PSY 324 Midterm

Which of the following will result in an increase in heart rate? A. Rapidly bouncing one's leg up and down B. All of the answers listed can cause an increase in heart rate. C. A strong experience of the emotion fear D. Sneezing

B. All of the answers listed can cause an increase in heart rate.

The affect infusion model primarily emphasizes the adaptive value of the _____ aspect of emotions, whereas the approach-avoidance model primarily emphasizes the adaptive value of the ______ aspect of emotions. A. physiological; feeling B. feeling; behavior C. cognition; behavior D. feeling; cognition

B. feeling; behavior

Research with prairie voles as well as human suggests that the neurotransmitter_____ plays an important role in facilitating long-term pair bonds between mating partners. A. endorphin B. oxytocin C. serotonin D. dopamine

B. oxytocin

Research suggests that the subjective experience of emotion is described well in terms of two intersecting dimensions, which are: A. positive affect and negative affect. B. Neither of these sets of dimensions describes the subjective experience of emotion well. C. pleasantness and arousal. D. Both pleasantness/arousal and positive affect/negative affect have been supported by research.

D. Both pleasantness/arousal and positive affect/negative affect have been supported by research.

The human genome is composed of sections of DNA that: A. All of the answers listed are true. B. help determine when other sections of DNA are activated. C. can be activated by experiences and environmental factors. D. provide "recipes" for making proteins needed by the body.

A. All of the answers listed are true

Which statement is false, with regard to Dr. Jeanne Tsai's work on how culture influences emotions?fundamental principles of affect valuation include: A. Culture has the most influence on participants' physiological responses to high valence emotions. B. Culture is more influential on how people want to feel than how they actually feel. C. She discovered that across cultures, people's "ideal affect" tends to be more positive than how they actually feel. D. She started with the question, "If you have an event that meant the same thing across cultures, would you find differences in psychophysiological expressions of emotions?"

A. Culture has the most influence on participants' physiological responses to high valence emotions.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding electroencephalography (EEG)? A. EEG is able to identify the location of brain activity with great precision. B. EEG has very fine time precision, detecting brain activity within milliseconds. C. EEG is relatively inexpensive, compared to other measures of brain activity. D. EEG is measured through electrodes placed on the scalp.

A. EEG is able to identify the location of brain activity with great precision.

What did Dr. Berry Mendes' study with confederates with temporary birthmarks tell us about what people are unwilling or unable to say about their emotional feelings in sensitive situations? A. Participants' physiological responses were in direct conflict with self-report AND behaviors. Participants were nicer to confederates with birthmarks and reported them to be more beautiful than participants with no birthmark. B. None of the answers listed relate to the findings of this study. C. Participants' physiological responses were in direct conflict with self-report BUT NOT behaviors. Participants were neutral to confederates with birthmarks but reported them to be more beautiful than participants with no birthmark. D. Participants' physiological responses were in alignment with self-report AND behaviors. Participants were nicer to confederates with NO birthmarks and reported them to be more beautiful than participants with no birthmark.

A. Participants' physiological responses were in direct conflict with self-report AND behaviors. Participants were nicer to confederates with birthmarks and reported them to be more beautiful than participants with no birthmark.

Mark learns that a colleague of his, Joshua, has just been diagnosed with cancer. He thinks about all of the implications this will have for his friend's life, and for their relationship. According to research by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues (1989), Mark is LEAST likely to offer practical support to Joshua when he is feeling which of the following emotions? A. Personal distress B. Mark is equally likely to offer practical support to Joshua when feeling any of these. C. Sympathy D. Compassion

A. Personal distress

In several studies, researchers have given some participants a high dose of acetaminophen, and others a placebo. Participants then complete a laboratory task in which they are apparently rejected by other people. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of these studies' results? A. Social pain and physical pain share similar neural mechanisms. B. People experience rejection as emotionally hurtful. C. Acetaminophen alters people's behavior in social situations. D. Acetaminophen is an effective painkiller.

A. Social pain and physical pain share similar neural mechanisms.

According to Keltner and Haidt's (1999) approach to integrating evolutionary and cultural influences on emotion, the greatest cultural variability should be seen at which of the following levels of analysis? A. The group level B. The dyadic level C. The intraindividual level D. According to Keltner and Haidt, cultural variability should be similar at each of these levels of analysis.

A. The group level

Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system? A. The nerves carrying instructions from the brain out to the visceral organs in the body, such as the heart, digestive system, and skin B. The brain and spinal cord C. The nerves carrying sensation from the body, including pressure, heat, and pain, back to the brain D. The nerves carrying instructions from the brain out to the skeletal muscles, telling them when and how to move

A. The nerves carrying instructions from the brain out to the visceral organs in the body, such as the heart, digestive system, and skin

Sharon Salzberg says the lovingkindness exercise is: A. all these are true B. a meditation practice to experiment with attention C. an exercise that helps us to step out of old habits D. a way to have a more realistic picture of ourselves and others

A. all these are true

According to both the core relational theme and dimensional approaches to appraisal, the way in which we appraise a given situation is strongly influenced by --------, and the links between appraisal and emotional response are --------- . A. cultural learning; innate and universal B. cultural learning; also culturally learned C. universal rules; also innate and universal D. universal rules; culturally learned

A. cultural learning; innate and universal

Most important aspects of emotion are probably determined by: A. interactions between genes and the environment, with aspects of the environment influencing gene activation. B. a single gene, working alone. C. contributions from many genes, without much effect of the environment. D. effects of the environment, with little contribution from genes.

A. interactions between genes and the environment, with aspects of the environment influencing gene activation.

According to John J.B. Allen, the International Affective Picture System could be improved upon by: A. making the images less PG-13 and more R-rated B. removing the racist images from the 1950s C. by adjusting the timing mechanism based upon individuals' eye movements D. adding more emotions to the ones already elicited

A. making the images less PG-13 and more R-rated

According to your textbook, people in the United States may live in very different cultures, depending upon: A. their religious background. B. All of the answers here; cultures differ in important ways across people of different ethnicities, religions, and region of the country. C. the region of the country they were raised in. D. their ethnic heritage.

B. All of the answers here; cultures differ in important ways across people of different ethnicities, religions, and region of the country.

Which of the following best describes the difference in physiological responding when people interpret the same task as a threat vs. challenge? A. Cardiac activity increases and the blood vessels contract in threat, but not in challenge. B. Although cardiac activity increases in both, the blood vessels contract in threat and relax in challenge. C. Although cardiac activity increases in both, the blood vessels contract in challenge and relax in threat. D. Cardiac activity increases in threat but decreases in challenge; in both, the blood vessels contract.

B. Although cardiac activity increases in both, the blood vessels contract in threat and relax in challenge.

According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to say that they fall in love easily? A. People of all three attachment styles are equally likely to agree with this statement. B. Anxious C. Avoidant D. Secure

B. Anxious

Which of the following best describes the autonomic specificity hypothesis? A. Different emotions are associated with different degrees of sympathetic nervous system activation. B. Different emotions are associated with different patterns of activity across organs throughout the body. C. Each organ in the body is enervated by a specific branch of the autonomic nervous system. D. Each emotion activates a specific visceral organ, by way of the autonomic nervous system.

B. Different emotions are associated with different patterns of activity across organs throughout the body.

According to Dr. Jeanne Tsai's research: A. Most of the work on emotion has found people generally want to feel the same way B. European participants tend to *value enthusiasm, excitement, high arousal positive states when compared to Chinese participants C. How people want to feel does not influence the choices they make in their lives D. American magazines tend to have more calm smiles, like the Mona Lisa

B. European participants tend to *value enthusiasm, excitement, high arousal positive states when compared to Chinese participants

How do different social or cultural contexts shape the manifestfation of major depressive disorder, according to Dr. Jeanne Tsai? A. Asian Americans don't adhere to psychiatric treatments in America because the treatments they receive value low arousal states. B. How we define normal depends on culture; Dr. Tsai found that Asian Americans had greater expression of emotions when they were depressed, as compared to European Americans, who had a dampened expression. C. Flat affect is more common in depression regardless of cultural background. D. Asian Americans are commonly misdiagnosed with anxeity, but not with major depressive disorder.

B. How we define normal depends on culture; Dr. Tsai found that Asian Americans had greater expression of emotions when they were depressed, as compared to European Americans, who had a dampened expression.

Which of the following has NOT been observed as an effect of suppressing emotional expression? A. Reduced memory for the content of conversations that take place while suppressing B. Reduced subjective experience of negative emotion C. All of the options listed have been observed as effects of suppressing emotional expression. D. Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex

B. Reduced subjective experience of negative emotion

Research evidence suggests that emotion-eliciting appraisals: A. are influenced by emotions that preceded the current situation, as well as the situation itself. B. Research has documented all three of these appraisal processes. C. occur rapidly, without conscious analysis of the situation. D. develop slowly, after thinking consciously about the situation for a while.

B. Research has documented all three of these appraisal processes.

Social aspects, such as social network size, play important roles in emotional experience. What does Barrett say about this relationship? A. Social network size is related to size of amygdala (negative correlation). B. Social network size is related to size of amygdala (positive correlation). C. The amygdala processes fear and emotion. D. Having a smaller social network determines the size of the amygdala.

B. Social network size is related to size of amygdala (positive correlation).

Why is James Gross's (2002) taxonomy of emotion regulation strategies called the process model of emotion regulation? A. The different emotion regulation strategies are conceptualized as psychological processes. B. The taxonomy differentiates emotion regulation strategies in terms of where they occur in the process of emotion generation. C. The theory assumes that all emotion regulation strategies have an underlying process in common. D. The theory assumes that the strategies in the taxonomy are used to process emotional experience in a healthy way.

B. The taxonomy differentiates emotion regulation strategies in terms of where they occur in the process of emotion generation.

Celia is very, very hungry at work one day, but cannot take the time to leave the office to find food. She looks in the office refrigerator to see if anything is available to eat. There is a box of pizza left over from a group lunch last week, but it is becoming moldy; despite her hunger, Celia throws the pizza away in disgust. In this example, the effect of disgust illustrates: A. both intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of emotion. B. an intrapersonal function of emotion. C. This example does not illustrate the functions of emotion. D. an interpersonal function of emotion.

B. an intrapersonal function of emotion.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)? A. All of the above are true regarding fMRI. B. fMRI measures changes in the amount of oxygen carried through blood vessels in the brain. C. fMRI scans of brain activity can currently be used to determine how intensely someone feels an emotion. D. fMRI can detect changes in brain activity within a half-second or less.

B. fMRI measures changes in the amount of oxygen carried through blood vessels in the brain.

The term "ultrasocial," as applied to humans, means that: A. humans enjoy spending most of their time in the company of other people. B. humans meet many basic survival needs in large, cooperative groups. C. humans living in large, complex societies typically have more offspring than those in small tribes. D. humans are highly extraverted, preferring a large number of casual relationships over a few close relationships.

B. humans meet many basic survival needs in large, cooperative groups.

Two skills pertinent to emotion regulation that are learned in practicing mindful body scan are: A. mindfulness & exposure B. interoceptive awareness & non-reactivity C. schadenfruede & appraisals D. ideal affect & bias reduction

B. interoceptive awareness & non-reactivity

Ari needs to have a talk with a close friend, Gilad, about something that has been bothering him - a conflict in their relationship. Ari is concerned that the conversation will be stressful, and that Gilad will become angry and defensive. In order to prepare for the conversation, Ari has a practice conversation with another friend, asking this person to pretend to be Gilad and respond as Gilad might. This is an example of: A. rumination. B. psychological inoculation. C. situational avoidance. D. detached reappraisal

B. psychological inoculation.

Which of the following is thought to be an important mechanism by which infants form attachments to their primary caregivers? A. Oxytocin B. Synchronized behavior between the caregiver and the infant C. All of the options listed are likely important mechanisms of attachment. D. Endorphins and other opioid neurotransmitters

C. All of the options listed are likely important mechanisms of attachment.

According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that romantic love does not last forever? A. People of all three attachment styles are equally likely to agree with this statement. B. Anxious C. Avoidant D. Secure

C. Avoidant

Jack and Diane have been married for more than 20 years, and frankly, the spark has dimmed. They still care deeply for each other, but would like to rekindle the excitement in their relationship. According to research by Art Aron and colleagues (2000), which of the following activities has a good chance of helping the couple with this goal? A. Talking extensively about their first date B. Doing nice things for each other at home C. Doing new, exciting activities together D. Revisiting places and activities from early in their relationship

C. Doing new, exciting activities together

One criticism John J.B. Allen poses with regard to current trends in experimental research on emotions is: A. There are too many researchers using sophisticated multivariate time series analysis B. EEG is an excellent measure of temporal and spacial resolution, but cannot be performed without inhibiting wires C. Future experimental design should elicit the more intense forms of emotions, thereby increasing external validity D. Ambulatory assessment tools for psychophysiological measurement are outdated

C. Future experimental design should elicit the more intense forms of emotions, thereby increasing external validity

Which of the following emotion regulation strategies has been found to promote psychological resilience, even in intensely stressful situations? A. Avoiding unpleasant aspects of the situation as much as possible B. All of the strategies listed here have been found to promote resilience. C. Making time for a simple, pleasant event or experience despite the larger stressor D. Pretending to others that the experience is not stressful for you

C. Making time for a simple, pleasant event or experience despite the larger stressor

In a study by Iris Mauss and colleagues (2005), participants viewed a film clip that went from funny to sad, and back to funny again. Participants' physiological responses were measured, their facial expressions were coded, and they used a rating dial to provide continuous self-report measures of their emotions throughout this film. Which of the following statements about the findings of this study is FALSE? A. The researchers examined correlations between different aspects of emotion as they changed over time, within each participant. B. Correlations among the different aspects of emotion ranged from very small, around .22, to fairly strong, around .70. C. None of the statements listed here are false; all are true. D. The strongest correlations were between facial expressions and self-reports of emotion.

C. None of the statements listed here are false; all are true.

What has Dr. Berry Mendes found in her research on self-harm? A. Participants' vagal systems suggest that the parasympathetic response calms them AFTER self-harm behaviors and for only a short amount of time. B. Participants' vagal systems suggest that the sympathetic response is so stimulating, it is something akin to taking an excitatory drug such as an amphetamine. C. Participants' vagal systems suggest that the parasympathetic response immediately and effectively calms them DURING self-harm behaviors. D. Participants are so dysregulated that self-harm is the only way to increase heart rate and get more oxygenated blood to their fatigued systems.

C. Participants' vagal systems suggest that the parasympathetic response immediately and effectively calms them DURING self-harm behaviors.

Which of the following accurately describes the mere exposure effect? A. People associate discrete emotions with abstract stimuli (such as Japanese writing characters), even when exposed to them for the first time. B. None of the answers here are an accurate description of the mere exposure effect. C. People report greater preference for abstract stimuli that they have seen a greater number of times, though they are unaware of the link between exposure and preference. D. People report greater liking for people to whom they have exposed themselves more, by revealing personal information.

C. People report greater preference for abstract stimuli that they have seen a greater number of times, though they are unaware of the link between exposure and preference.

Which of the following best summarizes the distinction between primary and secondary appraisal, in Richard Lazarus' theory? A. Primary appraisal assesses implications of the situation for you and your goals; secondary appraisal assesses implications of the situation for other people's goals. B. Primary appraisal assesses your own role in creating the situation; secondary appraisal assesses other people's role in creating it. C. Primary appraisal assesses the eliciting situation and its implications for your own goals; secondary appraisal assesses your ability to cope with the situation. D. Primary appraisal assesses what caused the situation; secondary appraisal assesses what is likely to happen next.

C. Primary appraisal assesses the eliciting situation and its implications for your own goals; secondary appraisal assesses your ability to cope with the situation.

According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that ups and downs are normal in a long-term romantic relationship? A. Avoidant B. Anxious C. Secure D. People of all three attachment styles are equally likely to agree with this statement.

C. Secure

When Dr. Berry Mendes illustrates how important context is in the experience and physiological expression of an emotion, what example does she use? A. Blood volume pulse indicates how much blood is being pumped away from the heart; therefore, when an individual is sympathetically aroused, more blood volume will be measured. If they are relaxed, the opposite is true. B. Heart rate variability is really a measure of the variability of context. That is, if the environment is negative, it will produce an increase; if it is positive, it will produce a decrease. C. Skin conductance is sensitive but not specific. It tells us about intensity, not valence. It is therefore important to narrow down the stimulus context so that we CAN interpret the increase of skin conductance to mean the specific emotion we are examining. D. All three examples are given by Dr. Berry Mendes.

C. Skin conductance is sensitive but not specific. It tells us about intensity, not valence. It is therefore important to narrow down the stimulus context so that we CAN interpret the increase of skin conductance to mean the specific emotion we are examining.

According to Lisa Feldman Barrett's interview video, generally speaking, what do appraisal models of emotions propose? A. Elemental states erupt like a reflex and perceivers react automatically. B. Cultures do not determine emotional appraisal. C. That people tend to have a particular view of the world and that this view then influences their meaning analysis (appraisal) of what a stimulation means, and THEN they respond with emotions. D. That research participants who appraised emotions positively tended to have positive memories of their childhood.

C. That people tend to have a particular view of the world and that this view then influences their meaning analysis (appraisal) of what a stimulation means, and THEN they respond with emotions.

What statement is most true of lovingkindness meditation? A. We focus on the emotion of lovingkindness and the best sources of attaining this emotion. B. We use present moment awareness to find lovingkindness in our bodies. C. We offer safety, health, happiness, and ease to ourselves, others, and to all beings. D. We offer words of lovingkindess aloud, throughout the day, to those who deserve it most.

C. We offer safety, health, happiness, and ease to ourselves, others, and to all beings.

What is heart rate variability? A. a psychophysiological indicator of the ways in which heart rate and skin conductance align or contradict one another during an emotional experience. B. the number of times the heart beats per minute during a period of emotional arousal. C. an outcome measure related to the vagus nerve which innervates many organs (e.g., the heart and its rate) and the social engagement system. D. an indicator of the differences between messages from the vagus nerve and the peripheral nervous system.

C. an outcome measure related to the vagus nerve which innervates many organs (e.g., the heart and its rate) and the social engagement system.

According to your textbook,__________ are usually responses to important events in one's external environment, whereas ________ are motivational states caused by the body's immediate, internal needs. A. drives...appraisals B. drives...emotions C. emotions...drives D. emotions...appraisals

C. emotions...drives

Consuela is feeling an avoidance motivation with a negative valence. What emotion might they be feeling? A. pride B. curiosity C. grief D. love

C. grief

Mindful diaphragmatic breathing requires that the practitioner does what? A. Allow the belly to relax and pull in on the inhale (while the diaphragm contracts). Then allow the belly to expand on the exhale (while the diaphragm relaxes). While doing this, practice an open orientation, with present-moment awareness, and non-judgmental curiosity. B. Sit in the lotus position and connect to breath without moving for 10 minutes. C. Analyze the breath carefully during both inhale and exhale, while ensuring that the diaphragm moves as little as possible. D. Allow the belly to relax and expand on the inhale (while the diaphragm contracts). Then the belly pulls in on the exhale (while the diaphragm relaxes). While doing this, practice an open orientation, with present-moment awareness, and non-judgmental curiosity.

D. Allow the belly to relax and expand on the inhale (while the diaphragm contracts). Then the belly pulls in on the exhale (while the diaphragm relaxes). While doing this, practice an open orientation, with present-moment awareness, and non-judgmental curiosity.

Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation? A. Increased dilation of the arteries feeding the skeletal muscles B. Increased sweating C. Reduced salivary gland activity D. Decreased heart rate

D. Decreased heart rate

John J.B. Allen describes elicitation approaches for experimental emotion-focused studies in the video you watched this week. Which of the following is NOT one of those methods? A. the IAPS B. films C. social evaluative threat manipulation D. EEG

D. EEG

Which of the following best articulates the distinction between emotion regulation and coping, as defined by your textbook? A. Emotion regulation refers to efforts to control the emotions of other people, whereas coping refers to strategies used to control one's own emotions. B. There is no difference between the meaning of the terms emotion regulation and coping; they can be used interchangeably. C. Emotion regulation refers to the ability to manage one's feelings, whereas coping refers to the ability to manage external situations effectively. D. Emotion regulation generally refers to the strategies people use to control some aspect of their emotions, whereas coping refers specifically to reducing negative emotion in response to a stressful event.

D. Emotion regulation generally refers to the strategies people use to control some aspect of their emotions, whereas coping refers specifically to reducing negative emotion in response to a stressful event.

Two students, Jia from China and Julie from the United States, each learn that their best friend has cheated on an important exam. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with existing research on culture and emotion? A. Jia and Julie will feel equally ashamed of their friend's behavior. B. Julie will feel more ashamed than Jia, because Julie's culture is more concerned with status differences. C. Jia will feel more ashamed than Julie, because Jia's language has more words for shame and embarrassment. D. Jia will feel more ashamed than Julie, because Jia's self-concept is more strongly defined by her relationship with her friends.

D. Jia will feel more ashamed than Julie, because Jia's self-concept is more strongly defined by her relationship with her friends.

Which of the following emotion regulation strategies has been linked to better-than-average health and wellbeing? A. None of the strategies listed here have been linked to better health and wellbeing. B. Avoiding stressful and unpleasant situations entirely C. Concealing one's emotional expressions, so others do not know what you are feeling D. Modifying stressful situations to solve or improve the problem causing distress

D. Modifying stressful situations to solve or improve the problem causing distress

Which of the following is the best definition of appraisal, in the context of emotion theory? A. The objective implications of some event for our goals and well-being B. The meaning our culture ascribes to a stimulus or event C. Our understanding of how much a stimulus is likely to be worth, in terms of value D. Our subjective interpretation of what a stimulus or event means for our own goals, concerns, and well-being

D. Our subjective interpretation of what a stimulus or event means for our own goals, concerns, and well-being

What is the main implication of Haidt and Keltner's (1999) study of how people interpret embarrassment and shame expressions in the United States and Eastern India? A. People in Eastern India do not experience embarrassment. B. "Embarrassment" and "shame" are synonyms - two words in English for the same emotion concept. C. The emotion words available in one's language strongly shape our beliefs about what events cause emotional responses. D. People can tell the difference between embarrassment and shame, even if their language does not have two different words for these emotions.

D. People can tell the difference between embarrassment and shame, even if their language does not have two different words for these emotions.

After grocery shopping one Sunday afternoon, Jason accidentally hits another car while backing out of his parking space. The owner of the car is extremely angry, and threatens to sue Jason; even though the lawsuit is unfair, Jason would lose more money than he can afford in hiring a lawyer to defend himself. Jason is embarrassed, and apologizes genuinely and profusely. As a result, the other car's owner calms down, and agrees to simply exchange insurance information instead of filing a lawsuit. In this example, the effect of Jason's embarrassment illustrates: A. an intrapersonal function of emotion. B. This example does not illustrate the functions of emotion. C. both intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of emotion. D. an interpersonal function of emotion.

D. an interpersonal function of emotion.

Keawe is feeling an approach motivation with negative valence. What emotion might he be feeling? A. sorrow B. happiness C. contentment D. anger

D. anger

Molecules that are released into the bloodstream by one part of the body, and carry instructions through the blood to organs in different parts of the body, are called . A. neurotransmitters B. neurons C. neuropeptides D. hormones

D. hormones

What does Dr. Berry Mendes say is one challenge in using the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to help us measure emotional experience? A. When the ANS is aroused, it is difficult to discern various indicators' relationships to one another (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate variability, temperature). B. None of the answers listed illustrate what Dr. Berry Mendes said. C. The ANS's primary function is to help humans survive. Researchers must work with a very narrow window of processes, on top of all the basic regulatory demands, to interpret what it can tell us about emotion. D. The ANS is an older system, and therefore interpreting its various messages with modern technology is particularly challenging.

Not A

Which of the following emotion regulation strategies has NOT been linked to psychological resilience—the ability to recover relatively easily from negative events? A. All of the options listed have been associated with resilience. B. Thinking about positive aspects and implications of an otherwise negative situation C. Avoiding potentially unpleasant situations whenever possible D. Participating in simple, pleasant activities, even while the negative event is ongoing

Not A

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Shiota and colleagues (2010) study of emotion in conversations between romantic partners in Asian-American versus European-American couples? A. European-Americans typically reported feeling love or a negative emotion during each conversation, but not both; Asian-Americans were more likely to report feeling love and a negative emotion during the same conversation. B. The content of Asian-American and European-American couples' conversations differed significantly; Asian-American partners tended to be more critical of each other than European-Americans. C. It is unclear from the study whether the observed differences in Asian-American and European-American couples' conversations were due to differences in epistemology, or to some other aspect of culture. D. None of these choices are false; all are true.

Not A

Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation? A. Increased pupil diameter B. Increased blood pressure C. Increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate variability D. Increased respiration rate

Not A

Your textbook describes several studies linking high situational avoidance (as a strategy for avoiding distress) to negative mental and physical health outcomes. By what mechanism are these effects thought to occur? A. Avoidance-based coping is physiologically stressful, taking a toll on people's health. B. Only people who have extreme emotional responses to negative events, and are therefore likely to develop health problems, use avoidance-based coping. C. People who rely primarily on avoidance-based coping fail to take actions that could help improve their health and well-being. D. People who rely primarily on avoidance-based coping become socially isolated, and isolation has negative health consequences.

Not A

Which of the following statements about the results in Levenson and colleagues' (1992) study of emotion physiology in United States and Minangkabau participants is FALSE? A. United States and Minangkabau participants both showed significant heart rate increases in fear, anger, and sadness, but finger temperature increases only in anger. B. United States and Minangkabau participants showed physiological responses of very similar magnitudes. C. All of the statements listed are true; none are false. D. Overall analyses did not detect significant differences between the United States and Minangkabau samples in overall pattern of physiological responding.

Not A C or D

Which of the following best describes the main implications of the Tomaka and colleagues (1997) threat/challenge study described in your textbook? A. People have control over how they appraise stressful situations. B. People's appraisals of a situation can be manipulated experimentally. C. People will show different physiological response profiles in the same situation, if they appraise that situation differently. D. Physiological stress responding includes both changes in heart rate and changes in vascular pressure.

Not A C?

Which of the following statements about distraction as an emotion regulation strategy is FALSE A. Frequent use of distraction as an emotion regulation strategy is associated with higher psychological well-being. B. None of the statements are false; all are true. C. Research shows that it is easier to focus attention away from one target if you are directing it toward another target. D. In laboratory studies, distraction has proved effective as a strategy for reducing distress.

Not B

Which of the following statements about individualism is TRUE, according to evidence discussed in your textbook? A. Japanese culture is less individualistic in the 21st century than it was in the mid-20th century. B. All of the above are true of individualism. C. Individuals across the United States all show very similar, high levels of individualism. D. As societies become wealthier, they tend to become more individualistic.

Not C

The larger the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response is before a test, the better people do, in part because they are getting more oxygen to brain. However, reappraisal of the SNS arousal is an important factor in performance outcome. When speaking about the importance of reappraisal in test performance, what does Dr. Berry Mendes say? A. All of the answers listed were offered by Dr. Berry Mendes. B. For participants who reappraised their arousal as positive, they performed better on the actual GRE test than controls who were not instructed in this way. In other words, interpretations of your body's reactions as positive or stigmatizing can affect performance. C. For participants who were instructed to reappraise their arousal as stigmatizing, performance on the GRE was poorer than for those who were not. D. For participants who reappraised their arousal as neutral, they performed the best out of all the participants, largely due to the fact that the appraisal process was viewed as within their locus of control.

Not D

Which of the following interventions has NOT been found to produce positive health and/or well-being outcomes? A. Interventions in which people receive mindfulness meditation training B. Interventions increasing physical exercise C. Interventions in which people are encouraged to express their emotions intensely D. Interventions in which people write about past negative events for a while each day

Not D

All modern theories of emotion agree that some aspects of emotion are evolved parts of human nature. True False

True