PHRM 828 Exam 1 Review

True (a) or False (b): Dosage forms have many functions that are conveyed through the interactions of the excipients, the drug's physicochemical properties and the physiological barriers that are designed to balance the disposition in the body.

A

True (a) or False (b): Drug levels observed in the therapeutic window can be governed in part by transporters and metabolism, based on the compound being studied. Therefore, transporters and enzymes can play an important role in drug product performance.

A

True (a) or False (b): Paracelsian theory states that a chemical might have no effect on an organism, a beneficial effect, or a toxic effect. In fact, the dose dictates whether or not a chemical is a poison or a remedy.

A

True (a) or False (b): The microenvironmental pH at the surface of a cell membrane is different than that of the bulk fluid in the GI tract. This is one of several reasons why we cannot rely on the use the pH partition hypothesis for estimating absorption of ionized drugs.

A

Which of the following statements is FALSE: A) The apical facing membrane in the intestinal enterocyte is very similar to basolateral membrane in composition. B) The mouth to anus transit time is approximately 24-32 hours C) The crypt region of the intestinal villi contains progenitor cells, where there are 3x as many crypt regions as there are villi. D) The presence of folds and microvilli acts to increase the absorptive surface are almost 600 fold E) All statements are true

A

Please select the following statement that is TRUE? A) All excipients are inert. B) A generic product judged therapeutically equivalent to the reference listed drug will have the same identity, strength, quality, safety, and efficacy C) Pharmaceutical equivalence is not part of the generic drug requirements D) Bioequivalence is a way to show that all generic drug products are identical to the original drug product and provide the same safe and efficacious response. E) Carbamazepine generic dosage forms are readily substituted for the innovator product because they all provide the same seizure control across all patients.

B

True (A) or False (B): Cholesterol only has a harmful effect on biological membranes, playing a significant role in muscle pain and atherosclerosis

B

True (a) or False (b): Bioavailability is the fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation and the lymphatic flow intact.

B

"ADME" is an acronym. Which of the following terms is not a component of ADME? A) Absorption B) Metabolism C) Digestion D) Excretion E) All of the above are correct components of ADME

C

The pH partition hypothesis states that: A) Only ionized drug is absorbed B) Both ionized and unionized drug are absorbed C) Neither ionized nor unionized drug is absorbed D) Only unionized drug is absorbed E) Ionized drugs are degraded in the stomach

D

All of the following are examples of dosage forms EXCEPT: A) Transdermal patches B) Orally administered tablets C) Rectal suppositories D) Intravenous solutions E) Cardiac pacemakers

E

All of the following can reduce the bioavailability of an orally administered drug EXCEPT: A) Poor dissolution in the GI tract B) Chemical degradation in the GI tract C) Metabolism in the liver D) Poor absorption across the GI mucosa E) Poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier

E

In class we discussed the concept of performance, which relates to the final drug product (dosage form). Which of the following is not a feature that describes performance: A) The ability of the drug to elicit a therapeutic response B) Described by both Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic processes C) The ability of the drug to stay in a safe therapeutic range during the dosing regimens D) It is a function of the drug, the formulation and the body-it can be a moving target E) Enables the ability to elicit a toxic or non-efficacious response

E

Which of the following statements is FALSE: A) A drug can be directly absorbed into the lymphatic system B) The ascending colon is the primary colonic region for drug absorption C) Small intestinal transit time is unaffected by either the fed or fasted states D) Progenitor cells line the bottom of the crypt region and replicate to replace villus tip cells that have been sloughed off. E) Gastric emptying is not affected by food

E

There are several different types of epithelia. From the list below, please select the one type that is NOT an epithelial cell type: A) Circumventricular columnar B) Simple squamous C) Simple columnar D) Translational E) Stratified squamous

A

True (A) or False (B): When blinding clinical trials, it is often important to mask the organoleptic properties of the comparator and the drug being tested. These senses include sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound.

A

True (a) or False (b): Absorption rate (kabs) is defined by the drug properties, the excipient/drug composition of the formulation, and the physiological barriers between the GI tract and systemic circulation. Ideally, formulators design the oral dosage forms to control kabs to balance disposition.

A

True (a) or False (b): Coatings can be applied to dosage forms for a number of purposes including protecting patients from the drug's potentially harmful effects, controlling the release of the drug to maintain the concentration within the therapeutic window, and to provide an aesthetic appeal.

A

The biological membrane plays an important role in governing cell function. Without a membrane, there would not be life. Please select the FALSE statement below regarding the role of biological membranes: A) All living cells are enclosed by one or more membranes, which define the cell as the living unit B) The membrane isolates the cellular contents from the environment-forms a barrier. C) Under normal physiological conditions, the cellular lipid composition is polarized, and intracellular membrane lipids are different than extracellular lipids. D) The lipid composition of all biological membranes is identical. E) The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane, permitting the rapid passage of some chemicals while retarding or preventing the passage of others.

D

The effect of pH on the ionization of drugs can be an important predictor for understanding whether the drug will passively diffuse across a cellular barrier or not. It is well known from the Henderson-Hasselbach equation that if we move three pH units in either direction from the pKa, we will have a drug of uniform charge, either fully ionized or fully unionized. If we know that an unionized form of a weak base (pKa = 4.5) readily permeates a cellular barrier by passive transcellular diffusion, which of the following statements about this drug's oral absorption phenomena will be FALSE: A) The higher the pH, the more likely the drug will be absorbed. B) In the upper region of the small intestine, the pH is 4.5. At this pH, 50% of the drug is unionized and available for absorption. C) When the pKa-pH is 3, the drug will show its lowest ability to be absorbed. D) When the pKa-pH is -3, the drug will show its lowest ability to be absorbed. E) A and C

D

There are several physiological challenges that make predicting the clinical performance of a dosage form in the clinic hard to do. They include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Variability is enormous in GI fluid composition in patients B) Drug-nutrient and drug-drug interactions are common. C) Diet and chemical exposure varies D) While changes in the individual GI transit times are not common, they do vary widely across different patients. E) Transporters and enzymes vary along the GI tract.

D

There are several processes that are required for oral absorption of monolithic dosage forms. Which of the following is NOT a required process? A) Drug molecules at the surface dissolve to form a saturated solution B) Drug molecules diffuse through the bulk solution to the absorbing mucosa and are absorbed C) Replenishment of drug molecules in the diffusion layer is achieved by further dissolution D) Dissolved drug molecules diffuse across the saturated solution layer from the area of low concentration at the surface to high concentration in the bulk solution by flux E) All are required processes

D

There are several reasons for utilizing enteric coatings including all of the following EXCEPT: A) To delay drug release-control release B) To deliver the drug locally-could be used for lower bowel disorders like Crohn's C) To deliver the drug to an optimal absorption window D) To enhance gastric acid degradation E) To prevent gastric distress from the drug

D

Tight junctions possess a functional relevancy that is very important to understand when it comes to drug delivery and absorption. Please select the function that is NOT attributed to tight junctions: A) They enable the cell to have functionally different apical and basolateral membranes. B) They play an important role in cell-cell adhesion C) They help to form a "ziplock" like seal around the cells D) They are amphiphilic in nature. E) Restrict solute movement between the cells (paracellular route)

D