ______ cycle occurs at night when the stomata open and let ___ enter
1. light 2. calvin 3. CO2
___________ is the loss of electrons, while _________ is the adding or gaining of elections
1. oxidation 2. reduction
The noncyclic electron flow generates the gas ______, as well as ___ and the electron carrier _____
1. oxygen 2. ATP 3. NADPH
The cyclic electron flow only uses ____________ in the thylakoid membranes and has chlorophyll A molecules at the photosystem's reaction center that absorbs ____ wavelength of light
1. photosystem 2. P700
Water is split in _____________, while NADPH is made in ___________
1. photosystem II 2. photosystem I
Pores on the underside of a leaf are called _____, while cells in leaves that contain chlorophyll are called ________ cells
1. stomata 2. mesophyll
Light reactions use energy from the ___ to produce ___ and the . energy carrier _____
1. sun 2. ATP 3. NADPH
Chlorophyll molecules are located in the _________ membranes and harvest light ______
1. thylakoid 2. energy
Besides CO2, _____ is also used in photosynthesis to produce _______ molecules such as the sugar molecule
1. water 2. organic
_____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced
1. water 2. sugar
Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Name 2 plants that use different pathways to make food
C4 plants and CAM plants
Photosynthesis occurs in what two places in C4 plants
• light reactions occur in the mesophyll cells • calvin cycle in the bundle sheet cells
The only energy generated in the cyclic electron flow is ___
ATP
Noncyclic electron flow is uses both photosystem __ and _
II and I
What is the last step in the non cyclic electron flow
NADP+ reductase reduces NADP+ to NADPH
The chlorophyll molecules at the reaction center of photosystem II absorb wavelengths of ____nm
P680
Where does chemiosmosis occur in plants?
across the thylakoid membrane
Name the parts of ATP
adenine (nitrogen base) ribose (5 carbon sugars) 3 phosphate groups
Name 3 things when the last phosphate bond ATP
adenosine diphosphate, a free phosphate and energy
What ATP stands for?
adenosine triphosphate
What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?
anabolic reaction
Plants that create their own food are called __________
autotrophs
What is another name for the light independent reactions?
calvin cycle
What serves as the carbon source for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
Name two gasses exchanged through the stomata of a leaf
carbon dioxide and oxygen
____________ powers ATP synthase in plants
chemiosmosis
Why are plants green?
chlorophyll molecules
The organelle in mesophyll cells that . contains chlorophyll is called the ___________
chloroplast
Give several examples of C4 plants
grasses, corn, sugarcane
What happens if the last phosphate bond on ATP is broken?
if the bond is broken, energy is . released for cells to use
Grana make up the _____ membrane of a . chloroplast
inner
Why is photo synthesis an endergonic reaction?
it stores energy
Describe the bond attaching the last phosphate group to ATP
it's bonded with a high . energy chemical bond
Photosynthesis occurs mainly in the ______ of plants
leaves
Name the first part of photosynthesis
light dependent reaction
In what cell in a leaf does photosynthesis occur?
mesophyll cell
The process of making ATP from ADP and a free phosphate is called
phosphorylation
Besides gases, _____ vapor can be lost from a leaf
water
By closing their stomata during the day, CAM plants conserve _____
water
Oxygen made by plants comes from the splitting of _____
water
What is the first step in the non cyclic electron flow
water splits into 2H+, 1/2 O2 , 2e-
Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb _____________ of light from 400nm to 700nm.
wavelengths
Energy released from ATP is available for cellular ____
work
___________ are organelles containing chlorophyll
chloroplast
low energy electrons in photosystem I gets charged up and powers the proton pump until it makes enough ATP
cyclic electron flow
C4 plants make a ____ carbon sugar called malate in the mesophyll cells that enters bundles sheath cells.
four
Energy from the ___ is stored in the bonds of the sugar molecules
sun
ATP ________ is the enzyme used to make ATP from ADP
synthase
During the fall, what happens to the amount of chlorophyll being produced by plants?
the green chlorophyll pigments are reduced, revealing other pigments
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the chloroplast?
thylakoid membrane
Where does the light dependent reaction take place?
thylakoid membrane
What is a redox reaction?
the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
three
The Calvin Cycle takes place in ______ sheath cells in C4 plants
bundle
Name two CAM plants
cactus and ice plants
The second part of photosynthesis is called the ______ cycle
calvin
Is photosynthesis an endergonic or exergonic reaction?
endergonic reaction
When conditions are hot and dry, ________ are closed to prevent water loss
stomates
What is the thick fluid in the chloroplast called?
stroma
Where is the Calvin Cycle located?
stroma