PHYSC MO5 FINAL

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

/Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination -Stereotyping, discrimination, -prejudice =Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping -Discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping

Andrew tends to view the behavior of others in gross units, whereas Angela tends to break others' behavior down into fine units. Andrew is more likely than Angela to

////detect more meaningful actions.

According to the SOKA model, we should know ourselves better than others on traits that are

//easy to observe

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female. If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

/false-consensus bias. -fundamental attribution error. -availability heuristic. -hindsight bias.

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called _____.

/self-groups; social-groups -implicit categories; explicit categories -social categories; self categories -ingroups; outgroups

________ _________ is defined as group-produced reductions in individual output.

Social loafing

Lewin's research concerning both how to promote economical and nutritious eating habits, and what kinds of leaders elicit the best work from group members, was important in establishing which of the following?

Social psychology could be used to understand and help solve practical problems.

Which of the following is an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.

A sleeper effect occurs when

a persuasive message from a noncredible source becomes more persuasive over time.

Vernell is being interviewed for a job. Though it isn't really true, the interviewer suspects that Vernell is incompetent. Because the interviewer doesn't expect much from Vernell, he sits far away from her during the interview, interrupts her frequently, and seems distracted when she speaks. As a result, Vernell becomes nervous, starts to stutter, and loses her train of thought several times. The interviewer's final impression is that Vernell is, as he suspected, incompetent. This impression is most likely the result of

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Philip Zimbardo observed that these 3 factors together contribute to deindividuation:

anonymity arousal responsibility

An attitude is implicit if you

are not aware of it.

According to Zajonc's model of social facilitation, the three steps in determining the influence of the presence of others on performance are

arousal, dominant response, and task difficulty.

Sherif (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that

as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to converge with each other.

Three people in the same place at the same time, but not interacting with one another, are best described as a

collective.

Psychologists tend to refer to a culture that values the virtues of interdependence and social harmony as

collectivist

Sam, Diane, and Frasier are members of a team competing in a test of general knowledge. Any team member can answer the moderator's questions. The team's task can be described as

disjunctive.

The covert attitude measure that uses electrodes pasted onto the scalp to record the waves of electrical brain activity is called a(n)

electroencephalograph.

Deindividuation refers to the

loss of individuality and reduction of constraints against deviant behavior.

According to the Zajonc Solution, the of others increaseswhich strengthens the response to a stimulus.

presence arousal dominant

The positive side of low self-monitoring is being ____, but the negative side of that is being _____.

principled; stubborn

Though she initially attended the pro-choice rally because all her friends were going, Marion now firmly believes in a woman's right to choose when it comes to abortion. Marion's new beliefs illustrate

private conformity.

An increase in group performance such that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group is called

process gain.

All social psychological research must begin with a(n)

question

The procedure used to ensure that research participants have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group in an experiment is called

random assignment.

Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?

The more alcohol you consume, the lower your GPA tends to be.

Henderson suspects that the other members of his work group may slack off, so he works late and puts in extra time on their proposal. Henderson is engaging in

social compensation.

The tendency for the presence of other people to increase performance on easy tasks and impair performance on difficult tasks is known as

social facilitation.

An important part of people's self-worth is derived from group membership, according to

social identity theory.

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called

social influence.

Ingham (1974) asked participants to pull on a rope and found that participants pulled almost 20 percent harder when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought they were part of a group. This finding best illustrates

social loafing.

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

stereotyping; discrimination

The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is both _____ and _____.

strong; mixed in terms of positive versus negative valence

The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called

evaluative conditioning.

The tendency for groups to become more extreme in their positions following discussion is called

group polarization.

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly—and belligerently—compete against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to

have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.

Groupthink emerges when

the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information.

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

the overjustification effect.

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena is called a(n)

theory.

Causation cannot be inferred from correlational studies because

they do not involve the manipulation of variables.

Which of the following is concerned with how the brain influences social behavior?

Social neuroscience

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication?

Voice pitch

Dialecticism, a concept grounded in Eastern traditions, can best be defined as

a system of thought characterized by the acceptance of contradictions.

Wanting to be accurate in our judgments of ourselves is often in conflict with wanting to feel good about ourselves. This conflict illustrates the importance of integrating the ______ perspectives in social psychology.

"hot" and "cold"

Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest meaningful relationship?

-0.86

Which of the "ABCs of the self" is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept?

//affect

According to standard convention, a researcher must be _______ percent sure that the difference she observed between experimental conditions was not simply the result of chance in order to conclude that the difference is statistically significant.

95

Dr. Vance found the correlation between shoe size and sexual deviancy to be +0.83. Which of the following can you conclude from this correlation?

As shoe size increases, sexual deviancy increases.

Todd, considered to have a baby face, and Martin, viewed as having more mature features, are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank. Which of the following is the most probable outcome?

Because of his more mature features, Martin will be recommended for the position.

"Moms prefer Brand X of peanut butter," a commercial claims. Sarah wonders what other brands were used as the comparison group. Which benefit of learning about research methods is Sarah displaying?

Critical evaluation of information

Social psychologists tend to prefer which of the following research methods above all others?

Experimentation

Which of the following was not a criticism of laboratory experimentation in the 1960s and 1970s?

Experiments did not allow researchers to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between variables.

Which of the following is not considered an important part of the scientific method?

Intuition

Marion is a sprinter on her high school track team. According to social comparison theory, Marion is most likely to look to which of the following groups to assess how fast a sprinter she is?

Other female high school track athletes

Jason would like to read about social psychological research on conformity. He should look at the research of

S. Asch.

Arguably, the most famous research in social psychology focused on the situational factors influencing obedience to authority and was conducted by

S. Milgram

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

The conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East

Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self?

The ought self and the actual self

Herman remembers exactly what he was doing and where he was when he first heard about the September 11th terrorist attacks. Brown and Kulik (1977) would refer to this vivid image as

a flashbulb memory

Social psychologists use the scientific method when they study human behavior in order to

allow other social psychologists to attempt to replicate the findings.

Gunner thinks that Jews are particularly funny. He overestimates the association between being a stand-up comedian and being Jewish because both characteristics are very distinctive from the normal population. This demonstrates

an illusory correlation.

The importance of nonverbal behavior when it comes to social perception can be seen by the fact that e-mail messages

are often misinterpreted, especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic.

A factor other than the independent variable that varies between conditions of an experiment is called a(n)

confound

Professor Collins studies the impact of violent video games on aggression. Aggression is the _____ in this research.

dependent variable

All of the following are considered "primary" emotions except

embarrassment

The "hot" perspective in social psychology emphasizes _____, whereas the "cold" perspective emphasizes _____.

emotion; cognition

A pluralistic approach to social psychology

encourages research outside of controlled settings.

When comparing social psychology to sociology, a major difference is the

focus on the individual, not the group.

Priming refers to the tendency

for recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information.

Social categorization is advantageous because it

frees up cognitive resources.

Sociologists tend to study behavior at the _____ level, whereas social psychologists study behavior at the _____ level.

group; individual

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

identify what men and women should be like.

Castilla wonders whether environmental factors influence how long juries take to select a foreperson. Mock jurors are brought into a room with either a rectangular table or a round table. The jurors are asked to select a foreperson before starting deliberation. Castilla records how long it takes each jury to select a foreperson. The shape of the table is the

independent variable.

Social Psychology is primarily concerned with the ways in which

individuals think,m feel, and behave with regard to others

The system that social perceivers rely on first is

intuitive and automatic.

Everyone you know seems to love the TV show The Apprentice. You're a huge fan of reality TV as well, as you never miss an episode of The Amazing Race, American Idol, or Project Runway. But every time you watch The Apprentice, you have the same reaction: you hate it with a passion. According to Kelley's (1967) covariation theory of attribution, your dislike of this show would be

low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.

In an experiment, the independent variable is _______ while the dependent variable is _______.

manipulated; measured

The desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions, is called

need for closure

Zena just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zena just received will cause her to judge Alec more _____, making her feel _____ about herself.

negatively; better

Social psychological research is a necessary endeavor because our commonsense intuitions

often contradict each other.

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the

outgroup homogeneity effect.

In comparison to self-report measures, observational measures are not affected by

participants' memory biases.

The primacy effect refers to the tendency for

people's impressions of others to be more affected by information that is learned early rather than late in a sequence.

In comparison to field experiments, laboratory experiments

permit researchers greater control.

The work of Muzafer Sherif was important for the development of social psychology because he

showed that complex social behavior could be examined scientifically.

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived. Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable. Colin is making a(n) _______ attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n) _______ attribution.

situational; personal

Kieran is studying how people forms impressions of others. He discovers that when we get negative information about other people, it seems to be weighted more into the impression than positive information. Kiernan is studying

social cognition.

Social psychology differs from common sense in that

social psychology relies on the scientific method to test its theories.

Aronson's jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrated how

superordinate goals can reduce prejudice.

Latrell, the editor of a popular sports magazine, would like to know more about the demographics of the magazine's readers. He designs a questionnaire to assess this information and sends it to a random sample of the magazine's readers. Latrell is conducting a(n)

survey

The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing world-views that help to preserve their self-esteem is called

terror management theory.

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation, they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror. This research provides support for

the concept of the looking-glass self.

The field of social psychology emerged as a distinct discipline around the end of the

19th century.

What percentage of the participants in Milgram's study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience to the experimenter?

65%

Please match the concepts below with their correct definitions: Free Riding

AS OTHERS CONTRIUTE ID

Persuasive communication is the outcome of three possible factors. Which of these is not one of those factors?

Context

Which of the following would not be considered an attitude?

Dalton drives a silver minivan.

The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior is known as _________.

Deindividuation

Elliot is interested in how people can change their attitudes through their own behavior. He would do best to read the writings of

Festinger

The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes is called process , LOSS whereas the increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group is called process .

Gain

Irving Janis believed that 3 characteristics contribute to the development of groupthink: Highly cohesive groups, _______ _______, and stressful situations.

Group Structure

Please match the concepts below with their correct definitions: Performance Matching

Group members work only as hard as they see others work.

While talking to a friend at a noisy party, Julianna stops in the middle of a sentence and turns her head. According to the cocktail party effect, what did she probably hear?

Her name

Hiroko is usually very agreeable and goes along with his friends' plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that even though they all want to go out for Mexican food, he has a strong preference for Italian food. Even though he is the only person who initially votes for Italian, Hiroko's friends eventually come to agree with him because he usually does go along with the group. This best epitomizes which of the following phenomena associated with minority influence?

Idiosyncrasy credits

Please match the concepts below with their correct definitions: Evaluation Apprehension

In the presence of others, people may be hesitant to suggest wild, off-the-wall ideas for fear of looking foolish and being criticized. Even if they are willing to suggest such ideas, they may spend time preparing to justify them that they otherwise could have spent coming up with more ideas.

What is the adaptive significance of being able to identify the emotion of disgust in others?

It helps us to avoid food poisoning.

Newman is having a very bad day—he overslept for his final exam, spilled coffee on himself at work, and got a speeding ticket on the way home. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what will happen if he increases tension in the facial muscles normally active during frowning?

It will intensify his negative emotional experience.

Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective?

Passengers on a plane

Group __________ is defined as the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion.

Polarization

The primary difference between the research of Sherif (1936) and Asch (1951) is that

Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task.

_______ _______ is defined as a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks.

Social facilitation

Which historical event sparked great interest in and gave shape to the field of social psychology?

The Nazi Holocaust during World War II

Which of the following events is regarded as having established social psychology as a distinct field of study?

The publication of the first three textbooks in social psychology

Which of the following statements concerning self-report measures is false?

They are not influenced by the phrasing of a question or the response options provided.

Please match the concepts below with their correct definitions: Production Blocking:

When people have to wait for their turn to speak, they may forget their ideas, or they may be so busy trying to remember their ideas that they don't listen to others or generate additional ideas, or may simply lose interest.

A group is defined as

a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, and identity.

Natasha finds that men speak more often in the classroom than do women, and that this is true both when they are assigned to sit in the front of the room and the back of the room. Natasha's study has found a statistically significant effect for

a subject variable.

Research has found that when people are presented with a request accompanied by a reason that does not offer a real justification for the request, they often respond

by complying mindlessly.

Informational influence occurs primarily because people

believe that others are correct in their judgments.

Self-report measures and observational measures are similar in that both

can be influenced by social desirability concerns.

While watching the presidential debate on television, Matilda critically evaluated the arguments made by each candidate and was persuaded to support a particular candidate because of the quality of her arguments. Matilda exhibited

central route persuasion.

Marilyn is interested in whether schizophrenic individuals tend to interpret verbal feedback from others as negative even if it is positive. It might be said that Marilyn is doing research at the intersection of social psychology and

clinical psychology.

An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognitions is called

cognitive dissonance

In principle, the purpose of random sampling is to make sure that research participants

constitute a representative sample from the population of interest.

Luke would like to know if there is a relationship between the number of psychology courses people take and their level of empathy. He surveys a randomly selected group of college students. Each student indicates the number of psychology courses he or she has taken and then completes an empathy scale. Luke's research is best described as a(n)

correlational study

Camryn uses a survey to measure the association between students' grade point average and weekly consumption of alcohol. She finds that higher GPAs tend to predict lower levels of alcohol consumption (and vice versa). This study is best described as a(n)

correlational study.

Britney wonders if she would have been happier had she married Justin instead of Kevin. This illustrates

counterfactual thinking

A young boy is an avid Mets fan. He reads the statistics for the team in the newspaper every day and goes to Shea Stadium a couple of times each summer to see the Mets play. After the Mets have a particularly bad losing streak, the boy decides that he also likes the Yankees and starts to root for them. This is an example of

cutting off reflected failure.

At crowded parties, Amy loses her sense of self and, as a result, often behaves in ways that she later regrets. These parties seem to create in Amy a state of

deindividuation.

According to the Zajonc Solution, the dominant response is often incorrect on tasks, and thus the presence of others performance.

difficult, impairs

A role in a group that is focused on providing emotional support and maintaining group morale is considered

expressive.

As compared to conformity, compliance occurs

in response to a direct request.

Which of the following is not considered one of the three forms of social influence discussed in this chapter?

independence

Will and Grace have just started to attend church. Will pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because he wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Grace stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if she doesn't, the elderly couple across the aisle scowl at her. Will has conformed because of _____, whereas Grace has conformed because of _____.

informational influence; normative influence

Clara calls potential research participants and asks if they would be willing to give blood. Once they have agreed to donate blood, she informs them that their donation is scheduled at 7:00 in the morning on a Saturday. Though most participants are not happy to hear this information, almost all of them do show up for the blood donation appointment. Clara has taken advantage of

low-balling.

The facilitation of the dominant response from increased arousal will tend to

make easy tasks easier but difficult tasks more challenging.

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the

norm of reciprocity.

According to the interactionist perspective, behavior is a result of the interaction between

personality and situations.

The process by which attitudes are changed is called

persuasion.

A major difference between cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory involves the extent to which _____ is necessary to lead to self-persuasion and attitude change.

physiological arousal

When decreases in one variable are accompanied by decreases in another variable, the variables are described as

positively correlated

The idea that people are more likely to be influenced by messages that match their frame of mind is known as

regulatory fit.

Larry is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money. Larry's dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

relative deprivation.

One potential problem with self-report measures is that

respondents might not respond truthfully

Higher levels of self-awareness often

result in a temporary reduction in self-esteem.

Prior to the championship basketball game, Jocelyn reminds everyone that she really isn't as good a player as everyone thinks, that their opponent has had an undefeated season, and that it is unlikely she and her teammates will triumph. Jocelyn is engaging in

sandbagging.

Kirk is extremely politically conservative. He tends to evaluate most of the information that he learns by placing it on the political spectrum as either similar to his personal beliefs or different from them. Kirk is probably on politics.

schematic

A confirmation bias refers to people's tendency to

seek, interpret, and create information in ways that support existing beliefs.

The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with

self-perception theory.

The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of

self-report measures.

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

the chameleon effect.

In one of the earliest social psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishing reels as quickly as they could. He found that

the children were faster when working next to another child rather than alone.

Mr. Belding wants to reduce prejudice toward incoming minority students at his elementary school. Before the minority students arrive, Mr. Belding puts up posters showing children of all nationalities holding hands. Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups. Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her group's success in finding the treasure. Mr. Belding's actions reflect his understanding of

the contact hypothesis.

As he was about to enter the mall, Evan was approached by someone and asked to wear a small green ribbon on his shirt to show his support for the "Save the Squirrels" campaign. Evan wasn't quite sure that squirrels were actually endangered, but he agreed to wear the ribbon. A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to help save the squirrels. Though he would have rather spent his money elsewhere, he agreed. Evan has been the victim of

the foot-in-the-door technique.

Ringelmann and Triplett are best labeled as

the founders of social psychology.

You hear Tiger Woods doing a radio commercial for Buick. Even though you know that Woods did not write the commercial himself, was paid to provide the voice-over for the commercial, and probably does not drive a Buick in real life, you still think that at some level, at least, Woods must think highly of Buicks. This is an example of

the fundamental attribution error

"Founders of social psychology" Norman Triplett and Max Ringelmann both did research examining

the impact of the presence of others on performance.

Research demonstrates that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument tends to increase later resistance to that argument. This is consistent with

the inoculation hypothesis.

All of the following are mechanisms that perpetuate stereotypes except

the jigsaw classroom.

Your book describes a study in which participants were provided with information about either the success rate or failure rate of condoms. The findings of this study indicate that

the simple wording and/or positioning of a question can have a drastic effect on self-report responses.

Implicit Association Tests (IATs) can detect implicit attitudes by measuring

the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word.

In research by Pryor and Merluzzi (1985), the script for a first date

was more easily recalled and organized by participants with extensive dating experience.

According to Festinger, social comparison is less likely to occur

when objective criteria are available.